Issue

Vol. 7 No. 3 (2015)

Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x
Amna Sirelkhatim
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Shahrom Mahmud
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Azman Seeni
Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Cluster of Integrative Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Malaysia
Noor Haida Mohamad Kaus
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Ling Chuo Ann
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Siti Khadijah Mohd Bakhori
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Habsah Hasan
Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
Dasmawati Mohamad
School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Corresponding Author: Amna Sirelkhatim

amnasirelkhatim@yahoo.co.uk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 7 No. 3 (2015), Article Number: 219-242

Abstract

Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.

Keywords

Antibacterial activity ZnO-NPs Toxicity mechanism Reactive oxygen species Zinc ions release Food antimicrobial
Sirelkhatim, Amna, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni, Noor Haida Mohamad Kaus, Ling Chuo Ann, Siti Khadijah Mohd Bakhori, Habsah Hasan, and Dasmawati Mohamad. 2015. “Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism”. Nano-Micro Letters 7 (3):219-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. S. Sahoo, Socio-ethical issues and nanotechnology development: perspectives from India, in 2010 10th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), Seoul, South Korea, USA, 17–20 August 2010 (IEEE, 2010), pp. 1205–1210. doi:10.1109/NANO.2010.5697887
  2. V. Yadav, Nanotechnology, big things from a tiny world: a review. AEEE 3(6), 771–778 (2013)
  3. S. Pal, Y.K. Tak, J.M. Song, Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73(6), 1712–1720 (2007). doi:10.1128/AEM.02218-06
  4. B. Ashe, A Detail investigation to observe the effect of zinc oxide and Silver nanoparticles in biological system, M.Sc. (Roll NO-607bm004), National Institute of Technology, 2011
  5. C. Buzea, I.I. Pacheco, K. Robbie, Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases 2(4), MR17–MR71 (2007). doi:10.1116/1.2815690
  6. J.W. Rasmussen, E. Martinez, P. Louka, D.G. Wingett, Zinc oxide nanoparticles for selective destruction of tumor cells and potential for drug delivery applications. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 7(9), 1063–1077 (2010). doi:10.1517/17425247.2010.502560
  7. R. Brayner, R. Ferrari-Iliou, N. Brivois, S. Djediat, M.F. Benedetti, F. Fiévet, Toxicological impact studies based on Escherichia coli bacteria in ultrafine ZnO nanoparticles colloidal medium. Nano Lett. 6(4), 866–870 (2006). doi:10.1021/nl052326h
  8. N. Jones, B. Ray, K.T. Ranjit, A.C. Manna, Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle suspensions on a broad spectrum of microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 279(1), 71–76 (2008). doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01012.x
  9. R. Jalal, E.K. Goharshadi, M. Abareshi, M. Moosavi, A. Yousefi, P. Nancarrow, ZnO nanofluids: green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Mater. Chem. Phys. 121(1), 198–201 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.01.020
  10. J.T. Seil, T.J. Webster, Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 2767–2781 (2012). doi:10.2147/IJN.S24805
  11. Z. Emami-Karvani, P. Chehrazi, Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 5(12), 1368–1373 (2011)
  12. N. Padmavathy, R. Vijayaraghavan, Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles—an antimicrobial study. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9(3), 035004 (2008). doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035004
  13. K.R. Raghupathi, R.T. Koodali, A.C. Manna, Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Langmuir 27(7), 4020–4028 (2011). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085981
  14. G. Colon, B.C. Ward, T.J. Webster, Increased osteoblast and decreased Staphylococcus epidermidis functions on nanophase ZnO and TiO2. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 78(3), 595–604 (2006). doi:10.1002/jbm.a.30789
  15. J.T. Seil, E.N. Taylor, T.J. Webster, Reduced activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the presence of sonicated piezoelectric zinc oxide nanoparticles, in 2009 IEEE 35th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Boston, MA, USA, 3–5 April 2009 (IEEE, 2009), pp. 1–2. doi:10.1109/NEBC.2009.4967674
