Issue

Vol. 7 No. 1 (2015)

Voltage-Dependent Electronic Transport Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide with Various Coverage Ratios

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-014-0017-1
Serhan Yamacli
Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, 38090 Kayseri, Turkey

Corresponding Author: Serhan Yamacli

syamacli@nny.edu.tr

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2015), Article Number: 42-50

Abstract

Graphene is mainly implemented by these methods: exfoliating, unzipping of carbon nanotubes, chemical vapour deposition, epitaxial growth and the reduction of graphene oxide. The latter option has the advantage of low cost and precision. However, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) contains hydrogen and/or oxygen atoms hence the structure and properties of the rGO and intrinsic graphene are different. Considering the advantages of the implementation and utilization of rGO, voltage-dependent electronic transport properties of several rGO samples with various coverage ratios are investigated in this work. Ab initio simulations based on density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism are used to obtain the current–voltage characteristics and the voltage-dependent transmission spectra of rGO samples. It is shown that the transport properties of rGO are strongly dependent on the coverage ratio. Obtained results indicate that some of the rGO samples have negative differential resistance characteristics while normally insulating rGO can behave as conducting beyond a certain threshold voltage. The reasons of the peculiar electronic transport behaviour of rGO samples are further investigated, taking the transmission eigenstates and their localization degree into consideration. The findings of this study are expected to be helpful for engineering the characteristics of rGO structures.

