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Vol. 18 (2026)

Recent Advances in Regulation Strategy and Catalytic Mechanism of Bi-Based Catalysts for CO2 Reduction Reaction

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01860-8
Jianglong Liu
College of Science, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
Yunpeng Liu
Multi‑Discipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
Shunzheng Zhao
University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Baotong Chen
University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Guang Mo
Multi‑Discipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
Zhongjun Chen
Multi‑Discipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
Yuechang Wei
College of Science, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
Zhonghua Wu
Multi‑Discipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Zhonghua Wu

wuzh@ihep.ac.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 26

Abstract

Using photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to produce valuable fuels is a fascinating way to alleviate environmental issues and energy crises. Bismuth-based (Bi-based) catalysts have attracted widespread attention for CO2RR due to their high catalytic activity, selectivity, excellent stability, and low cost. However, they still need to be further improved to meet the needs of industrial applications. This review article comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in regulation strategies of Bi-based catalysts and can be divided into six categories: (1) defect engineering, (2) atomic doping engineering, (3) organic framework engineering, (4) inorganic heterojunction engineering, (5) crystal face engineering, and (6) alloying and polarization engineering. Meanwhile, the corresponding catalytic mechanisms of each regulation strategy will also be discussed in detail, aiming to enable researchers to understand the structure–property relationship of the improved Bi-based catalysts fundamentally. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of the Bi-based catalysts in the photoelectrocatalytic CO2RR application field will also be featured from the perspectives of the (1) combination or synergy of multiple regulatory strategies, (2) revealing formation mechanism and realizing controllable synthesis, and (3) in situ multiscale investigation of activation pathways and uncovering the catalytic mechanisms. On the one hand, through the comparative analysis and mechanism explanation of the six major regulatory strategies, a multidimensional knowledge framework of the structure–activity relationship of Bi-based catalysts can be constructed for researchers, which not only deepens the atomic-level understanding of catalytic active sites, charge transport paths, and the adsorption behavior of intermediate products, but also provides theoretical guiding principles for the controllable design of new catalysts; on the other hand, the promising collaborative regulation strategies, controllable synthetic paths, and the in situ multiscale characterization techniques presented in this work provides a paradigm reference for shortening the research and development cycle of high-performance catalysts, conducive to facilitating the transition of photoelectrocatalytic CO2RR technology from the laboratory routes to industrial application.


Highlights:
1 Six major types of structural regulation strategies of various Bi-based catalysts used in photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) in recent years are comprehensively summarized.
2 The corresponding catalytic mechanisms of each regulation strategy are discussed in detail, aiming to enable researchers to understand the structure–property relationship of the improved Bi-based catalysts fundamentally.
3 The challenges and future opportunities of the Bi-based catalysts in the photoelectrocatalytic CO2RR application field are featured from the perspectives of the combination of multiple regulatory strategies, revealing formation mechanism and realizing controllable synthesis, and in situ multiscale investigation of activation pathways and uncovering the catalytic mechanisms.

Keywords

Bismuth-based catalysts CO2 reduction reaction Regulation strategy Catalytic mechanism Review
Liu, Jianglong, Yunpeng Liu, Shunzheng Zhao, Baotong Chen, Guang Mo, Zhongjun Chen, Yuechang Wei, and Zhonghua Wu. 2025. “Recent Advances in Regulation Strategy and Catalytic Mechanism of Bi-Based Catalysts for CO2 Reduction Reaction”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (August):26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01860-8.
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