  16. K. Kotloff, J. Winickoff, B. Ivanoff, J.D. Clemens, D. Swerdlow, P. Sansonetti, G. Adak, M. Levine, Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull. World Health Organ 77(8), 651–666 (1999)
  17. Y.G. Gertrude Neumark, I. Kuskovsky, in Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials: Doping Aspects of Zn-Based Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors, ed. by P.C. Safa Kasap (Springer, 2007), pp. 843–854. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29185-7_35
  18. Z. Fan, J.G. Lu, Zinc oxide nanostructures: synthesis and properties. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 5(10), 1561–1573 (2005). doi:10.1166/jnn.2005.182
  19. Z.L. Wang, Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16(25), R829–R858 (2004). doi:10.1088/0953-8984/16/25/R01
  20. Z.L. Wang, J. Song, Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science 312(5771), 242–246 (2006). doi:10.1126/science.1124005
  21. A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor. Rep. Prog. Phys. 72(12), 126501 (2009). doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/12/126501
  22. Y. Zhang, M.K. Ram, E.K. Stefanakos, D.Y. Goswami, Synthesis, characterization, and applications of ZnO nanowires. J. Nanomater. 2012, 1–22 (2012). doi:10.1155/2012/624520
  23. MATH
  24. L. Schmidt-Mende, J.L. MacManus-Driscoll, ZnO-nanostructures, defects, and devices. Mater. Today 10(5), 40–48 (2007). doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70078-0
  25. J. Wellings, N. Chaure, S. Heavens, I. Dharmadasa, Growth and characterisation of electrodeposited ZnO thin films. Thin Solid Films 516(12), 3893–3898 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2007.07.156
  26. Z. Song, T.A. Kelf, W.H. Sanchez, M.S. Roberts, J. Rička, M. Frenz, A.V. Zvyagin, Characterization of optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles for quantitative imaging of transdermal transport. Biomed. Opt. Express 2(12), 3321–3333 (2011). doi:10.1364/BOE.2.003321
  27. Y. Mishra, V. Chakravadhanula, V. Hrkac, S. Jebril, D. Agarwal, S. Mohapatra, D. Avasthi, L. Kienle, R. Adelung, Crystal growth behaviour in Au–ZnO nanocomposite under different annealing environments and photoswitchability. J. Appl. Phys. 112(6), 064308 (2012). doi:10.1063/1.4752469
  28. N. Yahya, H. Daud, N.A. Tajuddin, H.M. Daud, A. Shafie, P. Puspitasari, Application of ZnO nanoparticles EM wave detector prepared by sol–gel and self-combustion techniques. J. Nano Res. 11, 25–34 (2010). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/JNanoR.11.25
  29. S. Mahmud, One-dimensional growth of zinc oxide nanostructures from large micro-particles in a highly rapid synthesis. J. Alloys Compd. 509(9), 4035–4040 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.01.013
  30. J.E. Ramirez-Vick, Nanostructured ZnO for electrochemical biosensors. J. Biosens. Bioelectron. (2012). doi:10.4172/2155-6210.1000e109
  31. H. Karami, E. Fakoori, Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanorods based on a new gel pyrolysis method. J. Nanomater. 2011, 628203 (2011). doi:10.1155/2011/628203
  32. Z. Xu, J.-Y. Hwang, B. Li, X. Huang, H. Wang, The characterization of various ZnO nanostructures using field-emission SEM. JOM 60(4), 29–32 (2008). doi:10.1007/s11837-008-0044-9
  33. R. Wahab, S. Ansari, Y. Kim, H. Seo, G. Kim, G. Khang, H.-S. Shin, Low temperature solution synthesis and characterization of ZnO nano-flowers. Mater. Res. Bull. 42(9), 1640–1648 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.11.035
  34. J. Zhang, L. Sun, J. Yin, H. Su, C. Liao, C. Yan, Control of ZnO morphology via a simple solution route. Chem. Mater. 14(10), 4172–4177 (2002). doi:10.1021/cm020077h
  35. R. Wahab, A. Mishra, S.-I. Yun, Y.-S. Kim, H.-S. Shin, Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared via non-hydrolytic solution route. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87(5), 1917–1925 (2010). doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2692-2
  36. R. Wahab, M.A. Siddiqui, Q. Saquib, S. Dwivedi, J. Ahmad, J. Musarrat, A.A. Al-Khedhairy, H.-S. Shin, ZnO nanoparticles induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cells and their antibacterial activity. Colloids Surf. B 117, 267–276 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.038
  37. A. Stanković, S. Dimitrijević, D. Uskoković, Influence of size scale and morphology on antibacterial properties of ZnO powders hydrothermally synthesized using different surface stabilizing agents. Colloids Surf. B 102, 21–28 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.033
