Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Solar-Driven Redox Reactions with Metal Halide Perovskites Heterogeneous Structures

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01886-y
Qing Guo
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
Jin‑Dan Zhang
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
Jian Li
Department of Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People’s Republic of China
Xiyuan Feng
School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Xiyuan Feng

fengxy@nwpu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 49

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks such as inferior stability, severe charge-carrier recombination, and limited active sites. Heterojunctions have recently been widely constructed to improve light absorption, passivate surface for enhanced stability, and promote charge-carrier dynamics of MHPs. However, little attention has been paid to the review of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions. Here, recent advances of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are highlighted. The structure, synthesis, and photophysical properties of MHPs-based heterojunctions are first introduced, including basic principles, categories (such as Schottky junction, type-I, type-II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme junction), and synthesis strategies. MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are then reviewed in four categories: H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis. The challenges and prospects in solar-light-driven redox reactions with MHPs-based heterojunctions in the future are finally discussed.


Highlights:
1 This paper reviews the fundamentals and research progress of metal halide perovskites (MHPs)-based heterojunctions for solar-driven redox reactions.
2 A comprehensive summary is presented for the construction of various MHPs-based heterojunctions (e.g., Schottky-junction, type-I/II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme).
3 The versatile use of MHPs-based heterojunctions in key photocatalytic redox reactions are summarized, including H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis.

