Effect of hydrogen plasma treatment on the growth and microstructures of multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Corresponding Author: S. K. Srivastava
Nano-Micro Letters,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2010), Article Number: 42-48
Abstract
The effect of hydrogen plasma treatment of iron oxide films on the growth and microstructure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process has been investigated. Microwave plasma was characterized in-situ using optical emission spectrometer. Morphology of the films was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Structural analysis was carried out by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and micro-diffraction attachments. It is found that oxide films without H2 plasma pretreatment or treated for lesser time resulted in CNT films with high percentage of carbonaceous particles and with embedded particles/nanorods distributed discontinuously in the cavity of the nanotubes. The embedded particles were found to be of iron carbide (Fe-C) as confirmed by HRTEM, EDS and micro-diffraction analysis. Experimental observations suggested that the iron oxide particles had poor catalytic action for CNT growth and in-situ reduction of oxide clusters to Fe by hydrogen plasma plays a key role in discontinuous filling of the nanotubes by the catalytic particles.
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References
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S. J. Tans, A.R.M. Verschueren and C. Dekker, Nature 393, 49 (1998). doi:10.1038/29954
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C. Liu, Y. Y. Fan, M. Liu, H. T. Cong, H. M. Cheng and M. S. Dresselhaus, Science 286, 1127 (1999). doi:10.1126/ science.286.5442.1127
M. Meyyappan, Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications, CRC press, New York, 2004, p. 65. doi:10.12 01/9780203494936
N. Grobert, W. K. Hsu, Y. Q. Zhu, J. P. Hare, H. W. Kroto, D. R. M. Walton, M. Terrones, H. Terrones, Ph. Redlich, M. Rühle, R. Escudero and F. Morales, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3363 (1999). doi:10.1063/1.125352
J. Sloan, A.I. Hutchson and M. L. H. Green, Chem. Comm. 13, 1319 (2002). doi:10.1039/b200537a
E. Muñoz-Sandoval, F. López-Urías, A. Díaz-Ortiz, M. Terrones, M. Reyes-Reyes and J. L. Morán- López, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272–276 (2004) E1255. doi:10.1016/ j.jmmm.2003.12.1379
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A. Leonhardt, M. Ritschel, R. Kozhuharova, A. Graff, T. Muhl, R. Hunle, I. Monch, D. Elefant and C. M. Schneider, Diamond Relat. Mater. 12, 790 (2003). doi:10.1016/ S0925-9635(02)00325-4
Z. J. Liu, R. Che, Z. Xu and L. M. Peng, Synthetic Met. 128, 191 (2002). doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(02)00005-X
K. B. K. Teo, D. B Hash, R. G. Lacerda, N. L. Rupesinghe, M. S. Bell, S. H. Dalal, D. Bose, T. R. Govindan, B. A. Cruden, M. Chhowalla, G. A. J. Amaratunga, M. Meyyappan and W. I. Milne, Nano Lett. 4, 921 (2004). doi:10.1021/nl049629g
D. B. Hash and M. Meyyappan, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 750 (2003). doi:10.1063/1.1525854
S. K. Srivastava, V. D. Vankar and V. Kumar, Thin Solid Films 515, 1552 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.05.009
S. K. Srivastava, A. K. Shukla, V. D. Vankar and V. Kumar, Thin Solid Films 492, 124 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.tsf. 2005.07.283
R. T. K. Baker, and P. S. Harris, in: J.P.L. Walker and P.A. Thrower (Eds.), Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, Dekker, New York, 1978, p.83.
I. Wolf and H. J. Grabke, Solid State Commun. 54, 5 (1985). doi:10.1016/0038-1098(85)91021-X
M. Perez-Cabero, I. Rodriguez-Ramos and A. Guerrero- Ruiz, J. Catal. 215, 305 (2003). doi:10.1016/S0021- 9517(03)00026-5
R. W. B. Pearse and A. G. Gaydon, The Identification of Molecular Spectra, Chapman and Hall, London, 1976.
T. Vandevelde, M. Nesladek, C. Quaeyhaegens and L. Stals, Thin Solid Films 290–291, 143 (1996). doi:10.1016/ S0040-6090(96)09189-4
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P. A. Buffat, Thin Solid Films 32, 283 (1976). doi:10. 1016/0040-6090(76)90315-1
Q. Jiang, N. Aya and F. G. Shi, Appl. Phys. A 64, 627 (1997). doi:10.1007/s003390050529
A. K. Schaper, H. Hou, A. Greiner and F. Phillipp, J. Catal. 222, 250 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2003.11.011
T. Ichihashi, J. I. Fijita, M. Ishida and Y. Ochiai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 215702 (2004). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92. 215702