Issue

Vol. 13 (2021)

Hybrid Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Nanogenerators for Mechanical Energy Harvesting: A Review

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00713-4
João V. Vidal
Department of Physics and CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810‑193 Aveiro, Portugal
Vladislav Slabov
Department of Physics and CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810‑193 Aveiro, Portugal
Andrei L. Kholkin
Department of Physics and CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810‑193 Aveiro, Portugal
Marco P. Soares dos Santos
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810‑193 Aveiro, Portugal

Corresponding Author: Andrei L. Kholkin

kholkin@ua.pt

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 13 (2021), Article Number: 199

Abstract

Motion-driven electromagnetic-triboelectric energy generators (E-TENGs) hold a great potential to provide higher voltages, higher currents and wider operating bandwidths than both electromagnetic and triboelectric generators standing alone. Therefore, they are promising solutions to autonomously supply a broad range of highly sophisticated devices. This paper provides a thorough review focused on major recent breakthroughs in the area of electromagnetic-triboelectric vibrational energy harvesting. A detailed analysis was conducted on various architectures including rotational, pendulum, linear, sliding, cantilever, flexible blade, multidimensional and magnetoelectric, and the following hybrid technologies. They enable highly efficient ways to harvest electric energy from many forms of vibrational, rotational, biomechanical, wave, wind and thermal sources, among others. Open-circuit voltages up to 75 V, short-circuit currents up to 60 mA and instantaneous power up to 144 mW were already achieved by these nanogenerators. Their transduction mechanisms, including proposed models to make intelligible the involved physical phenomena, are also overviewed here. A comprehensive analysis was performed to compare their respective construction designs, external excitations and electric outputs. The results highlight the potential of hybrid E-TENGs to convert unused mechanical motion into electric energy for both large- and small-scale applications. Finally, this paper proposes future research directions toward optimization of energy conversion efficiency, power management, durability and stability, packaging, energy storage, operation input, research of transduction mechanisms, quantitative standardization, system integration, miniaturization and multi-energy hybrid cells.


Highlights:


1 An up-to-date review of hybrid triboelectric-electromagnetic nanogenerators is provided.
2 Rotational, pendulum, linear, sliding, cantilever, flexible blade, multidimensional, and magnetoelectric hybrid technologies are thoroughly analyzed.
3 Promising results highlight the potential of these hybrid technologies for both small-scale and large-scale powering.

Keywords

E-TENG Hybrid triboelectric-electromagnetic Nanogenerators Energy harvesting
Vidal, João V., Vladislav Slabov, Andrei L. Kholkin, and Marco P. Soares dos Santos. 2021. “Hybrid Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Nanogenerators for Mechanical Energy Harvesting: A Review”. Nano-Micro Letters 13 (September):199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00713-4.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Z.L. Wang, J. Chen, L. Lin, Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors. Energy Environ. Sci. 8(8), 2250 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE01532D
  2. Z.L. Wang, Self-powered nanotech. Sci. Am. 298(1), 82 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0108-82
  3. Z.L. Wang, Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors. ACS Nano 7(11), 9533 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn404614z
  4. M.P. Soares dos Santos, J. Coutinho, A. Marote, B. Sousa, A. Ramos et al., Capacitive technologies for highly controlled and personalized electrical stimulation by implantable biomedical systems. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 5001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41540-3
  5. M.P. Soares Dos Santos, R. Bernardo, L. Henriques, A. Ramos, J.A.F. Ferreira et al., Towards an effective sensing technology to monitor micro-scale interface loosening of bioelectronic implants. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 3449 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82589-3
  6. B. Otis, J. Rabaey, Ultra-Low Power Wireless Technologies for Sensor Networks (Springer, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49313-8
  7. S. Roundy, P.K. Wright, J.M. Rabaey, Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Networks with Special Focus on Vibrations (Springer, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0485-6
  8. S. Priya, H.-C. Song, Y. Zhou, R. Varghese, A. Chopra et al., A review on piezoelectric energy harvesting: materials, methods, and circuits. Energy Harvest. Syst. 4(1), 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/ehs-2016-0028
  9. S. Priya, Advances in energy harvesting using low profile piezoelectric transducers. J. Electroceram. 19(1), 167 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9043-4
  10. K.A. Cook-Chennault, N. Thambi, A.M. Sastry, Powering MEMS portable devices—a review of non-regenerative and regenerative power supply systems with special emphasis on piezoelectric energy harvesting systems. Smart Mater. Struct. 17(4), 043001 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/17/4/043001
  11. S. Priya, D.J. Inman, Energy Harvesting Technologies (Springer, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76464-1
  12. N.E. Dutoit, B.L. Wardle, S.-G. Kim, Design considerations for MEMS-scale piezoelectric mechanical vibration energy harvesters. Integr. Ferroelectr. 71(1), 121 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584580590964574
  13. S.P. Beeby, M.J. Tudor, N.M. White, Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications. Meas. Sci. Technol. 17(12), R175 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/17/12/R01
  14. E. Romero, R.O. Warrington, M.R. Neuman, Energy scavenging sources for biomedical sensors. Physiol. Meas. 30(9), R35 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/30/9/R01
  15. J.W. Matiko, N.J. Grabham, S.P. Beeby, M.J. Tudor, Review of the application of energy harvesting in buildings. Meas. Sci. Technol. 25(1), 012002 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/1/012002