  38. J.M. Wu, Heterojunction nanowires of AgxZn1−xO–ZnO photocatalytic and antibacterial activities under visible-light and dark conditions. J. Phys. Chem. C 119(3), 1433–1441 (2015). doi:10.1021/jp510259j
  39. J.I. Tariq Jan, M. Ismail, M. Zakaullah, S.H. Naqvi, N. Badshah, Sn doping induced enhancement in the activity of ZnO nanostructures against antibiotic resistant S. aureus bacteria. Int. J. Nanomed. 8(1), 3679–3687 (2013). doi:10.2147/IJN.S45439
  40. V.B. Schwartz, F. Thétiot, S. Ritz, S. Pütz, L. Choritz, A. Lappas, R. Förch, K. Landfester, U. Jonas, Antibacterial surface coatings from zinc oxide nanoparticles embedded in poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel surface layers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(11), 2376–2386 (2012). doi:10.1002/adfm.201102980
  41. L. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y. Ding, M. Povey, D. York, Investigation into the antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids). J. Nanopart. Res. 9(3), 479–489 (2007). doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9150-1
  42. U. Ozgur, Y.I. Alivov, C. Liu, A. Teke, M. Reshchikov, S. Dogan, V. Avrutin, S.J. Cho, H. Morkoc, A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices. J. Appl. Phys. 98(4), 041301 (2005). doi:10.1063/1.1992666
  43. A. Moezzi, A.M. McDonagh, M.B. Cortie, Zinc oxide particles: synthesis, properties and applications. Chem. Eng. J. 185, 1–22 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.076
  44. S. George, S. Pokhrel, T. Xia, B. Gilbert, Z. Ji, M. Schowalter, A. Rosenauer, R. Damoiseaux, K.A. Bradley, L. Mädler, Use of a rapid cytotoxicity screening approach to engineer a safer zinc oxide nanoparticle through iron doping. ACS Nano 4(1), 15–29 (2009). doi:10.1021/nn901503q
  45. G. Fu, P.S. Vary, C.-T. Lin, Anatase TiO2 nanocomposites for antimicrobial coatings. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(18), 8889–8898 (2005). doi:10.1021/jp0502196
  46. J.V.A. Edwards, K.J. Edwards, Bacteria Cell, http://www.alken-murray.com/BioInfo1-05.html. Accessed 9 July 2010
  47. R. Wahab, Y.-S. Kim, A. Mishra, S.-I. Yun, H.-S. Shin, Formation of ZnO micro-flowers prepared via solution process and their antibacterial activity. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5(10), 1675–1681 (2010). doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9694-y
  48. M. Premanathan, K. Karthikeyan, K. Jeyasubramanian, G. Manivannan, Selective toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward Gram-positive bacteria and cancer cells by apoptosis through lipid peroxidation. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 7(2), 184–192 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.nano.2010.10.001
  49. J. Sawai, Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activities of metallic oxide powders (ZnO, MgO and CaO) by conductimetric assay. J. Microbiol. Methods 54(2), 177–182 (2003). doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00037-X
  50. S.O. Sukon Phanichphantand, Antimicrobial nanomaterials in the textile industry, in Bionanotechnology II Global Prospects, ed. by D.E. Reisner (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011), p. 2
  51. K.M. Reddy, K. Feris, J. Bell, D.G. Wingett, C. Hanley, A. Punnoose, Selective toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(21), 213902 (2007). doi:10.1063/1.2742324
  52. O. Yamamoto, Influence of particle size on the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide. Int. J. Inorg. Mater. 3(7), 643–646 (2001). doi:10.1016/S1466-6049(01)00197-0
  53. S. Nair, A. Sasidharan, V.D. Rani, D. Menon, S. Nair, K. Manzoor, S. Raina, Role of size scale of ZnO nanoparticles and microparticles on toxicity toward bacteria and osteoblast cancer cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 20(1), 235–241 (2009). doi:10.1007/s10856-008-3548-5
  54. A.L. Barry, W.A. Craig, H. Nadler, L.B. Reller, C.C. Sanders, J.M. Swenson, in Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline, vol. 19, 18th edn. (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, CLSI, Wayne, 1999)
  55. M. Aslam, I. Anis, N. Afza, M.T. Hussain, L. Iqbal, A. Hussain, S. Iqbal, T.H. Bokhari, M. Khalid, Synthesis, antibacterial, lipoxygenase and urease inhibitory activities of 2-aminophenol derivatives. Med. Chem. Drug Discov. 3(2), 80–86 (2012)
  56. R. Prasad, D. Basavaraju, K. Rao, C. Naveen, J. Endrino, A. Phani, Nanostructured TiO2 and TiO2–Ag antimicrobial thin films, in Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Nanoscience, Technology and Societal Implications (NSTSI), Bhubaneswar, USA, 8–10 December 2011 (IEEE, 2011), pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/NSTSI.2011.6111808
