Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Rapid Outgassing of Hydrophilic TiO2 Electrodes Achieves Long-Term Stability of Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01696-2
Shajahan Shaik
Department of Chemistry and Green‑Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
Jeonghyeon Kim
Department of Chemistry and Green‑Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
Mrinal Kanti Kabiraz
Department of Chemistry and Green‑Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
Faraz Aziz
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
Joon Yong Park
Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Bhargavi Rani Anne
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India
Mengfan Li
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
Hongwen Huang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
Ki Min Nam
Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Daeseong Jo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
Sang‑Il Choi
Department of Chemistry and Green‑Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea

Corresponding Author: Sang‑Il Choi

sichoi@knu.ac.kr

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 186

Abstract

The state-of-the-art anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) require highly stable electrodes for prolonged operation. The stability of the electrode is closely linked to the effective evacuation of H2 or O2 gas generated from electrode surface during the electrolysis. In this study, we prepared a super-hydrophilic electrode by depositing porous nickel–iron nanoparticles on annealed TiO2 nanotubes (NiFe/ATNT) for rapid outgassing of such nonpolar gases. The super-hydrophilic NiFe/ATNT electrode exhibited an overpotential of 235 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 M KOH solution, and was utilized as the anode in the AEMWE to achieve a current density of 1.67 A cm−2 at 1.80 V. In addition, the AEMWE with NiFe/ATNT electrode, which enables effective outgassing, showed record stability for 1500 h at 0.50 A cm−2 under harsh temperature conditions of 80 ± 3 °C.


Highlights:
1 A super-hydrophilic electrode was successfully developed by depositing porous NiFe nanoparticles onto annealed TiO2 nanotubes (NiFe/ATNT), facilitating rapid outgassing of nonpolar gases.
2 The NiFe/ATNT electrode demonstrated an overpotential of 235 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for the oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 M KOH and served as the anode in the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE), achieving a current density of 1.67 A cm−2 at 1.80 V.
3 The AEMWE utilizing the NiFe/ATNT electrode exhibited remarkable stability, maintaining operation for 1500 h at 0.50 A cm−2 under challenging thermal conditions of 80 ± 3 °C.

