Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Plant Cell Wall-Like Soft Materials: Micro- and Nanoengineering, Properties, and Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01569-0
Roya Koshani
Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Mica L. Pitcher
Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Jingyi Yu
Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Christine L. Mahajan
Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Seong H. Kim
Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Amir Sheikhi
Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

Corresponding Author: Amir Sheikhi

sheikhi@psu.edu

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 103

Abstract

Plant cell wall (CW)-like soft materials, referred to as artificial CWs, are composites of assembled polymers containing micro-/nanoparticles or fibers/fibrils that are designed to mimic the composition, structure, and mechanics of plant CWs. CW-like materials have recently emerged to test hypotheses pertaining to the intricate structure–property relationships of native plant CWs or to fabricate functional materials. Here, research on plant CWs and CW-like materials is reviewed by distilling key studies on biomimetic composites primarily composed of plant polysaccharides, including cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose, as well as organic polymers like lignin. Micro- and nanofabrication of plant CW-like composites, characterization techniques, and in silico studies are reviewed, with a brief overview of current and potential applications. Micro-/nanofabrication approaches include bacterial growth and impregnation, layer-by-layer assembly, film casting, 3-dimensional templating microcapsules, and particle coating. Various characterization techniques are necessary for the comprehensive mechanical, chemical, morphological, and structural analyses of plant CWs and CW-like materials. CW-like materials demonstrate versatility in real-life applications, including biomass conversion, pulp and paper, food science, construction, catalysis, and reaction engineering. This review seeks to facilitate the rational design and thorough characterization of plant CW-mimetic materials, with the goal of advancing the development of innovative soft materials and elucidating the complex structure–property relationships inherent in native CWs.


Highlights:
1 This review provides a detailed account of engineered plant cell wall (CW)-mimetic soft materials, which are designed to replicate the intricate composition, structure, and mechanical properties of natural plant CWs.
2 Experimental methods to create CW-like materials are reviewed, and relevant characterization techniques, including mechanical, chemical, structural, and morphological analyses, are discussed.
3 The applications of CW-like materials in several fields, including food packaging, edible films, drug delivery, construction materials, and biocatalysis are highlighted.

Keywords

Synthetic plants Biomimicry Acellular wall Composites Living materials Soft matter
Koshani, Roya, Mica L. Pitcher, Jingyi Yu, Christine L. Mahajan, Seong H. Kim, and Amir Sheikhi. 2025. “Plant Cell Wall-Like Soft Materials: Micro- and Nanoengineering, Properties, and Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (January):103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01569-0.
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