  57. L.K. Adams, D.Y. Lyon, P.J. Alvarez, Comparative eco-toxicity of nanoscale TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO water suspensions. Water Res. 40(19), 3527–3532 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.004
  58. K. Kasemets, A. Ivask, H.-C. Dubourguier, A. Kahru, Toxicity of nanoparticles of ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol. In Vitro 23(6), 1116–1122 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2009.05.015
  59. T.J. Brunner, P. Wick, P. Manser, P. Spohn, R.N. Grass, L.K. Limbach, A. Bruinink, W.J. Stark, In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(14), 4374–4381 (2006). doi:10.1021/es052069i
  60. M. Li, L. Zhu, D. Lin, Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to Escherichia coli: mechanism and the influence of medium components. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45(5), 1977–1983 (2011). doi:10.1021/es102624t
  61. J. Sawai, S. Shoji, H. Igarashi, A. Hashimoto, T. Kokugan, M. Shimizu, H. Kojima, Hydrogen peroxide as an antibacterial factor in zinc oxide powder slurry. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 86(5), 521–522 (1998). doi:10.1016/S0922-338X(98)80165-7
  62. A. Lipovsky, Y. Nitzan, A. Gedanken, R. Lubart, Antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles—the role of ROS mediated cell injury. Nanotechnology 22(10), 105101 (2011). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/10/105101
  63. L. Zhang, Y. Ding, M. Povey, D. York, ZnO nanofluids—a potential antibacterial agent. Prog. Nat. Sci. 18(8), 939–944 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.01.026
  64. J. Zhang, Silver-coated zinc oxide nanoantibacterial synthesis and antibacterial activity characterization, in 2011 International Conference on Electronics and Optoelectronics (ICEOE), vol. 3, Dalian, Liaoning, USA, 29–31 July 2011 (IEEE, 2011), pp. V3-94–V3-98. doi:10.1109/ICEOE.2011.6013309
  65. M. Nirmala, M.G. Nair, K. Rekha, A. Anukaliani, S. Samdarshi, R.G. Nair, Photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanopowders synthesized by DC thermal plasma. Afr. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2(5–6), 161–166 (2010)
  66. M. E, Proceedings of the photoconductivity conference, photoconductivity conference, Atlantic City, Pennsylvania (4-6 Nov. 1956): John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York (1956)
  67. I.S.J. Bao, Z. Su, R. Gurwitz, F. Capasso, X. Wang, Z. Ren, Photoinduced oxygen release and persistent photoconductivity in ZnO nanowires. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(404), 1–7 (2011). doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-404
  68. S. Baruah, M.A. Mahmood, M.T.Z. Myint, T. Bora, J. Dutta, Enhanced visible light photocatalysis through fast crystallization of zinc oxide nanorods. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 1(1), 14–20 (2010). doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.3
  69. H. Zhang, B. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Wang, H. Wang, X. Wang, A strategy for ZnO nanorod mediated multi-mode cancer treatment. Biomaterials 32(7), 1906–1914 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.027
  70. O. Seven, B. Dindar, S. Aydemir, D. Metin, M. Ozinel, S. Icli, Solar photocatalytic disinfection of a group of bacteria and fungi aqueous suspensions with TiO2, ZnO and Sahara Desert dust. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 165(1), 103–107 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.03.005
  71. S. Ahmed, M. Rasul, W.N. Martens, R. Brown, M. Hashib, Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of phenols in wastewater: a review on current status and developments. Desalination 261(1), 3–18 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.062
  72. P.J.P. Espitia, N.d.F.F. Soares, J.S. dos Reis Coimbra, N.J. de Andrade, R.S. Cruz, E.A.A. Medeiros, Zinc oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, antimicrobial activity and food packaging applications. Food Bioprocess Technol. 5(5), 1447–1464 (2012). doi:10.1007/s11947-012-0797-6
  73. G. Zhou, Y. Li, W. Xiao, L. Zhang, Y. Zuo, J. Xue, J.A. Jansen, Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activities of a novel nanohydroxyapatite/zinc oxide complex. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 85(4), 929–937 (2008). doi:10.1002/jbm.a.31527