Keywords

TiO2 nanotubes NiFe Super-hydrophilic electrode Oxygen evolution reaction Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer
Shaik, Shajahan, Jeonghyeon Kim, Mrinal Kanti Kabiraz, Faraz Aziz, Joon Yong Park, Bhargavi Rani Anne, Mengfan Li, Hongwen Huang, Ki Min Nam, Daeseong Jo, and Sang‑Il Choi. 2025. “Rapid Outgassing of Hydrophilic TiO2 Electrodes Achieves Long-Term Stability of Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (March):186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01696-2.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. C. Hu, Y. Wang, Y.M. Lee, Ether-free alkaline polyelectrolytes for water electrolyzers: recent advances and perspectives. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64, e202418324 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202418324
  2. S. Shaik, J. Kundu, Y. Yuan, W. Chung, D. Han et al., Recent progress and perspective in pure water-fed anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2470148 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202470148
  3. Q. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Hu et al., Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer: electrode design, lab-scaled testing system and performance evaluation. EnergyChem 4, 100087 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enchem.2022.100087
  4. J. Ding, Z. Peng, Z. Wang, C. Zeng, Y. Feng et al., Phosphorus–tungsten dual-doping boosts acidic overall seawater splitting performance over RuOx nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem. A 12, 28023–28031 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA05277C
  5. W. Liu, W. Liu, T. Hou, J. Ding, Z. Wang et al., Coupling Co–Ni phosphides for energy-saving alkaline seawater splitting. Nano Res. 17, 4797–4806 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6433-8
  6. D. Zha, R. Wang, S. Tian, Z.-J. Jiang, Z. Xu et al., Defect engineering and carbon supporting to achieve Ni-doped CoP3 with high catalytic activities for overall water splitting. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 250 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01471-9
  7. Y. Liu, P. Vijayakumar, Q. Liu, T. Sakthivel, F. Chen et al., Shining light on anion-mixed nanocatalysts for efficient water electrolysis: fundamentals, progress, and perspectives. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 43 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00785-2
  8. X. Gao, Y. Chen, Y. Wang, L. Zhao, X. Zhao et al., Next-generation green hydrogen: progress and perspective from electricity, catalyst to electrolyte in electrocatalytic water splitting. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 237 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01424-2
  9. X. Gao, S. Dai, Y. Teng, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang et al., Ultra-efficient and cost-effective platinum nanomembrane electrocatalyst for sustainable hydrogen production. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 108 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01324-5
  10. X. Wang, W. Pi, S. Hu, H. Bao, N. Yao et al., Boosting oxygen evolution reaction performance on NiFe-based catalysts through d-orbital hybridization. Nano-Micro Lett. 17, 11 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01528-9
  11. X. Jiang, V. Kyriakou, B. Wang, S. Deng, S. Costil et al., Hierarchical microporous Ni-based electrodes enable “two birds with one stone” in highly efficient and robust anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). Chem. Eng. J. 486, 150180 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150180
  12. M.K. Kabiraz, J. Kim, H.J. Lee, S. Park, Y.W. Lee et al., Nickel nanoplates enclosed by (111) facets as durable oxygen evolution catalysts in anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2406175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202406175
  13. Z. Liang, D. Shen, Y. Wei, F. Sun, Y. Xie et al., Modulating the electronic structure of cobalt-vanadium bimetal catalysts for high-stable anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer. Adv. Mater. 36, e2408634 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408634
  14. Y. Shi, L. Song, Y. Liu, T. Wang, C. Li et al., Dual cocatalytic sites synergize NiFe layered double hydroxide to boost oxygen evolution reaction in anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2402046 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202402046
  15. F. Malaj, A. Tampucci, D. Lentini, L. Brogi, E. Berretti et al., One-pot synthesis of FeNi3/FeNiOx nanops for PGM-free anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Electrochim. Acta 507, 145109 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145109
  16. L. Wu, M. Ning, X. Xing, Y. Wang, F. Zhang et al., Boosting oxygen evolution reaction of (Fe, Ni)OOH via defect engineering for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis under industrial conditions. Adv. Mater. 35, e2306097 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306097
  17. G. Luo, M. Song, Q. Zhang, L. An, T. Shen et al., Advances of synergistic electrocatalysis between single atoms and nanops/clusters. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 241 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01463-9
  18. N. Han, W. Zhang, W. Guo, H. Pan, B. Jiang et al., Designing oxide catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis: insights from mechanism to application. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 185 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01152-z
  19. C. Wang, Q. Zhang, B. Yan, B. You, J. Zheng et al., Facet engineering of advanced electrocatalysts toward hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 52 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01024-6
  20. P. Wang, Y. Luo, G. Zhang, Z. Chen, H. Ranganathan et al., Interface engineering of NixSy@MnOxHy nanorods to efficiently enhance overall-water-splitting activity and stability. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 120 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00860-2
  21. Y. Li, Y. Li, H. Sun, L. Gao, X. Jin et al., Current status and perspectives of dual-atom catalysts towards sustainable energy utilization. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 139 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01347-y
  22. A. Angulo, P. van der Linde, H. Gardeniers, M. Modestino, D.F. Rivas, Influence of bubbles on the energy conversion efficiency of electrochemical reactors. Joule 4(3), 555–579 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.01.005
  23. F. Razmjooei, T. Morawietz, E. Taghizadeh, E. Hadjixenophontos, L. Mues et al., Increasing the performance of an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer operating in pure water with a nickel-based microporous layer. Joule 5, 1776–1799 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.006