  16. S. Roundy, P.K. Wright, J. Rabaey, A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes. Compet. Comm. 26(11), 1131 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-3664(02)00248-7
  17. F.U. Khan, Izhar, State of the art in acoustic energy harvesting. J. Micromech. Microeng. 25(2), 023001 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/25/2/023001
  18. W. Gao, R. Brennan, Y. Hu, M. Wuttig, G. Yuan et al., Energy transduction ferroic materials. Mater. Today 21(7), 771 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.01.032
  19. J.V. Vidal, A.V. Turutin, I.V. Kubasov, A.M. Kislyuk, M.D. Malinkovich et al., Low-frequency vibration energy harvesting with bidomain LiNbO3 single crystals. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 66(9), 1480 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2019.2908396
  20. J.V. Vidal, A.V. Turutin, I.V. Kubasov, A.M. Kislyuk, D.A. Kiselev et al., Dual vibration and magnetic energy harvesting with bidomain LiNbO3 based composite. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2020.2967842
  21. S.D. Moss, O.R. Payne, G.A. Hart, C. Ung, Scaling and power density metrics of electromagnetic vibration energy harvesting devices. Smart Mater. Struct. 24(2), 023001 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/2/023001
  22. A. Khaligh, P. Zeng, C. Zheng, Kinetic energy harvesting using piezoelectric and electromagnetic technologies-state of the art. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 57(3), 850 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2024652
  23. F.U. Khan, M.U. Qadir, State-of-the-art in vibration-based electrostatic energy harvesting. J. Micromech. Microeng. 26(10), 103001 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/26/10/103001
  24. S. Boisseau, G. Despesse, B.A. Seddik, Electrostatic conversion for vibration energy harvesting, in Small-Scale Energy Harvesting. ed. by M. Lallart (IntechOpen, 2012). https://doi.org/10.5772/51360
  25. F.R. Fan, W. Tang, Z.L. Wang, Flexible nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered electronics. Adv. Mater. 28(22), 4283 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504299
  26. Q. Zheng, B. Shi, Z. Li, Z.L. Wang, Recent progress on piezoelectric and triboelectric energy harvesters in biomedical systems. Adv. Sci. 4(7), 1700029 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700029
  27. Z. Lin, J. Chen, J. Yang, Recent progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a renewable and sustainable power source. J. Nanomater. 2016, 5651613 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5651613
  28. J. Chen, Z.L. Wang, Reviving vibration energy harvesting and self-powered sensing by a triboelectric nanogenerator. Joule 1(3), 480 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.004
  29. Y. Wang, Y. Yang, Z.L. Wang, Triboelectric nanogenerators as flexible power sources. npj Flex. Electron. 1(1), 10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-017-0007-8
  30. Q. Shi, T. He, C. Lee, More than energy harvesting—combining triboelectric nanogenerator and flexible electronics technology for enabling novel micro-/nano-systems. Nano Energy 57, 851 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.01.002
  31. Z. Li, Q. Zheng, Z.L. Wang, Z. Li, Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for wearable and implantable electronics. Research 2020, 8710686 (2020). https://doi.org/10.34133/2020/8710686
  32. Z. Wang, L. Lin, J. Chen, S. Niu, Y. Zi, Triboelectric Nanogenerators (Springer, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40039-6
  33. Y. Zi, Z.L. Wang, Nanogenerators: an emerging technology towards nanoenergy. APL Mater. 5(7), 074103 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4977208
  34. C. Wu, A.C. Wang, W. Ding, H. Guo, Z.L. Wang, Triboelectric nanogenerator: a foundation of the energy for the new era. Adv. Energy Mater. 9(1), 1802906 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802906
  35. Z.L. Wang, On Maxwell’s displacement current for energy and sensors: the origin of nanogenerators. Mater. Today 20(2), 74 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2016.12.001
  36. M.A. Halim, R. Rantz, Q. Zhang, L. Gu, K. Yang et al., An electromagnetic rotational energy harvester using sprung eccentric rotor, driven by pseudo-walking motion. Appl. Energy 217, 66 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.093
  37. D.F. Berdy, D.J. Valentino, D. Peroulis, Design and optimization of a magnetically sprung block magnet vibration energy harvester. Sensors Actuators A-Phys. 218, 69 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2014.06.011
  38. J. He, X. Fan, J. Mu, C. Wang, J. Qian et al., 3D full-space triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for high-efficient mechanical energy harvesting in vibration system. Energy 194, 116871 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116871
  39. A. Khaligh, P. Zeng, C. Zheng, Kinetic energy harvesting using piezoelectric and electromagnetic technologies—state of the art. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 57(3), 850 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2024652
  40. A. Harb, Energy harvesting: state-of-the-art. Renew. Energy 36(10), 2641 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.06.014
  41. P.D. Mitcheson, E.M. Yeatman, G.K. Rao, A.S. Holmes, T.C. Green, Energy harvesting from human and machine motion for wireless electronic devices. Proc. IEEE 96(9), 1457 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2008.927494
  42. T. Yildirim, M.H. Ghayesh, W. Li, G. Alici, A review on performance enhancement techniques for ambient vibration energy harvesters. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 71, 435 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.073
  43. S.P. Beeby, T. O’Donnell, Electromagnetic energy harvesting, in Energy Harvesting Technologies. ed. by S. Priya, D.J. Inman (Springer, Boston, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76464-1_5
  44. C. Cepnik, R. Lausecker, U. Wallrabe, Review on electrodynamic energy harvesters—a classification approach. Micromachines 4(2), 168 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi4020168
  45. B. Maamer, A. Boughamoura, A.M.R. Fath El-Bab, L.A. Francis, F. Tounsi, A review on design improvements and techniques for mechanical energy harvesting using piezoelectric and electromagnetic schemes. Energy Convers. Manag. 199, 111973 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111973
  46. W. Liu, Z. Wang, G. Wang, G. Liu, J. Chen et al., Integrated charge excitation triboelectric nanogenerator. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 1426 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09464-8
