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Vol. 7 No. 3 (2015)

Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x
Amna Sirelkhatim
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Shahrom Mahmud
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Azman Seeni
Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Cluster of Integrative Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Malaysia
Noor Haida Mohamad Kaus
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Ling Chuo Ann
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Siti Khadijah Mohd Bakhori
Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Habsah Hasan
Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
Dasmawati Mohamad
School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Corresponding Author: Amna Sirelkhatim

amnasirelkhatim@yahoo.co.uk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 7 No. 3 (2015), Article Number: 219-242

Abstract

Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.

Keywords

Antibacterial activity ZnO-NPs Toxicity mechanism Reactive oxygen species Zinc ions release Food antimicrobial
Sirelkhatim, Amna, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni, Noor Haida Mohamad Kaus, Ling Chuo Ann, Siti Khadijah Mohd Bakhori, Habsah Hasan, and Dasmawati Mohamad. 2015. “Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism”. Nano-Micro Letters 7 (3):219-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x.
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