  24. L. Wan, Z. Xu, P. Wang, P.-F. Liu, Q. Xu et al., Dual regulation both intrinsic activity and mass transport for self-supported electrodes using in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Chem. Eng. J. 431, 133942 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133942
  25. K. Dastafkan, S. Wang, S. Song, Q. Meyer, Q. Zhang et al., operando monitoring of gas bubble evolution in water electrolysis by single high-frequency impedance. EES. Catal. 1, 998–1008 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ey00182b
  26. Z. Chen, S. Yun, L. Wu, J. Zhang, X. Shi et al., Waste-derived catalysts for water electrolysis: circular economy-driven sustainable green hydrogen energy. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 4 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00974-7
  27. M. Bellini, E. Berretti, M. Innocenti, G. Magherini, M.V. Pagliaro et al., 3D titania nanotube array support for water electrolysis palladium catalysts. Electrochim. Acta 383, 138338 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138338
  28. J. Wang, J. Tian, W. Wang, Z. Zhao, L. Li et al., Enhanced photocatalytic activity of graphene/TiO2 nanotubes composites prepared by wet transfer method. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct. 30, 495–502 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383X.2021.1960510
  29. Y. Xiao, Z. Wang, M. Li, Q. Liu, X. Liu et al., Efficient charge separation in Ag/PCN/UPDI ternary heterojunction for optimized photothermal-photocatalytic performance via tandem electric fields. Small 20, e2306692 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202306692
  30. F. He, Y. Liu, X. Yang, Y. Chen, C.-C. Yang et al., Accelerating oxygen electrocatalysis kinetics on metal-organic frameworks via bond length optimization. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01382-9
  31. A. Zabilska, A.H. Clark, B.M. Moskowitz, I.E. Wachs, Y. Kakiuchi et al., Redox dynamics of active VOx sites promoted by TiOx during oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol detected by operando quick XAS. JACS Au 2, 762–776 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.2c00027
  32. G. Rossi, M. Calizzi, V. Di Cintio, S. Magkos, L. Amidani et al., Local structure of V dopants in TiO2 nanops: X-ray absorption spectroscopy, including ab-initio and full potential simulations. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 7457–7466 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12045
  33. J. He, W. Liu, Z. Hu, X. Wang, J. Liu et al., Well-dispersed CsPbBr3@TiO2 heterostructure nanocrystals from asymmetric to symmetric. Small 20, e2406783 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202406783
  34. S.H. Ahn, A. Manthiram, Single Ni atoms and clusters embedded in N-doped carbon “tubes on fibers” matrix with bifunctional activity for water splitting at high current densities. Small 16, 2002511 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002511
  35. D. Peng, C. Hu, X. Luo, J. Huang, Y. Ding et al., Electrochemical reconstruction of NiFe/NiFeOOH superparamagnetic core/catalytic shell heterostructure for magnetic heating enhancement of oxygen evolution reaction. Small 19, e2205665 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202205665
  36. R. Li, L. Gao, Z. Dou, L. Cui, Obtaining the high valence of Ni/Fe sites in a heterostructure induced by implanting the NiFe-DTO MOF as a highly active OER catalyst. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 12, 17761–17769 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c06643
  37. M. Bele, P. Jovanovič, Ž Marinko, S. Drev, V.S. Šelih et al., Increasing the oxygen-evolution reaction performance of nanotubular titanium oxynitride-supported Ir nanops by a strong metal–support interaction. ACS Catal. 10, 13688–13700 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03688
  38. D. Kim, X. Qin, B. Yan, Y. Piao, Sprout-shaped Mo-doped CoP with maximized hydrophilicity and gas bubble release for high-performance water splitting catalyst. Chem. Eng. J. 408, 127331 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127331
  39. H.B. Michaelson, The work function of the elements and its periodicity. J. Appl. Phys. 48, 4729–4733 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.323539
  40. V. Mansfeldova, M. Zlamalova, H. Tarabkova, P. Janda, M. Vorokhta et al., Work function of TiO2 (anatase, rutile, and brookite) single crystals: effects of the environment. J. Phys. Chem. C 125, 1902–1912 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10519
  41. E. Hua, S. Choi, S. Ren, S. Kim, G. Ali et al., Negatively charged platinum nanops on dititanium oxide electride for ultra-durable electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 4464–4473 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EE01211E
  42. S.H. Baker, A.M. Asaduzzaman, M. Roy, S.J. Gurman, C. Binns et al., Atomic structure and magnetic moments in cluster-assembled nanocomposite Fe/Cu films. Phys. Rev. B 78, 014422 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.78.014422
  43. Y. Lin, L. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Gong, Ruthenium-doped NiFe-based metal–organic framework nanops as highly efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Dalton Trans. 50, 4280–4287 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0DT04133E
  44. B.-A. Mei, J. Lau, T. Lin, S.H. Tolbert, B.S. Dunn et al., Physical interpretations of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of redox active electrodes for electrical energy storage. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 24499–24511 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05241
  45. S. Seenivasan, H. Moon, D.-H. Kim, Multilayer strategy for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation: new electrode architecture that alleviates multiple bottlenecks. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 78 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00822-8
  46. Y. Hu, C. Wang, Electrodeposition of nickel–cobalt alloys from metal chloride-l-serine deep eutectic solvent for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 12, 16769–16779 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA02433H
  47. R.K. Dharman, H. Im, M.K. Kabiraz, J. Kim, K.P. Shejale et al., Stable 1T-MoS2 by facile phase transition synthesis for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. Small Meth. 8, 2301251 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202301251
  48. Y.J. Park, J. Lee, Y.S. Park, J. Yang, M.J. Jang et al., Electrodeposition of high-surface-area IrO2 films on Ti felt as an efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Front. Chem. 8, 593272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.593272
  49. S.S. Jeon, P.W. Kang, M. Klingenhof, H. Lee, F. Dionigi et al., Active surface area and intrinsic catalytic oxygen evolution reactivity of NiFe LDH at reactive electrode potentials using capacitances. ACS Catal. 13, 1186–1196 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c04452