  47. Y. Hu, J. Yang, S. Niu, W. Wu, Z.L. Wang, Hybridizing triboelectrification and electromagnetic induction effects for high-efficient mechanical energy harvesting. ACS Nano 8(7), 7442 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502684f
  48. X. Wang, S. Wang, Y. Yang, Z.L. Wang, Hybridized electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging air-flow energy to sustainably power temperature sensors. ACS Nano 9(4), 4553 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01187
  49. Y. Wu, X. Zhong, X. Wang, Y. Yang, Z.L. Wang, Hybrid energy cell for simultaneously harvesting wind, solar, and chemical energies. Nano Res. 7(11), 1631 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-014-0523-y
  50. L. Zheng, Z.-H. Lin, G. Cheng, W. Wu, X. Wen et al., Silicon-based hybrid cell for harvesting solar energy and raindrop electrostatic energy. Nano Energy 9, 291 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.07.024
  51. Y. Yang, H. Zhang, Z.-H. Lin, Y. Liu, J. Chen et al., A hybrid energy cell for self-powered water splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 6(8), 2429 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE41485J
  52. Y. Yang, H. Zhang, J. Chen, S. Lee, T.-C. Hou et al., Simultaneously harvesting mechanical and chemical energies by a hybrid cell for self-powered biosensors and personal electronics. Energy Environ. Sci. 6(6), 1744 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE40764K
  53. Y. Bai, H. Jantunen, J. Juuti, Hybrid, multi-source, and integrated energy harvesters. Front. Mater. 5, 65 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2018.00065
  54. T. Zhang, T. Yang, M. Zhang, C.R. Bowen, Y. Yang, Recent progress in hybridized nanogenerators for energy scavenging. iScience 23(11), 101689 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101689
  55. T. Zhang, Z. Wen, Y. Liu, Z. Zhang, Y. Xie et al., Hybridized nanogenerators for multifunctional self-powered sensing: principles, prototypes, and perspectives. iScience 23(12), 101813 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101813
  56. P.D. Mitcheson, E.K. Reilly, T. Toh, P.K. Wright, E.M. Yeatman, Performance limits of the three MEMS inertial energy generator transduction types. J. Micromech. Microeng. 17(9), S211 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/17/9/s01
  57. H. Chen, C. Xing, Y. Li, J. Wang, Y. Xu, Triboelectric nanogenerators for a macro-scale blue energy harvesting and self-powered marine environmental monitoring system. Sustain. Energy Fuels 4(3), 1063 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SE01184F
  58. A. Marin, S. Bressers, S. Priya, Multiple cell configuration electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 44(29), 295501 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/29/295501
  59. Y. Zi, H. Guo, Z. Wen, M.H. Yeh, C. Hu et al., Harvesting low-frequency (< 5 Hz) irregular mechanical energy: a possible killer application of triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Nano 10(4), 4797 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b01569
  60. U. Khan, S.-W. Kim, Triboelectric nanogenerators for blue energy harvesting. ACS Nano 10(7), 6429 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b04213
  61. J. Zhao, G. Zhen, G. Liu, T. Bu, W. Liu et al., Remarkable merits of triboelectric nanogenerator than electromagnetic generator for harvesting small-amplitude mechanical energy. Nano Energy 61, 111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.047
  62. S. Xu, X. Fu, G. Liu, T. Tong, T. Bu et al., Comparison of applied torque and energy conversion efficiency between rotational triboelectric nanogenerator and electromagnetic generator. iScience 24(4), 102318 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102318
  63. C. Zhang, W. Tang, C. Han, F. Fan, Z.L. Wang, Theoretical comparison, equivalent transformation, and conjunction operations of electromagnetic induction generator and triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting mechanical energy. Adv. Mater. 26(22), 3580 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400207
  64. X. Zhong, Y. Yang, X. Wang, Z.L. Wang, Rotating-disk-based hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging biomechanical energy as a mobile power source. Nano Energy 13, 771 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.03.012
  65. H. Guo, Z. Wen, Y. Zi, M.-H. Yeh, J. Wang et al., A Water-proof triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator for energy harvesting in harsh environments. Adv. Energy Mater. 6(6), 1501593 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501593
  66. Y. Chen, Y. Cheng, Y. Jie, X. Cao, N. Wang et al., Energy harvesting and wireless power transmission by a hybridized electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator. Energy Environ. Sci. 12(9), 2678 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE01245A
  67. R. Cao, T. Zhou, B. Wang, Y. Yin, Z. Yuan et al., Rotating-sleeve triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for high efficiency of harvesting mechanical energy. ACS Nano 11(8), 8370 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03683
  68. B. Zhang, J. Chen, L. Jin, W. Deng, L. Zhang et al., Rotating-disk-based hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainably powering wireless traffic volume sensors. ACS Nano 10(6), 6241 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b02384
  69. P. Wang, L. Pan, J. Wang, M. Xu, G. Dai et al., An ultra-low-friction triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for rotation energy harvesting and self-powered wind speed sensor. ACS Nano 12(9), 9433 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b04654
  70. H. Shao, P. Cheng, R. Chen, L. Xie, N. Sun et al., Triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator for harvesting blue energy. Nano-Micro Lett. 10(3), 54 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-018-0207-3
  71. Z. Wen, H. Guo, Y. Zi, M.-H. Yeh, X. Wang et al., Harvesting broad frequency band blue energy by a triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator. ACS Nano 10(7), 6526 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b03293
  72. Y. Zhong, H. Zhao, Y. Guo, P. Rui, S. Shi et al., An easily assembled electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator driven by magnetic coupling for fluid energy harvesting and self-powered flow monitoring in a smart home/city. Adv. Materi. Technol. 4(12), 1900741 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900741