  74. P. Joshi, S. Chakraborti, P. Chakrabarti, D. Haranath, V. Shanker, Z. Ansari, S.P. Singh, V. Gupta, Role of surface adsorbed anionic species in antibacterial activity of ZnO quantum dots against Escherichia coli. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9(11), 6427–6433 (2009). doi:10.1166/jnn.2009.1584
  75. K. Hirota, M. Sugimoto, M. Kato, K. Tsukagoshi, T. Tanigawa, H. Sugimoto, Preparation of zinc oxide ceramics with a sustainable antibacterial activity under dark conditions. Ceram. Int. 36(2), 497–506 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.09.026
  76. L.C. Ann, S. Mahmud, S.K.M. Bakhori, A. Sirelkhatim, D. Mohamad, H. Hasan, A. Seeni, R.A. Rahman, Effect of surface modification and UVA photoactivation on antibacterial bioactivity of zinc oxide powder. Appl. Surf. Sci. 292, 405–412 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.11.152
  77. I.G. Kirkinezos, C.T. Moraes, Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial diseases. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 12(6), 449–457 (2001). doi:10.1006/scdb.2001.0282
  78. N. Talebian, S.M. Amininezhad, M. Doudi, Controllable synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their morphology-dependent antibacterial and optical properties. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 120, 66–73 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.01.004
  79. J. Ma, J. Liu, Y. Bao, Z. Zhu, X. Wang, J. Zhang, Synthesis of large-scale uniform mulberry-like ZnO particles with microwave hydrothermal method and its antibacterial property. Ceram. Int. 39(3), 2803–2810 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.09.049
  80. M. Ramani, S. Ponnusamy, C. Muthamizhchelvan, E. Marsili, Amino acid-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructures and evaluation of their facet-dependent antimicrobial activity. Colloids Surf. B 117, 233–239 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.017
  81. H. Yang, C. Liu, D. Yang, H. Zhang, Z. Xi, Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. J. Appl. Toxicol. 29(1), 69–78 (2009). doi:10.1002/jat.1385
  82. G. Li, T. Hu, G. Pan, T. Yan, X. Gao, H. Zhu, Morphology–function relationship of ZnO: polar planes, oxygen vacancies, and activity. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(31), 11859–11864 (2008). doi:10.1021/jp8038626
  83. G.-X. Tong, F.-F. Du, Y. Liang, Q. Hu, R.-N. Wu, J.-G. Guan, X. Hu, Polymorphous ZnO complex architectures: selective synthesis, mechanism, surface area and Zn-polar plane-codetermining antibacterial activity. J. Mater. Chem. B 1(4), 454–463 (2013). doi:10.1039/C2TB00132B
  84. L.C. Ann, S. Mahmud, S.K.M. Bakhori, A. Sirelkhatim, D. Mohamad, H. Hasan, A. Seeni, R.A. Rahman, Antibacterial responses of zinc oxide structures against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Ceram. Int. 40(2), 2993–3001 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.10.008
  85. M.H. Mamat, Z. Khusaimi, M.M. Zahidi, M.R. Mahmood, Performance of an ultraviolet photoconductive sensor using well-aligned aluminium-doped zinc-oxide nanorod arrays annealed in an air and oxygen environment. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 50(6), 06GF05–06GF05-4 (2011). doi:10.1143/JJAP.50.06GF05
  86. Y. Leung, C. Chan, A. Ng, H. Chan, M. Chiang, A. Djurišić, Y. Ng, W. Jim, M. Guo, F. Leung, Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles with a modified surface under ambient illumination. Nanotechnology 23(47), 475703 (2012). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/47/475703
  87. A. Hsu, F. Liu, Y.H. Leung, A.P. Ma, A.B. Djurišić, F.C. Leung, W.K. Chan, H.K. Lee, Is the effect of surface modifying molecules on antibacterial activity universal for a given material? Nanoscale 6(17), 10323–10331 (2014). doi:10.1039/C4NR02366H
  88. X. Peng, S. Palma, N.S. Fisher, S.S. Wong, Effect of morphology of ZnO nanostructures on their toxicity to marine algae. Aquat. Toxicol. 102(3), 186–196 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.01.014
  89. J. Sawai, E. Kawada, F. Kanou, H. Igarashi, A. Hashimoto, T. Kokugan, M. Shimizu, Detection of active oxygen generated from ceramic powders having antibacterial activity. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 29(4), 627–633 (1996). doi:10.1252/jcej.29.627
  90. N.M. Franklin, N.J. Rogers, S.C. Apte, G.E. Batley, G.E. Gadd, P.S. Casey, Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate ZnO, bulk ZnO, and ZnCl2 to a freshwater microalga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata): the importance of particle solubility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(24), 8484–8490 (2007). doi:10.1021/es071445r