Keywords

Reduced graphene oxide Coverage ratio Negative differential resistance
Yamacli, Serhan. 2014. “Voltage-Dependent Electronic Transport Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide With Various Coverage Ratios”. Nano-Micro Letters 7 (1):42-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-014-0017-1.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(4), 183–191 (2007). doi:10.1038/nmat1849
  2. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Giorgieva, A.A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004). doi:10.1126/science.1102896
  3. Y. Zhang, D.Q. Wang, S.L. Zhang, Y.H. Wen, Z.Z. Zhu, Structures and electronic properties of oxidized graphene from first-principles study. Europhys. Lett. 105(3), 37005 (2014). doi:10.1209/0295-5075/105/37005
  4. S. Mao, H. Pu, J. Chen, Graphene oxide and its reduction: modeling and experimental progress. RCS Adv. 2(11), 2643–2662 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2ra00663d
  5. J. Robertson, G. Zhong, S. Esconjauregui, C. Zhang, S. Hofmann, Synthesis of carbon nanotubes and graphene for VLSI interconnects. Microelectron. Eng. 107(4), 210–218 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.mee.2012.08.010
  6. M. Saremi, M. Saremi, H. Niazi, A.Y. Goharrizi, Modeling of lightly doped drain and source graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors. Superlatt. Microstruct. 60(8), 67–72 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2013.04.013
  7. H.F. Xiang, Z.D. Li, K. Xie, J.Z. Jiang, J.J. Chen, P.C. Lian, J.S. Wu, Y. Yu, H.H. Wang, Graphene sheets as anode materials for Li-ion batteries: preparation, structure, electrochemical properties and mechanism for lithium storage. RCS Adv. 2(5), 6792–6799 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2ra20549a
  8. X. Ma, H. Zhang, Fabrication of graphene films with high transparent conducting characteristics. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8(3), 440–445 (2013). doi:10.1186/1556-276X-8-440
  9. Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, C. Zhou, Review of chemical vapor deposition of graphene and related applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 46(10), 2329–2339 (2013). doi:10.1021/ar300203n
  10. W. de Heer, C. Berger, M. Ruan, M. Sprinkle, X. Li, Y. Hu, B. Zhang, J. Hankinson, E. Conrad, Large area and structured epitaxial graphene produced by confinement controlled sublimation of silicon carbide. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 108(41), 16900–16905 (2011). doi:10.1073/pnas.1105113108
  11. K. Parvez, Z.-S. Wu, R. Li, X. Liu, R. Graf, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(16), 6083–6091 (2014). doi:10.1021/ja5017156
  12. D.W. Kosynkin, A.L. Higginbotham, A. Sinitskii, J.R. Lomeda, A. Dimiev, B.K. Price, J.M. Tour, Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons. Nature 458(2), 872–876 (2009). doi:10.1038/nature07872
  13. D.B. Shinde, M. Majumder, V.K. Pillai, Counter-ion dependent, longitudinal unzipping of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to highly conductive and transparent graphene nanoribbons. Sci. Rep. 4(3), 4363 (2014). doi:10.1038/srep04363
  14. B.C. Brodie, On the atomic weight of graphite. Phil. Trans. R .Soc. Lond.149, 249–259 (1859). doi:10.1098/rstl.1859.0013
  15. C.K. Chua, M. Pumera, Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(10), 291–312 (2014). doi:10.1039/c3cs60303b
  16. Z. Wei, D. Wang, S. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, Y. Hu, M.Y. Yakes, A.R. Laracuente, Z. Dai, S.R. Marder, C. Berger, W.P. King, W.A. de Heer, P.H. Sheean, E. Rideo, Nanoscale tunable reduction of graphene oxide for graphene electronics. Science 328(6), 1373–1376 (2010). doi:10.1126/science.1188119
  17. L.J. Cote, R. Cruz-Silva, J. Huang, Flash reduction and patterning of graphite oxide and its polymer composite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(31), 11027–11032 (2009). doi:10.1021/ja902348k
  18. M.-F. El-Kady, R. Kaner, Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage. Nat. Commun. 4(2), 1475 (2013). doi:10.1038/ncomms2446
  19. S. Park, J. An, J.R. Potts, A. Velamakanni, S. Murali, R.S. Muroff, Hydrazine-reduction of graphite- and graphene oxide. Carbon 49(9), 3019–3023 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.071
  20. W. Chen, L. Yan, P.R. Bangai, Preparation of graphene by the rapid and mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide induced by microwaves. Carbon 48(4), 1146–1152 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.11.037
  21. D.W. Boukhvalov, M.I. Katsnelson, Modeling of graphene oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(32), 10697–10701 (2008). doi:10.1039/c2ra00663d
  22. D.R. Dreyer, A.D. Todd, C.W. Bielawski, Harnessing the chemistry of graphene. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(15), 5288–5301 (2014). doi:10.1039/C4CS00060A
  23. U. Hofmann, R. Holst, The acid nature and methylation of graphitic oxide. Ber. Dtsc. Chem. Ges. 72, 754–771 (1939). doi:10.1002/cber.19390720417
  24. T. Nakajima, N. Matsuo, Formation process and structure of graphite oxide. Carbon 32(3), 469–475 (1994). doi:10.1016/0008-6223(94)90168-6
  25. G. Ruess, Über das graphitoxyhydroxyd (graphitoxyd). Mntsf. Chem. Teil. Wssnchn. 76(3), 381–417 (1946). doi:10.1007/BF00898987
  26. W. Sholz, H.P. Boehm, Untersuchungen am graphitoxid betrachtungen zur struktur des graphitoxid. Zeit. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 396(3), 327–340 (1969). doi:10.1002/zaac.19693690322
  27. T. Szabo, O. Berkesi, P. Forgo, K. Josepovits, Y. Sanakis, D. Petridis, I. Dekany, Evolution of surface functional groups in a series of progressively oxidized graphite oxides. Chem. Mat. 18(11), 2740–2749 (2006). doi:10.1021/cm060258+