  73. R. Ahmed, Y. Kim, M.U. Mehmood, U. Shaislamov et al., Power generation by a thermomagnetic engine by hybrid operation of an electromagnetic generator and a triboelectric nanogenerator. Int. J. Energy Res. 43(11), 5852 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4691
  74. X. Chen, L. Gao, J. Chen, S. Lu, H. Zhou et al., A chaotic pendulum triboelectric-electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator for wave energy scavenging and self-powered wireless sensing system. Nano Energy 69, 104440 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104440
  75. C. Hou, T. Chen, Y. Li, M. Huang, Q. Shi et al., A rotational pendulum based electromagnetic/triboelectric hybrid-generator for ultra-low-frequency vibrations aiming at human motion and blue energy applications. Nano Energy 63, 103871 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103871
  76. Y. Feng, X. Liang, J. An, T. Jiang, Z.L. Wang, Soft-contact cylindrical triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator based on swing structure for ultra-low frequency water wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 81, 105625 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105625
  77. F.-R. Fan, W. Tang, Y. Yao, J. Luo, C. Zhang et al., Complementary power output characteristics of electromagnetic generators and triboelectric generators. Nanotechnology 25(13), 135402 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/13/135402
  78. M.T. Rahman, S.S. Rana, M. Salauddin, P. Maharjan, T. Bhatta et al., Biomechanical energy-driven hybridized generator as a universal portable power source for smart/wearable electronics. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(12), 1903663 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903663
  79. Y. Wu, X. Wang, Y. Yang, Z.L. Wang, Hybrid energy cell for harvesting mechanical energy from one motion using two approaches. Nano Energy 11, 162 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.10.035
  80. Z. Saadatnia, E. Asadi, H. Askari, E. Esmailzadeh, H.E. Naguib, A heaving point absorber-based triboelectric-electromagnetic wave energy harvester: an efficient approach toward blue energy. Int. J. Energy Res. 42(7), 2431 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4024
  81. Z. Saadatnia, E. Esmailzadeh, H.E. Naguib, Dynamic modeling and electrical characterization of a heaving hybrid triboelectric-electromagnetic energy harvester, in Proceedings of the ASME 2018 International Design Engineering (2018). https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2018-86068
  82. H. Askari, E. Asadi, Z. Saadatnia, A. Khajepour, M.B. Khamesee et al., A hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric self-powered sensor for traffic monitoring: concept, modelling, and optimization. Nano Energy 32, 105 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.024
  83. M. Salauddin, J.Y. Park, A handy motion driven hybrid energy harvester: dual Halbach array based electromagnetic and triboelectric generators. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 773, 012004 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/773/1/012004
  84. M. Salauddin, R.M. Toyabur, J.Y. Park, A free motion driven electromagnetic and triboelectric hybridized nanogenerator for scavenging low frequency vibrations, in 2018 IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMSYS.2018.8346527
  85. J. He, T. Wen, S. Qian, Z. Zhang, Z. Tian et al., Triboelectric-piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for high-efficient vibration energy harvesting and self-powered wireless monitoring system. Nano Energy 43, 326 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.11.039
  86. T. Ma, Q. Gao, Y. Li, Z. Wang, X. Lu et al., An integrated triboelectric–electromagnetic–piezoelectric hybrid energy harvester induced by a multifunction magnet for rotational motion. Adv. Eng. Mater. 22(2), 1900872 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201900872
  87. X. He, Q. Wen, Y. Sun, Z. Wen, A low-frequency piezoelectric-electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid broadband vibration energy harvester. Nano Energy 40, 300 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.024
  88. C. Rodrigues, A. Gomes, A. Ghosh, A. Pereira, J. Ventura, Power-generating footwear based on a triboelectric-electromagnetic-piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerator. Nano Energy 62, 660 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.063
  89. K. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Yang, Z.L. Wang, Hybridized electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging biomechanical energy for sustainably powering wearable electronics. ACS Nano 9(4), 3521 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn507455f
  90. H. Liu, Y. Xia, T. Chen, Z. Yang, W. Liu et al., Study of a hybrid generator based on triboelectric and electromagnetic mechanisms. IEEE Sensors J. 17(12), 3853 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2694458
  91. R.K. Gupta, Q. Shi, L. Dhakar, T. Wang, C.H. Heng et al., Broadband energy harvester using non-linear polymer spring and electromagnetic/triboelectric hybrid mechanism. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 41396 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41396
  92. T. Quan, Y. Wu, Y. Yang, Hybrid electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting vibration energy. Nano Res. 8(10), 3272 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0827-6
  93. R. Huang, J. Zhu, A hybrid electromagnetic and leaf-shaped polytetrafluoroethylene triboelectric with an arc-shaped brace structure for energy harvesting. RSC Adv. 7(78), 49562 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08572A
  94. X. Ren, H. Fan, C. Wang, J. Ma, S. Lei et al., Magnetic force driven noncontact electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator for scavenging biomechanical energy. Nano Energy 35, 233 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.03.047
  95. H. Shao, Z. Wen, P. Cheng, N. Sun, Q. Shen et al., Multifunctional power unit by hybridizing contact-separate triboelectric nanogenerator, electromagnetic generator and solar cell for harvesting blue energy. Nano Energy 39, 608 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.07.045
  96. L. Feng, G. Liu, H. Guo, Q. Tang, X. Pu et al., Hybridized nanogenerator based on honeycomb-like three electrodes for efficient ocean wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 47, 217 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.042