  91. H.A. Jeng, J. Swanson, Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells. J. Environ. Sci. Health. A 41(12), 2699–2711 (2006). doi:10.1080/10934520600966177
  92. Y. Xie, Y. He, P.L. Irwin, T. Jin, X. Shi, Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77(7), 2325–2331 (2011). doi:10.1128/AEM.02149-10
  93. L. Palanikumar, S.N. Ramasamy, C. Balachandran, Size-dependent antimicrobial response of zinc oxide nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol. 8(2), 111–117 (2014)
  94. S. Atmaca, K. Gül, R. Cicek, The effect of zinc on microbial growth. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 28(6), 595–598 (1998)
  95. H. Hu, W. Zhang, Y. Qiao, X. Jiang, X. Liu, C. Ding, Antibacterial activity and increased bone marrow stem cell functions of Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings on titanium. Acta Biomater. 8(2), 904–915 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.09.031
  96. W. Salem, D.R. Leitner, F.G. Zingl, G. Schratter, R. Prassl, W. Goessler, J. Reidl, S. Schild, Antibacterial activity of silver and zinc nanoparticles against Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxic Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 305(1), 85–95 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.11.005
  97. F. Kroger, The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals. Vol. 2. Imperfection Chemistry of Crystalline Solids (Elsevier, New York, 1974)
  98. X. Wang, F. Yang, W. Yang, X. Yang, A study on the antibacterial activity of one-dimensional ZnO nanowire arrays: effects of the orientation and plane surface. Chem. Commun. 42, 4419–4421 (2007). doi:10.1039/b708662h
  99. K. Tam, A. Djurišić, C. Chan, Y. Xi, C. Tse, Y. Leung, W. Chan, F. Leung, D. Au, Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanorods prepared by a hydrothermal method. Thin Solid Films 516(18), 6167–6174 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2007.11.081
  100. R. Karmali, A. Bartakke, V. Borker, K. Rane, Bactericidal action of N doped ZnO in sunlight. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem. 1(2), 57–63 (2011)
  101. P.K. Stoimenov, R.L. Klinger, G.L. Marchin, K.J. Klabunde, Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir 18(17), 6679–6686 (2002). doi:10.1021/la0202374
  102. J.S. Kim, E. Kuk, K.N. Yu, J.-H. Kim, S.J. Park, H.J. Lee, S.H. Kim, Y.K. Park, Y.H. Park, C.-Y. Hwang, Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 3(1), 95–101 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001
  103. L. Liu, J. Yang, J. Xie, Z. Luo, J. Jiang, Y.Y. Yang, S. Liu, The potent antimicrobial properties of cell penetrating peptide-conjugated silver nanoparticles with excellent selectivity for Gram-positive bacteria over erythrocytes. Nanoscale 5(9), 3834–3840 (2013). doi:10.1039/c3nr34254a
  104. J.Y. Kim, J.Y. Yoon, Developing a testing method for antimicrobial efficacy on TiO2 photocatalytic products. Environ. Eng. Res. 13(3), 136–140 (2008). doi:10.4491/eer.2008.13.3.136
  105. I.-L. Hsiao, Y.-J. Huang, Effects of various physicochemical characteristics on the toxicities of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles toward human lung epithelial cells. Sci. Total Environ. 409(7), 1219–1228 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.033
  106. H. Zhang, X. Lv, Y. Li, Y. Wang, J. Li, P25–graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS Nano 4(1), 380–386 (2009). doi:10.1021/nn901221k
  107. Z. Huang, X. Zheng, D. Yan, G. Yin, X. Liao, Y. Kang, Y. Yao, D. Huang, B. Hao, Toxicological effect of ZnO nanoparticles based on bacteria. Langmuir 24(8), 4140–4144 (2008). doi:10.1021/la7035949
  108. T. Xia, M. Kovochich, M. Liong, L. Mädler, B. Gilbert, H. Shi, J.I. Yeh, J.I. Zink, A.E. Nel, Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties. ACS Nano 2(10), 2121–2134 (2008). doi:10.1021/nn800511k
  109. R. Prasad, D. Basavaraju, K. Rao, C. Naveen, J. Endrino, A. Phani, Nanostructured TiO2 and TiO2–Ag antimicrobial thin films, in 2011 International Conference on Nanoscience, Technology and Societal Implications (NSTSI), Bhubaneswar, USA, 8–10 December 2011 (IEEE, 2011), pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/NSTSI.2011.6111808
  110. S. Dwivedi, R. Wahab, F. Khan, Y.K. Mishra, J. Musarrat, A.A. Al-Khedhairy, Reactive oxygen species mediated bacterial biofilm inhibition via zinc oxide nanoparticles and their statistical determination. PLoS ONE 9(11), e111289 (2014). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111289