  50. B. Kim, M.K. Kabiraz, J. Lee, C. Choi, H. Baik et al., Vertical-crystalline Fe-doped β-Ni oxyhydroxides for highly active and stable oxygen evolution reaction. Matter 4, 3585–3604 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.09.003
  51. H. Sun, C.W. Tung, Y. Qiu, W. Zhang, Q. Wang et al., Atomic metal-support interaction enables reconstruction-free dual-site electrocatalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 1174–1186 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c08890
  52. G. Qian, J. Chen, T. Yu, J. Liu, L. Luo et al., Three-phase heterojunction NiMo-based nano-needle for water splitting at industrial alkaline condition. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 20 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00744-x
  53. L. Pan, J. Sun, H. Qi, M. Han, Q. Dai et al., Dead-zone-compensated design as general method of flow field optimization for redox flow batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 120, e2305572120 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2305572120
  54. R. Andaveh, G. Barati Darband, M. Maleki, A. Sabour Rouhaghdam, Superaerophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces as advanced electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction: a comprehensive review. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 5147–5173 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA10519A
  55. A.R. Zeradjanin, P. Narangoda, I. Spanos, J. Masa, R. Schlögl, How to minimise destabilising effect of gas bubbles on water splitting electrocatalysts? Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 30, 100797 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2021.100797
  56. I. Bakonyi, Accounting for the resistivity contribution of grain boundaries in metals: critical analysis of reported experimental and theoretical data for Ni and Cu. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 136, 410 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01303-4
  57. G.H.A. Wijaya, K.S. Im, S.Y. Nam, Advancements in commercial anion exchange membranes: a review of membrane properties in water electrolysis applications. Desalin. Water Treat. 320, 100605 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100605
  58. G.A. Lindquist, S.Z. Oener, R. Krivina, A.R. Motz, A. Keane et al., Performance and durability of pure-water-fed anion exchange membrane electrolyzers using baseline materials and operation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 51917–51924 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c06053
  59. D. Chanda, K. Kannan, J. Gautam, M.M. Meshesha, S.G. Jang et al., Effect of the interfacial electronic coupling of nickel-iron sulfide nanosheets with layer Ti3C2 MXenes as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 321, 122039 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122039
  60. A. Martinez-Lazaro, A. Caprì, I. Gatto, J. Ledesma-García, N. Rey-Raap et al., NiFe2O4 hierarchical nanops as electrocatalyst for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. J. Power Sources 556, 232417 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232417
  61. X. Lin, X. Li, L. Shi, F. Ye, F. Liu et al., In situ electrochemical restructuring B-doped metal-organic frameworks as efficient OER electrocatalysts for stable anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Small 20, e2308517 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202308517
  62. S. Li, T. Liu, W. Zhang, M. Wang, H. Zhang et al., Highly efficient anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers via chromium-doped amorphous electrocatalysts. Nat. Commun. 15, 3416 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47736-0
  63. J. Lee, H. Jung, Y.S. Park, S. Woo, N. Kwon et al., Corrosion-engineered bimetallic oxide electrode as anode for high-efficiency anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer. Chem. Eng. J. 420, 127670 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127670
  64. Y.S. Park, M.J. Jang, J. Jeong, S.M. Park, X. Wang et al., Hierarchical chestnut-burr like structure of copper cobalt oxide electrocatalyst directly grown on Ni foam for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 2344–2349 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06767
  65. S. Kang, K. Ham, J. Lee, Moderate oxophilic CoFe in carbon nanofiber for the oxygen evolution reaction in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Electrochim. Acta 353, 136521 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136521
  66. S.S. Jeon, J. Lim, P.W. Kang, J.W. Lee, G. Kang et al., Design principles of NiFe-layered double hydroxide anode catalysts for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 37179–37186 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c09606
  67. S.C. Karthikeyan, S. Ramakrishnan, S. Prabhakaran, M.R. Subramaniam, M. Mamlouk et al., Low-cost self-reconstructed high entropy oxide as an ultra-durable OER electrocatalyst for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer. Small 20, 2402241 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202402241
  68. F.-L. Wang, N. Xu, C.-J. Yu, J.-Y. Xie, B. Dong et al., Porous heterojunction of Ni2P/Ni7S6 with high crystalline phase and superior conductivity for industrial anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 330, 122633 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122633
  69. G. Ding, H. Lee, Z. Li, J. Du, L. Wang et al., Highly efficient and durable anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer enabled by a Fe–Ni3S2 anode catalyst. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 4, 2200130 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202200130
  70. A. Meena, P. Thangavel, D.S. Jeong, A.N. Singh, A. Jana et al., Crystalline-amorphous interface of mesoporous Ni2P@ FePOxHy for oxygen evolution at high current density in alkaline-anion-exchange-membrane water-electrolyzer. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 306, 121127 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121127
  71. Q. Kang, D. Lai, W. Tang, Q. Lu, F. Gao, Intrinsic activity modulation and structural design of NiFe alloy catalysts for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Chem. Sci. 12, 3818–3835 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sc06716d
  72. C. Lei, K. Yang, G. Wang, G. Wang, J. Lu et al., Impact of catalyst reconstruction on the durability of anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 10, 16725–16733 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04855
  73. M. El-Shafie, Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies: a review. Results Eng. 20, 101426 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101426
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Statistic
Read Counter : 581 Download : 427