  97. H. Wang, Q. Zhu, Z. Ding, Z. Li, H. Zheng et al., A fully-packaged ship-shaped hybrid nanogenerator for blue energy harvesting toward seawater self-desalination and self-powered positioning. Nano Energy 57, 616 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.078
  98. K. Zhang, Y. Yang, Linear-grating hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainably powering portable electronics. Nano Res. 9(4), 974 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-0985-1
  99. T. Quan, Z.L. Wang, Y. Yang, A shared-electrode-based hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(30), 19573 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07162
  100. J. Zhu, A. Wang, H. Hu, H. Zhu, Hybrid electromagnetic and triboelectric nanogenerators with multi-impact for wideband frequency energy harvesting. Energies 10, 2024 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/EN10122024
  101. T. Quan, Y. Yang, Fully enclosed hybrid electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator to scavenge vibrational energy. Nano Res. 9(8), 2226 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1109-7
  102. X. Du, S. Zhao, Y. Xing, N. Li, J. Wang et al., Hybridized nanogenerators for harvesting vibrational energy by triboelectric–piezoelectric–electromagnetic effects. Adv. Mater. Technol. 3(6), 1800019 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800019
  103. X. Wang, Y. Yang, Effective energy storage from a hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 32, 36 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.006
  104. C. Hao, J. He, C. Zhai, W. Jia, L. Song et al., Two-dimensional triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 58, 147 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.01.033
  105. T. Quan, X. Wang, Z.L. Wang, Y. Yang, Hybridized electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator for a self-powered electronic watch. ACS Nano 9(12), 12301 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b05598
  106. Z. Wu, H. Guo, W. Ding, Y.-C. Wang, L. Zhang et al., A hybridized triboelectric–electromagnetic water wave energy harvester based on a magnetic sphere. ACS Nano 13(2), 2349 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b09088
  107. P. Maharjan, R.M. Toyabur, J.Y. Park, A human locomotion inspired hybrid nanogenerator for wrist-wearable electronic device and sensor applications. Nano Energy 46, 383 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.033
  108. K.-W. Lim, M. Peddigari, C.H. Park, H.Y. Lee, Y. Min et al., A high output magneto-mechano-triboelectric generator enabled by accelerated water-soluble nano-bullets for powering a wireless indoor positioning system. Energy Environ. Sci. 12(2), 666 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE03008A
  109. L. Xie, N. Zhai, Y. Liu, Z. Wen, X. Sun, Hybrid triboelectric nanogenerators: from energy complementation to integration. Research 2021, 9143762 (2021). https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9143762
  110. Y. Pang, Y. Cao, M. Derakhshani, Y. Fang, Z.L. Wang et al., Hybrid energy-harvesting systems based on triboelectric nanogenerators. Matter 4(1), 116 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.10.018
  111. Z.L. Wang, Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors—principles, problems and perspectives. Faraday Discuss. 176, 447 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4FD00159A
  112. Y.S. Zhou, Y. Liu, G. Zhu, Z.H. Lin, C. Pan et al., In situ quantitative study of nanoscale triboelectrification and patterning. Nano Lett. 13(6), 2771 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401006x
  113. Y.S. Zhou, S. Wang, Y. Yang, G. Zhu, S. Niu et al., Manipulating nanoscale contact electrification by an applied electric field. Nano Lett. 14(3), 1567 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404819w
  114. C. Xu, Y. Zi, A.C. Wang, H. Zou, Y. Dai et al., On the electron-transfer mechanism in the contact-electrification effect. Adv. Mater. 30(15), 1706790 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706790
  115. X. Xia, H. Wang, H. Guo, C. Xu, Y. Zi, On the material-dependent charge transfer mechanism of the contact electrification. Nano Energy 78, 105343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105343
  116. H. Zou, Y. Zhang, L. Guo, P. Wang, X. He et al., Quantifying the triboelectric series. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 1427 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09461-x
  117. Y. Zi, S. Niu, J. Wang, Z. Wen, W. Tang, Z.L. Wang, Standards and figure-of-merits for quantifying the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators. Nat. Commun. 6, 8376 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9376
  118. X. Xia, J. Fu, Y. Zi, A universal standardized method for output capability assessment of nanogenerators. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 4428 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12465-2
  119. Y.S. Zhou, S. Li, S. Niu, Z.L. Wang, Effect of contact- and sliding-mode electrification on nanoscale charge transfer for energy harvesting. Nano Res. 9(12), 3705 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1241-4
  120. S. Pan, Z. Zhang, Fundamental theories and basic principles of triboelectric effect: a review. Friction 7(1), 2 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-018-0217-7
  121. B.-Y. Lee, D.H. Kim, J. Park, K.-I. Park, K.J. Lee et al., Modulation of surface physics and chemistry in triboelectric energy harvesting technologies. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 20(1), 758 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2019.1631716
  122. X. Yin, D. Liu, L. Zhou, X. Li, C. Zhang et al., Structure and dimension effects on the performance of layered triboelectric nanogenerators in contact-separation mode. ACS Nano 13(1), 698 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b07935
  123. R. Wen, J. Guo, A. Yu, J. Zhai, Z.L. Wang, Humidity-resistive triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated using metal organic framework composite. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(20), 1807655 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807655
  124. S. Niu, Z.L. Wang, Theoretical systems of triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 14, 161 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.034
  125. Z.L. Wang, On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell’s equations. Nano Energy 68, 104272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104272