  111. W. Song, J. Zhang, J. Guo, J. Zhang, F. Ding, L. Li, Z. Sun, Role of the dissolved zinc ion and reactive oxygen species in cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Toxicol. Lett. 199(3), 389–397 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.10.003
  112. B. Kalyanaraman, V. Darley-Usmar, K.J. Davies, P.A. Dennery, H.J. Forman, M.B. Grisham, G.E. Mann, K. Moore, L.J. Roberts, H. Ischiropoulos, Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 52(1), 1–6 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.030
  113. D. Guo, H. Bi, B. Liu, Q. Wu, D. Wag, Y. Cui, Reactive oxygen species-induced cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rat retinal ganglion cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 27(2), 731–738 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.001
  114. R. Wahab, N.K. Kaushik, N. Kaushik, E.H. Choi, A. Umar, S. Dwivedi, J. Musarrat, A.A. Al-Khedhairy, ZnO nanoparticles induces cell death in malignant human T98G gliomas, KB and non-malignant HEK cells. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 9(7), 1181–1189 (2013)
  115. Y. Matsumura, K. Yoshikata, S.-I. Kunisaki, T. Tsuchido, Mode of bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(7), 4278–4281 (2003). doi:10.1128/AEM.69.7.4278-4281.2003
  116. K.R. Messner, J.A. Imlay, The identification of primary sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation in the aerobic respiratory chain and sulfite reductase complex of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 274(15), 10119–10128 (1999). doi:10.1074/jbc.274.15.10119
  117. L. Yuan, Y. Wang, J. Wang, H. Xiao, X. Liu, Additive effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles and isoorientin on apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line. Toxicol. Lett. 225(2), 294–304 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.015
  118. M. Heinlaan, A. Ivask, I. Blinova, H.-C. Dubourguier, A. Kahru, Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere 71(7), 1308–1316 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.047
  119. B. Aydin Sevinç, L. Hanley, Antibacterial activity of dental composites containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B 94(1), 22–31 (2010). doi:10.1002/jbm.b.31620
  120. S.W. Wong, P.T. Leung, A. Djurišić, K.M. Leung, Toxicities of nano zinc oxide to five marine organisms: influences of aggregate size and ion solubility. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 396(2), 609–618 (2010). doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3249-z
  121. B. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.-H. Lee, A. Horst, Z. Wang, D.-R. Chen, R. Sureshkumar, Y.J. Tang, Comparative eco-toxicities of nano-ZnO particles under aquatic and aerosol exposure modes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44(4), 1484–1489 (2010). doi:10.1021/es9030497
  122. W. Jiang, H. Mashayekhi, B. Xing, Bacterial toxicity comparison between nano- and micro-scaled oxide particles. Environ. Pollut. 157(5), 1619–1625 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.025
  123. J. Pasquet, Y. Chevalier, J. Pelletier, E. Couval, D. Bouvier, M.-A. Bolzinger, The contribution of zinc ions to the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide. Colloids Surf. A 457, 263–274 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.05.057
  124. X. Wang, H.-F. Wu, Q. Kuang, R.-B. Huang, Z.-X. Xie, L.-S. Zheng, Shape-dependent antibacterial activities of Ag2O polyhedral particles. Langmuir 26(4), 2774–2778 (2009). doi:10.1021/la9028172
  125. O. Yamamoto, M. Komatsu, J. Sawai, Z.-E. Nakagawa, Effect of lattice constant of zinc oxide on antibacterial characteristics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 15(8), 847–851 (2004). doi:10.1023/B:JMSM.0000036271.35440.36
  126. L.V. Ana Stanković, S. Marković, S. Dimitrijević, S.D. Škapin, D. Uskoković, Morphology Controlled hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO particles and examination of their antibacterial properties on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cultures, in Tenth Young Researchers’ Conference—Materials Science and Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia, 21–23 December 2011 (Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Belgrade, 2011), p. 62
  127. V. Berry, A. Gole, S. Kundu, C.J. Murphy, R.F. Saraf, Deposition of CTAB-terminated nanorods on bacteria to form highly conducting hybrid systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127(50), 17600–17601 (2005). doi:10.1021/ja056428l
  128. A. Lipovsky, Z. Tzitrinovich, H. Friedmann, G. Applerot, A. Gedanken, R. Lubart, EPR study of visible light-induced ROS generation by nanoparticles of ZnO. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(36), 15997–16001 (2009). doi:10.1021/jp904864g
