Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Superhydrophobic Wearable Strain Sensors: From Strategic Design to Robustness Paradigm

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02220-w
Haoyang Song
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
Yibo Liang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
Guangying Zhang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
Kaiqi Long
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
Ke Shi
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Xinyu Han
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
Changsheng Liu
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China
Yongquan Qing
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Yongquan Qing

qingyq@mail.neu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 392

Abstract

Superhydrophobic wearable strain sensors represent an emerging frontier in flexible electronics, offering the potential to bridge the gap between laboratory prototypes and practical applications in humid, corrosive, or underwater environments. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by insufficient robustness against chemical, mechanical, and wetting state failures. The current literature lacks systematic insights into coupled multimode failures and integrated optimization frameworks, and standardized protocols for robustness evaluation remain absent. This review systematically summarizes strategies for material selection, structural design, and functional integration in superhydrophobic systems, with a focus on analyzing failure mechanisms across chemical, mechanical, and interfacial state dimensions. Key quantitative benchmarks—including resistance drift, contact angle retention, and cyclic stability—are established. We introduce a “failure-mechanism-oriented robustness optimization” framework and summarize corresponding testing standards. Finally, we discuss key future challenges and potential breakthroughs, most urgently the development of eco-friendly low-surface-energy modifiers and unified testing protocols, providing a theoretical framework and technological roadmap for the next generation of robust amphibious flexible sensing systems.


Highlights:
1 The system analyzes coupled failure mechanisms from chemical, mechanical, and interfacial states, moving beyond the single‑failure‑mode focus of existing studies.
2 A failure‑mechanism‑driven robustness optimization framework is established, defining key quantitative indicators to address the lack of unified optimization and evaluation criteria.
3 Addressing sensor application bottlenecks, this review summarizes material–structural–functional integration strategies, identifies key future directions, and offers a practical theoretical framework and technical roadmap for next‑generation robust amphibious flexible sensing systems.

Keywords

Wearable strain sensors Superhydrophobicity Robustness Failure mechanisms Amphibious sensing
Song, Haoyang, Yibo Liang, Guangying Zhang, Kaiqi Long, Ke Shi, Xinyu Han, Changsheng Liu, and Yongquan Qing. 2026. “Superhydrophobic Wearable Strain Sensors: From Strategic Design to Robustness Paradigm”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (June):392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02220-w.
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