  28. A. Lerf, H. He, T. Riedl, M. Forster, J. Klinowski, 13C and 1H MAS NMR studies of graphite oxide and its chemically modified derivatives. Sol. Stat. Ion. 101(2), 857–862 (1997). doi:10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00319-6
  29. D.R. Dreyer, S. Park, C.W. Beilawski, R.S. Ruoff, The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39(11), 228–240 (2010). doi:10.1039/b917103g
  30. X. Mu, X. Wu, T. Zhang, D.B. Go, T. Luo, Thermal transport in graphene oxide-from ballistic extreme to amorphous limit. Sci. Rep. 4(1), 3909 (2014). doi:10.1038/srep03909
  31. J.T. Paci, T. Belytschko, G.C. Shatz, Computational studies of the structure, behavior upon heating, and mechanical properties of graphite oxide. J.Phys. Chem. 111(49), 18099–18111 (2007). doi:10.1021/jp075799g
  32. C. Gomez-Navarro, R.T. Weitz, A.M. Bittner, M. Scholari, A. Mews, M. Burghard, K. Kern, Electronic transport properties of individually chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets. Nano. Lett. 7(11), 2503–3499 (2007). doi:10.1021/nl072090c
  33. S. Gilje, S. Han, M. Wang, K.L. Wang, R.B. Kaner, A chemical route to graphene for device applications. Nano. Lett. 7(11), 3394–3398 (2007). doi:10.1021/nl0717715
  34. M. Hirata, T. Gotou, M. Ohba, Thin-film particles of graphene oxide 2: preliminary studies for internal micro fabrication of single particle and carbonaceous electronic circuits. Carbon 43(3), 503–510 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.10.009
  35. S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K.A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45(7), 1558–1565 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034
  36. J.-A. Yan, M.Y. Chou, Oxidation functional groups on graphene: structural and electronic properties. Phys. Rev. B 82(9), 125403 (2010). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.82.125403
  37. J.-A. Yan, L. Xian, M.Y. Chou, Structural and electronics properties of oxidized graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(8), 086802.1–086802.4 (2009). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.086802
  38. K.N. Kudin, B. Ozbas, H.C. Schniepp, R.K. Prud’homme, I.A. Aksay, R. Car, Raman spectra of graphite oxide and functionalized graphene sheets. Nano. Lett. 8(1), 36–41 (2008). doi:10.1021/nl071822y
  39. L.B. Casabianca, M.A. Shaibat, W.W. Cai, S. Park, R. Piner, R.S. Ruoff, Y. Ishii, NMR based structural modeling of graphite oxide using multidimensional 13C solid-state NMR and ab initio chemical shift calculations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(16), 5672–5676 (2010). doi:10.1021/ja9030243
  40. Z. Xu, K. Xue, Engineering graphene by oxidation: a first principles study. Nanotechnology 21(8), 045704 (2010). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045704
  41. C.Q. Qu, C.Y. Wang, L. Qiao, S.S. Yu, H.B. Li, Transport properties of chemically functionalized graphene nanoribbon. Chem. Phys. Lett. 578(7), 97–101 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2013.05.071
  42. W. Sukkabot, Electronic structure and optical properties of colloidal InAs/InP core/shell nanocrystals: tight-binding calculations. Phys. E. Low. Dimens. Sys. Nanostruct. 63(9), 235–240 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.physe.2014.05.014
  43. M. Elstner, D. Porezag, G. Jungnickel, J. Elsner, M. Haugk, Th Frauenheim, S. Suhai, G. Seifert, Self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding method for simulations of complex materials properties. Phys. Rev. B 58(9), 7260.1–7260.5 (1998). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.58.7260
  44. J.M. Soler, E. Artacho, J.D. Gale, A. García, J. Junquera, P. Ordejón, D. Sánchez-Portal, The SIESTA method for ab initio order-N materials simulation. J. Phys. Cond. Matter. 14(11), 2745–2779 (2002). doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302
  45. S. Yamacli, M. Avci, Accurate SPICE compatible CNT interconnect and CNTFET models for circuit design and simulation. Math. Comp. Mod. 58(1), 368–378 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2012.11.014
  46. M. Oubal, S. Pichaud, M.T. Rayez, J.C. Rayez, Adsorption of atmospheric oxidants at divacancy sites of graphene: a DFT study. Comp. Theor. Chem. 1016(7), 22–27 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.comptc.2013.04.017
  47. M.H. Hoang, D.H. Choi, S.J. Lee, Organic field-effect transistors based on semiconducting porphyrin single crystals. Synth. Metal. 162(5), 419–425 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.01.005
  48. M. Brandbyge, J.-L. Mozos, P. Ordejón, J. Taylor, K. Stokbro, Density-functional method for nonequilibrium electron transport. Phys. Rev. B 65(3), 16540 (2002). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.65.165401
  49. K. Stokbro, J. Taylor, M. Brandbyge, P. Ordejón, TranSIESTA: a spice for molecular electronics. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1006(12), 212–226 (2003). doi:10.1196/annals.1292.014
  50. G.B. Abadir, K. Walus, D.L. Pulfrey, Basis set choice for DFT/NEGF simulations of carbon nanotubes. J. Comp. Elec. 8(1), 1–9 (2009). doi:10.1007/s10825-009-0263-5
  51. C. Cao, L. Chen, W. Huang, H. Xu, Electronic transport of zigzag graphene nanoribbons with edge hydrogenation and oxidation. Open. Chem. Phys. J. 4(1), 1–7 (2012). doi:10.2174/1874412501204010001
  52. International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) Roadmap (2013), http://www.itrs.net/. Accessed 27 May 2014
  53. S. Datta, Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor, 1st edn. (UK, Cambridge, 2005), pp. 11–30
  54. M. Paulsson, M. Brandbyge, Transmission eigenchannels from nonequilibrium Green’s functions. Phys. Rev. B 76(9), 115–117 (2007). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.115117
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 2506 Download : 1908