  126. R.D.I.G. Dharmasena, K.D.G.I. Jayawardena, C.A. Mills, R.A. Dorey, S.R.P. Silva, A unified theoretical model for Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Nano Energy 48, 391 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.073
  127. H. Zhang, L. Quan, Electrostatic Discharge—From Electrical Breakdown in Micro-Gaps to Nano-Generators—4. Theoretical Prediction and Optimization Approach to Triboelectric Nanogenerator (IntechOpen, 2019). https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86992
  128. J. Shao, D. Liu, M. Willatzen, Z.L. Wang, Three-dimensional modeling of alternating current triboelectric nanogenerator in the linear sliding mode. Appl. Phys. Rev. 7(1), 011405 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5133023
  129. M. Lu, W. Yin, A. Peyton, Z. Qu, X. Meng et al., A model for the triboelectric nanogenerator with inductive load and its energy boost potential. Nano Energy 63, 103883 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103883
  130. R.D.I.G. Dharmasena, K.D.G.I. Jayawardena, C.A. Mills, J.H.B. Deane, J.V. Anguita et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators: providing a fundamental framework. Energy Environ. Sci. 10(8), 1801 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE01139C
  131. S. Niu, S. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Liu, Y.S. Zhou et al., Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source. Energy Environ. Sci. 6(12), 3576 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42571A
  132. S. Niu, Y. Liu, S. Wang, L. Lin, Y.S. Zhou et al., Theory of sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerators. Adv. Mater. 25(43), 6184 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302808
  133. S. Niu, Y. Liu, S. Wang, L. Lin, Y.S. Zhou et al., Theoretical investigation and structural optimization of single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24(22), 3332 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303799
  134. S. Niu, Y. Liu, X. Chen, S. Wang, Y.S. Zhou et al., Theory of freestanding triboelectric-layer-based nanogenerators. Nano Energy 12, 760 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.01.013
  135. G. Zhu, C. Pan, W. Guo, C.-Y. Chen, Y. Zhou et al., Triboelectric-generator-driven pulse electrodeposition for micropatterning. Nano Lett. 12(9), 4960 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302560k
  136. S. Wang, L. Lin, Z.L. Wang, Nanoscale triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for sustainably powering portable electronics. Nano Lett. 12(12), 6339 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl303573d
  137. F.-R. Fan, L. Lin, G. Zhu, W. Wu, R. Zhang et al., Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films. Nano Lett. 12(6), 3109 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl300988z
  138. S. Niu, Y. Liu, Y.S. Zhou, S. Wang, L. Lin et al., Optimization of triboelectric nanogenerator charging systems for efficient energy harvesting and storage. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 62(2), 641 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2014.2377728
  139. S. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Xie, Q. Jing, S. Niu et al., Sliding-triboelectric nanogenerators based on in-plane charge-separation mechanism. Nano Lett. 13(5), 2226 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl400738p
  140. G. Zhu, J. Chen, Y. Liu, P. Bai, Y.S. Zhou et al., Linear-grating triboelectric generator based on sliding electrification. Nano Lett. 13(5), 2282 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4008985
  141. G. Zhu, Y.S. Zhou, P. Bai, X.S. Meng, Q. Jing et al., A shape-adaptive thin-film-based approach for 50% high-efficiency energy generation through micro-grating sliding electrification. Adv. Mater. 26(23), 3788 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400021
  142. G. Zhu, J. Chen, T. Zhang, Q. Jing, Z.L. Wang, Radial-arrayed rotary electrification for high performance triboelectric generator. Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3426 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4426
  143. J. Shao, T. Jiang, W. Tang, L. Xu, T.W. Kim et al., Studying about applied force and the output performance of sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 48, 292 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.067
  144. S. Niu, S. Wang, Y. Liu, Y.S. Zhou, L. Lin et al., A theoretical study of grating structured triboelectric nanogenerators. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(7), 2339 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE00498A
  145. Y. Yang, H. Zhang, J. Chen, Q. Jing, Y.S. Zhou et al., Single-electrode-based sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered displacement vector sensor system. ACS Nano 7(8), 7342 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn403021m
  146. H. Zhang, Y. Yang, X. Zhong, Y. Su, Y. Zhou et al., Single-electrode-based rotating triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting energy from tires. ACS Nano 8(1), 680 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4053292
  147. K. Dai, X. Wang, S. Niu, F. Yi, Y. Yin et al., Simulation and structure optimization of triboelectric nanogenerators considering the effects of parasitic capacitance. Nano Res. 10(1), 157 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1275-7
  148. S. Wang, Y. Xie, S. Niu, L. Lin, Z.L. Wang, Freestanding triboelectric-layer-based nanogenerators for harvesting energy from a moving object or human motion in contact and non-contact modes. Adv. Mater. 26(18), 2818 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305303
  149. L. Lin, Y. Xie, S. Niu, S. Wang, P.-K. Yang et al., Robust triboelectric nanogenerator based on rolling electrification and electrostatic induction at an instantaneous energy conversion efficiency of ∼ 55%. ACS Nano 9(1), 922 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506673x
  150. Y. Xie, S. Wang, S. Niu, L. Lin, Q. Jing et al., Grating-structured freestanding triboelectric-layer nanogenerator for harvesting mechanical energy at 85% total conversion efficiency. Adv. Mater. 26(38), 6599 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402428
  151. C.B. Williams, R.B. Yates, Analysis of a micro-electric generator for microsystems. Sensors Actuators A-Phys. 52(1), 8 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(96)80118-X
  152. C.B. Williams, C. Shearwood, M.A. Harradine, P.H. Mellor, T.S. Birch et al., Development of an electromagnetic micro-generator. IEEE Proc. Circuits Devices Syst. 148(6), 337 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:20010525
