Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Bio-Inspired Ionic Sensors: Transforming Natural Mechanisms into Sensory Technologies

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01692-6
Kyongtae Choi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong‑daero, Giheung‑gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi‑do 17104, Republic of Korea
Gibeom Lee
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam‑daero, Sujeong‑gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‑do 13120, Republic of Korea
Min‑Gyu Lee
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
Hee Jae Hwang
Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak‑ro, Gumi, Gyeongsangbuk‑do 39177, Republic of Korea
Kibeom Lee
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam‑daero, Sujeong‑gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‑do 13120, Republic of Korea
Younghoon Lee
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong‑daero, Giheung‑gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi‑do 17104, Republic of Korea

Corresponding Author: Younghoon Lee

yhlee@knu.ac.kr

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 180

Abstract

Many natural organisms have evolved unique sensory systems over millions of years that have allowed them to detect various changes in their surrounding environments. Sensory systems feature numerous receptors—such as photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors—that detect various types of external stimuli, including light, pressure, vibration, sound, and chemical substances. These stimuli are converted into electrochemical signals, which are transmitted to the brain to produce the sensations of sight, touch, hearing, taste, and smell. Inspired by the biological principles of sensory systems, recent advancements in electronics have led to a wide range of applications in artificial sensors. In the current review, we highlight recent developments in artificial sensors inspired by biological sensory systems utilizing soft ionic materials. The versatile characteristics of these ionic materials are introduced while focusing on their mechanical and electrical properties. The features and working principles of natural and artificial sensing systems are investigated in terms of six categories: vision, tactile, hearing, gustatory, olfactory, and proximity sensing. Lastly, we explore several challenges that must be overcome while outlining future research directions in the field of soft ionic sensors.


Highlights:
1 This review provides an overview of recent developments in soft ionic sensors inspired by biological sensory systems, focusing on their material properties and working principles.
2 The features and working principles of natural and artificial sensing systems are investigated in terms of six categories: vision, tactile, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, and proximity sensing.
3 The challenges encountered in developing soft ionic sensors and the future research directions to overcome these issues are discussed.

Keywords

Sensors Iontronics Soft materials Biomimetics
Choi, Kyongtae, Gibeom Lee, Min‑Gyu Lee, Hee Jae Hwang, Kibeom Lee, and Younghoon Lee. 2025. “Bio-Inspired Ionic Sensors: Transforming Natural Mechanisms into Sensory Technologies”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (March):180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01692-6.
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