  129. J. Díaz-Visurraga, C. Gutiérrez, C. Von Plessing, A. García, in Science and Technology Against Microbial Pathogens Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances: Metal Nanostructures as Antibacterial Agents, ed. by A. Méndez-Vilas (Formatex, Badajoz, 2011), pp. 210–218
  130. M. Ramani, S. Ponnusamy, C. Muthamizhchelvan, From zinc oxide nanoparticles to microflowers: a study of growth kinetics and biocidal activity. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 32(8), 2381–2389 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.011
  131. C.-N. Lok, C.-M. Ho, R. Chen, Q.-Y. He, W.-Y. Yu, H. Sun, P.K.-H. Tam, J.-F. Chiu, C.-M. Che, Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. J. Proteome Res. 5(4), 916–924 (2006). doi:10.1021/pr0504079
  132. H. Meruvu, M. Vangalapati, S.C. Chippada, S.R. Bammidi, Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. J. Rasayan Chem. 4(1), 217–222 (2011)
  133. N.A. Amro, L.P. Kotra, K. Wadu-Mesthrige, A. Bulychev, S. Mobashery, G.-Y. Liu, High-resolution atomic force microscopy studies of the Escherichia coli outer membrane: structural basis for permeability. Langmuir 16(6), 2789–2796 (2000). doi:10.1021/la991013x
  134. M.L.M. Francisco Javier Gutiérrez, P. Gatón, R. Rojo, in Scientific, Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry: Nanotechnology and Food Industry, ed. by B. Valdez (InTech Europe, Rijeka, 2012), pp. 95–128. doi:10.5772/1869
  135. Q. Chaudhry, L. Castle, Food applications of nanotechnologies: an overview of opportunities and challenges for developing countries. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22(11), 595–603 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2011.01.001
  136. C. Silvestre, D. Duraccio, S. Cimmino, Food packaging based on polymer nanomaterials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 36(12), 1766–1782 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.003
  137. T.V. Duncan, Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 363(1), 1–24 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.017
  138. P. Kaur, R. Thakur, S. Kumar, N. Dilbaghi, Interaction of ZnO nanoparticles with food borne pathogens Escherichia coli DH5α and Staphylococcus aureus 5021 and their bactericidal efficacy, in International Conference on Advances in Condensed and Nano Materials (ICACNM-2011): AIP Proceedings, Chandigarh, India, 23–26 February 2011 (2011), p. 153. doi:10.1063/1.3653655
  139. P. Narayanan, W.S. Wilson, A.T. Abraham, M. Sevanan, Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against human pathogens. BioNanoScience 2(4), 329–335 (2012). doi:10.1007/s12668-012-0061-6
  140. K. Chitra, G. Annadurai, Antimicrobial activity of wet chemically engineered spherical shaped ZnO nanoparticles on food borne pathogen. Int. Food Res. J. 20(1), 59–64 (2013)
  141. B. Yalcin, S. Otles, Intelligent food packaging, http://www.logforum.net/vol4/issue4/no3. Accessed 13 Feb 2008
  142. H. de Azeredo, Antimicrobial nanostructures in food packaging. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 30(1), 56–69 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2012.11.006
  143. N. Soares, C.A.S. Silva, P. Santiago-Silva, P.J.P Espitia, M.P.J.C. Gonçalves, M.J.G. Lopez, J. Miltz, M.A. Cerqueira, A.A. Vicente, J. Teixeira, in Engineering Aspects of Milk and Dairy Products: Active and Intelligent Packaging for Milk and Milk Products, ed. by J.A.T. Jane Selia dos Reis Coimbra (CRC Press, 2009), pp. 155–174. doi:10.1201/9781420090390-c8
  144. R. Ahvenainen (ed.), Novel Food Packaging Techniques (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2003)
  145. N.D. Kruijf, M.V. Beest, R. Rijk, T. Sipiläinen-Malm, P.P. Losada, B.D. Meulenaer, Active and intelligent packaging: applications and regulatory aspects. Food Addit. Contam. 19(S1), 144–162 (2002). doi:10.1080/02652030110072722
  146. K.L. Yam, P.T. Takhistov, J. Miltz, Intelligent packaging: concepts and applications. J. Food Sci. 70(1), R1–R10 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09052.x
  147. S.S. Kumar, P. Venkateswarlu, V.R. Rao, G.N. Rao, Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int. Nano. Lett. 3(1), 1–6 (2013)
  148. E.E. Hafez, H.S. Hassan, M. Elkady, E. Salama, Assessment Of antibacterial activity for synthesized zinc oxide nanorods against plant pathogenic strains. Int. J. Sci. Tech. Res. (IJSTR), 3(9), 318–324 (2014)
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 6983 Download : 5314