  153. P. Carneiro, M.P. Soares dos Santos, A. Rodrigues, J.A.F. Ferreira, J.A.O. Simões et al., Electromagnetic energy harvesting using magnetic levitation architectures: A review. Appl. Energy 260, 114191 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114191
  154. P. Constantinou, P.H. Mellor, P.D. Wilcox, A magnetically sprung generator for energy harvesting applications. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 17(3), 415 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2012.2188834
  155. M.P. Soares dos Santos, J.A.F. Ferreira, J.A.O. Simões, R. Pascoal, J. Torrão et al., Magnetic levitation-based electromagnetic energy harvesting: a semi-analytical non-linear model for energy transduction. Sci. Rep. 6, 18579 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18579
  156. E. Dallago, M. Marchesi, G. Venchi, Analytical model of a vibrating electromagnetic harvester considering nonlinear effects. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 25(8), 1989 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2010.2044893
  157. X.Y. Wang, S. Palagummi, L. Liu, F.G. Yuan, A magnetically levitated vibration energy harvester. Smart Mater. Struct. 22(5), 055016 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/5/055016
  158. C.M. Saravia, On the electromechanical coupling in electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 136, 106027 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.03.026
  159. C.M. Saravia, A formulation for modeling levitation based vibration energy harvesters undergoing finite motion. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 117, 862 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.08.023
  160. B.P. Mann, N.D. Sims, Energy harvesting from the nonlinear oscillations of magnetic levitation. J. Sound Vib. 319(1), 515 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2008.06.011
  161. A.G. Avila Bernal, L.E. Linares García, The modelling of an electromagnetic energy harvesting architecture. Appl. Math. Model. 36(10), 4728 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2011.12.007
  162. G. Aldawood, H.T. Nguyen, H. Bardaweel, High power density spring-assisted nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester for low base-accelerations. Appl. Energy 253, 113546 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113546
  163. C.M. Saravia, J.M. Ramírez, C.D. Gatti, A hybrid numerical-analytical approach for modeling levitation based vibration energy harvesters. Sensors Actuators A-Phys. 257, 20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.01.023
  164. N.G. Stephen, On energy harvesting from ambient vibration. J. Sound Vib. 293(1), 409 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2005.10.003
  165. L. Liu, F.G. Yuan, Diamagnetic levitation for nonlinear vibration energy harvesting: Theoretical modeling and analysis. J. Sound Vib. 332(2), 455 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.08.004
  166. J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York, 1999)
  167. E.P. Furlani, Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis, and Applications (Academic Press, 2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012269951-1/50001-2
  168. S. Palagummi, F.G. Yuan, An optimal design of a mono-stable vertical diamagnetic levitation based electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. J. Sound Vib. 342, 330 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2014.12.034
  169. G. Akoun, J. Yonnet, 3D analytical calculation of the forces exerted between two cuboidal magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20(5), 1962 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.1984.1063554
  170. B.P. Mann, B.A. Owens, Investigations of a nonlinear energy harvester with a bistable potential well. J. Sound Vib. 329(9), 1215 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2009.11.034
  171. W. Muller, Comparison of different methods of force calculation. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26(2), 1058 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1109/20.106503
  172. T. Tarnhuvud, K. Reichert, Accuracy problems of force and torque calculation in FE-systems. IEEE Trans. Magn. 24(1), 443 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1109/20.43952
  173. R. Ravaud, G. Lemarquand, S. Babic, V. Lemarquand, C. Akyel, Cylindrical magnets and coils: fields, forces, and inductances. IEEE Trans. Magn. 46(9), 3585 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2010.2049026
  174. M.L. Morgado, L.F. Morgado, N. Silva, R. Morais, Mathematical modelling of cylindrical electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters. Int. J. Comput. Math. 92(1), 101 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2014.884715
  175. W. Wang, J. Cao, N. Zhang, J. Lin, W.-H. Liao, Magnetic-spring based energy harvesting from human motions: design, modeling and experiments. Energy Convers. Manag. 132, 189 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.026
  176. M. Masoumi, Y. Wang, Repulsive magnetic levitation-based ocean wave energy harvester with variable resonance: modeling, simulation and experiment. J. Sound Vib. 381, 192 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2016.06.024
  177. M. Geisler, S. Boisseau, M. Perez, P. Gasnier, J. Willemin et al., Human-motion energy harvester for autonomous body area sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 26(3), 035028 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aa548a
  178. K. Pancharoen, D. Zhu, S.P. Beeby, Temperature dependence of a magnetically levitated electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. Sensors Actuators A-Phys. 256, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.01.011
  179. M.N. Struwig, R. Wolhuter, T. Niesler, Nonlinear model and optimization method for a single-axis linear-motion energy harvester for footstep excitation. Smart Mater. Struct. 27(12), 125007 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aae6e7
  180. L. Lin, S. Wang, Y. Xie, Q. Jing, S. Niu et al., Segmentally structured disk triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting rotational mechanical energy. Nano Lett. 13(6), 2916 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4013002
  181. W. Tang, T. Zhou, C. Zhang, F.R. Fan, C.B. Han et al., A power-transformed-and-managed triboelectric nanogenerator and its applications in a self-powered wireless sensing node. Nanotechnology 25(22), 225402 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/22/225402
