Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Sensors Innovations for Smart Lithium-Based Batteries: Advancements, Opportunities, and Potential Challenges

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01786-1
Jamile Mohammadi Moradian
Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
Amjad Ali
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Xuehua Yan
Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
Gang Pei
Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
Shu Zhang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Ahmad Naveed
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
Khurram Shehzad
Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44‑100 Gliwice, Poland
Zohreh Shahnavaz
Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
Farooq Ahmad
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
Balal Yousaf
Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44‑100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding Author: Shu Zhang

s.zhang@njfu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 279

Abstract

Lithium-based batteries (LiBs) are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices, thanks to their unparalleled energy density, minimal self-discharge rates, and favorable cycle life. However, the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems (BMS). This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs, focusing on their advancements, opportunities, and potential challenges. Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application: safety monitoring and performance optimization. Safety monitoring sensors, including temperature, pressure, strain, gas, acoustic, and magnetic sensors, focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations. Performance optimization sensors, such as optical-based and electrochemical-based, monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health, emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan. The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles. Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology, wireless sensor networks, miniaturization, and machine learning algorithms are also discussed. However, challenges related to sensor miniaturization, power consumption, cost efficiency, and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs, guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance, reliability, and safety.


Highlights:
1 Sensors for smart Lithium-based batteries (LiBs) are classified based on their application into safety monitoring (i.e., temperature, pressure, and strain) to detect hazardous conditions and performance optimization (i.e., optical and electrochemical sensors) for monitoring factors such as state of charge and state of health.
2 The potential for innovation in LiB sensor technology is driven by advancements in nanotechnology, miniaturization, machine learning algorithms, and wireless sensor networks, all of which contribute to enhanced sensor performance.
3 Key challenges faced in developing LiB sensors include miniaturization, power consumption, cost efficiency and scalability, and compatibility with existing battery management systems.

Keywords

Lithium-based batteries Sensors Battery management systems Thermal runaway State of charge State of health
Moradian, Jamile Mohammadi, Amjad Ali, Xuehua Yan, Gang Pei, Shu Zhang, Ahmad Naveed, Khurram Shehzad, Zohreh Shahnavaz, Farooq Ahmad, and Balal Yousaf. 2025. “Sensors Innovations for Smart Lithium-Based Batteries: Advancements, Opportunities, and Potential Challenges”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (May):279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01786-1.
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