  182. S. Wang, Y. Zi, Y.S. Zhou, S. Li, F. Fan et al., Molecular surface functionalization to enhance the power output of triboelectric nanogenerators. J. Mater. Chem. A 4(10), 3728 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA10239A
  183. W. Seung, H.-J. Yoon, T.Y. Kim, H. Ryu, J. Kim et al., Nanogenerators: boosting power-generating performance of triboelectric nanogenerators via artificial control of ferroelectric polarization and dielectric properties. Adv. Energy Mater. 7(2), 1770007 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201770007
  184. H. Guo, J. Chen, L. Wang, A.C. Wang, Y. Li et al., A highly efficient triboelectric negative air ion generator. Nat. Sustain. 4(2), 147 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00628-9
  185. W. Tang, T. Jiang, F.R. Fan, A.F. Yu, C. Zhang et al., Liquid-metal electrode for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator at an instantaneous energy conversion efficiency of 70.6%. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(24), 3718 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201501331
  186. H. Wang, L. Xu, Y. Bai, Z.L. Wang, Pumping up the charge density of a triboelectric nanogenerator by charge-shuttling. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 4203 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17891-1
  187. S. Wang, Y. Xie, S. Niu, L. Lin, C. Liu et al., Maximum surface charge density for triboelectric nanogenerators achieved by ionized-air injection: methodology and theoretical understanding. Adv. Mater. 26(39), 6720 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402491
  188. R. Lei, Y. Shi, Y. Ding, J. Nie, S. Li et al., Sustainable high-voltage source based on triboelectric nanogenerator with a charge accumulation strategy. Energy Environ. Sci. 13(7), 2178 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE01236J
  189. J. Wang, C. Wu, Y. Dai, Z. Zhao, A. Wang et al., Achieving ultrahigh triboelectric charge density for efficient energy harvesting. Nat. Commun. 8(1), 88 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00131-4
  190. F. Xi, Y. Pang, W. Li, T. Jiang, L. Zhang et al., Universal power management strategy for triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 37, 168 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.027
  191. S. Niu, X. Wang, F. Yi, Y.S. Zhou, Z.L. Wang, A universal self-charging system driven by random biomechanical energy for sustainable operation of mobile electronics. Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8975 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9975
  192. Y. Zi, H. Guo, J. Wang, Z. Wen, S. Li et al., An inductor-free auto-power-management design built-in triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 31, 302 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.11.025
  193. Y. Zi, J. Wang, S. Wang, S. Li, Z. Wen et al., Effective energy storage from a triboelectric nanogenerator. Nat. Commun. 7(1), 10987 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10987
  194. W. Yang, J. Chen, Q. Jing, J. Yang, X. Wen et al., 3D stack integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting vibration energy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24(26), 4090 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201304211
  195. S. Li, S. Wang, Y. Zi, Z. Wen, L. Lin et al., Largely improving the robustness and lifetime of triboelectric nanogenerators through automatic transition between contact and noncontact working states. ACS Nano 9(7), 7479 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02575
  196. C. Zhang, Y. Liu, B. Zhang, O. Yang, W. Yuan et al., Harvesting wind energy by a triboelectric nanogenerator for an intelligent high-speed train system. ACS Energy Lett. 6(4), 1490 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00368
  197. L. Zhou, D. Liu, Z. Zhao, S. Li, Y. Liu et al., Simultaneously enhancing power density and durability of sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator via interface liquid lubrication. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(45), 2002920 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002920
  198. C. Xu, A.C. Wang, H. Zou, B. Zhang, C. Zhang et al., Raising the working temperature of a triboelectric nanogenerator by quenching down electron thermionic emission in contact-electrification. Adv. Mater. 30(38), 1803968 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803968
  199. S. Li, D. Zhang, X. Meng, Q.-A. Huang, C. Sun et al., A flexible lithium-ion battery with quasi-solid gel electrolyte for storing pulsed energy generated by triboelectric nanogenerator. Energy Storage Mater. 12, 17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.11.013
  200. D. Zhu, M.J. Tudor, S.P. Beeby, Strategies for increasing the operating frequency range of vibration energy harvesters: a review. Meas. Sci. Technol. 21(2), 022001 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/022001
  201. Q. Zheng, B. Shi, F. Fan, X. Wang, L. Yan et al., In vivo powering of pacemaker by breathing-driven implanted triboelectric nanogenerator. Adv. Mater. 26(33), 5851 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402064
  202. J. Wang, S. Li, F. Yi, Y. Zi, J. Lin et al., Sustainably powering wearable electronics solely by biomechanical energy. Nat. Commun. 7(1), 12744 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12744
  203. X. Pu, M. Liu, X. Chen, J. Sun, C. Du et al., Ultrastretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and tactile sensing. Sci. Adv. 3(5), e1700015 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700015
  204. J. Zhong, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhong, Q. Hu, B. Hu et al., Fiber-based generator for wearable electronics and mobile medication. ACS Nano 8(6), 6273 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn501732z
  205. K. Dong, J. Deng, Y. Zi, Y.-C. Wang, C. Xu et al., 3D orthogonal woven triboelectric nanogenerator for effective biomechanical energy harvesting and as self-powered active motion sensors. Adv. Mater. 29(38), 1702648 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702648
  206. B. Meng, Fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerators, in Flexible and Stretchable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Devices: Toward Self-Powered Systems. ed. by M. Han, X. Zhang, H. Zhang (Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2019), pp. 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527820153.ch3
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 6148 Download : 4655

Most read articles by the same author(s)