Keywords

Metal halide perovskite Heterojunction Redox reaction Solar-to-chemical conversion
Guo, Qing, Jin‑Dan Zhang, Jian Li, and Xiyuan Feng. 2025. “Solar-Driven Redox Reactions With Metal Halide Perovskites Heterogeneous Structures”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (September):49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01886-y.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. G. Jia, Y. Zhang, J.C. Yu, Z. Guo, Asymmetric atomic dual-sites for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Adv. Mater. 36(38), 2403153 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202403153
  2. B. Samanta, Á. Morales-García, F. Illas, N. Goga, J.A. Anta et al., Challenges of modeling nanostructured materials for photocatalytic water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 51(9), 3794–3818 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cs00648g
  3. Y. Shi, Z. Zhao, D. Yang, J. Tan, X. Xin et al., Engineering photocatalytic ammonia synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 52(20), 6938–6956 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cs00797e
  4. T. Takata, L. Lin, T. Hisatomi, K. Domen, Best practices for assessing performance of photocatalytic water splitting systems. Adv. Mater. 36(44), 2406848 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202406848
  5. X.-B. Li, Z.-K. Xin, S.-G. Xia, X.-Y. Gao, C.-H. Tung et al., Semiconductor nanocrystals for small molecule activationviaartificial photosynthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49(24), 9028–9056 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00930j
  6. J. Liu, D. Zheng, K. Wang, Z. Li, S. Liu et al., Evolutionary manufacturing approaches for advancing flexible perovskite solar cells. Joule 8(4), 944–969 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.02.025
  7. A. Kausar, A. Sattar, C. Xu, S. Zhang, Z. Kang et al., Advent of alkali metal doping: a roadmap for the evolution of perovskite solar cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50(4), 2696–2736 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cs01316a
  8. C.-H. Lu, G.V. Biesold-McGee, Y. Liu, Z. Kang, Z. Lin, Doping and ion substitution in colloidal metal halide perovskite nanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49(14), 4953–5007 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00790c
  9. A. Dey, J. Ye, A. De, E. Debroye, S.K. Ha et al., State of the art and prospects for halide perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Nano 15(7), 10775–10981 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c08903
  10. J. Wang, Y. Shi, Y. Wang, Z. Li, Rational design of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: recent advances, challenges, and prospects. ACS Energy Lett. 7(6), 2043–2059 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00752
  11. S. Park, W.J. Chang, C.W. Lee, S. Park, H.-Y. Ahn et al., Photocatalytic hydrogen generation from hydriodic acid using methylammonium lead iodide in dynamic equilibrium with aqueous solution. Nat. Energy 2, 16185 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.185
  12. C. Zhao, H. Song, Y. Chen, W. Xiong, M. Hu et al., Stable and recyclable photocatalysts of CsPbBr3@MSNs nanocomposites for photoinduced electron transfer RAFT polymerization. ACS Energy Lett. 7(12), 4389–4397 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02293
  13. Y. Dong, Y. Feng, Z. Li, H. Zhou, H. Lv et al., CsPbBr3/Polyoxometalate composites for selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. ACS Catal. 13, 14346 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c03977
  14. M. Liu, P. Xia, G. Zhao, C. Nie, K. Gao et al., Energy-transfer photocatalysis using lead halide perovskite nanocrystals: sensitizing molecular isomerization and cycloaddition. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(35), e202208241 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202208241
  15. K. Ren, S. Yue, C. Li, Z. Fang, K.A.M. Gasem et al., Metal halide perovskites for photocatalysis applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(2), 407–429 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta09148d
  16. N. Li, X. Chen, J. Wang, X. Liang, L. Ma et al., ZnSe nanorods-CsSnCl3 perovskite heterojunction composite for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS Nano 16(2), 3332–3340 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c11442
  17. Z. Liu, H. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Yuan, K. Hills-Kimball et al., Synthesis of lead-free Cs(2)AgBiX(6) (X = Cl, Br, I) double perovskite nanoplatelets and their application in CO2 photocatalytic reduction. Nano Lett. 21(4), 1620–1627 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04148
  18. S. Pan, J. Li, Z. Wen, R. Lu, Q. Zhang et al., Halide perovskite materials for photo(electro)chemical applications: dimensionality, heterojunction, and performance. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(4), 2004002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202004002
  19. L. Li, Z. Zhang, In-situ fabrication of Cu doped dual-phase CsPbBr3–Cs4PbBr6 inorganic perovskite nanocomposites for efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Chem. Eng. J. 434, 134811 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.134811
  20. J. Wang, L. Xiong, Y. Bai, Z. Chen, Q. Zheng et al., Mn-doped perovskite nanocrystals for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: insight into the role of the charge carriers with prolonged lifetime. Solar RRL 6(8), 2270086 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202270086
  21. X.-D. Wang, Y.-H. Huang, J.-F. Liao, Y. Jiang, L. Zhou et al., In situ construction of a Cs2SnI6 perovskite nanocrystal/SnS2 nanosheet heterojunction with boosted interfacial charge transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(34), 13434–13441 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b04482
  22. Q. Guo, J.-D. Zhang, Y.-J. Chen, K.-Y. Zhang, L.-N. Guo et al., Enhanced hydrogen evolution activity of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals achieved by dimensionality change. Chem. Commun. 59(28), 4189–4192 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CC06731E
  23. Q. Guo, J.-D. Zhang, J.-M. Liu, Y.-J. Chen, B. Qin et al., Promoting charge-carriers dynamics by relaxed lattice strain in A-site-doped halide perovskite for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(5), e202419082 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202419082
  24. Q. Guo, J.-L. Lu, B. Qin, Q.-C. Shan, L. Liu et al., Facets in metal halide perovskite nanocrystals for the photoinduced electron transfer annulation reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 12(35), 23406–23410 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA04268A
  25. Y. Li, J. Zhang, Q. Chen, X. Xia, M. Chen, Emerging of heterostructure materials in energy storage: a review. Adv. Mater. 33(27), 2100855 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202100855
  26. J. Chen, D. Yuan, Y. Wang, Covalent organic frameworks based heterostructure in solar-to-fuel conversion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(41), 2304071 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202304071
  27. Q. Guo, X. Feng, Z.C. Zhang, L. Huang, Interfacial interactions between co-based cocatalysts and semiconducting light absorbers for solar-light-driven redox reactions. Sol. RRL 5(8), 2100234 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100234
  28. D. Huang, S. Chen, G. Zeng, X. Gong, C. Zhou et al., Artificial Z-scheme photocatalytic system: what have been done and where to go? Coord. Chem. Rev. 385, 44–80 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2018.12.013
  29. X. Li, J. Yu, M. Jaroniec, X. Chen, Cocatalysts for selective photoreduction of CO2 into solar fuels. Chem. Rev. 119(6), 3962–4179 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00400
  30. J. Low, J. Yu, M. Jaroniec, S. Wageh, A.A. Al-Ghamdi, Heterojunction photocatalysts. Adv. Mater. 29(20), 1601694 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601694
  31. M. Lin, H. Chen, Z. Zhang, X. Wang, Engineering interface structures for heterojunction photocatalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 25(6), 4388–4407 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp05281d
  32. H. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Chen, J. Hu, S. Li et al., Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(15), 5234 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00126e
  33. Y. Tong, W. Liu, C. Li, X. Liu, J. Liu et al., A metal/semiconductor contact induced Mott-Schottky junction for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of water-splitting catalysts. Sustain. Energy Fuels 7(1), 12–30 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se01355j
  34. Y. Wu, P. Wang, Z. Guan, J. Liu, Z. Wang et al., Enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of mixed-halide perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3–xIx achieved by bandgap funneling of charge carriers. ACS Catal. 8(11), 10349–10357 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b02374
  35. Q. Zhang, M. Tai, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhou, Y. Wei et al., Enhanced photocatalytic property of γ-CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals with WS2. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8(2), 1219–1229 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06451
  36. Z. Zhang, B. Wang, H.-B. Zhao, J.-F. Liao, Z.-C. Zhou et al., Self-assembled lead-free double perovskite-MXene heterostructure with efficient charge separation for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 312, 121358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121358
  37. W. Li, F. Wang, Z. Zhang, S. Min, MAPbI3 microcrystals integrated with Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets for efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution. Chem. Commun. 57(63), 7774–7777 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC02511B
  38. Q. Guo, F. Liang, X.-Y. Gao, Q.-C. Gan, X.-B. Li et al., Metallic Co2C: a promising co-catalyst to boost photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of colloidal quantum dots. ACS Catal. 8(7), 5890–5895 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b01105
  39. Z. Zhao, J. Wu, Y.-Z. Zheng, N. Li, X. Li et al., Ni3C-decorated MAPbI3 as visible-light photocatalyst for H2 evolution from HI splitting. ACS Catal. 9(9), 8144–8152 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b01605
  40. X.-B. Li, C.-H. Tung, L.-Z. Wu, Semiconducting quantum dots for artificial photosynthesis. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2(8), 160–173 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-018-0024-8
  41. D. Xiang, F. Niu, J. Ji, J. Liang, H. Chen et al., Construction of graphene supported dual-phase perovskite quantum dots for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Mol. Struct. 1295, 136711 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136711
  42. X. Wang, J. He, J. Li, G. Lu, F. Dong et al., Immobilizing perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals on black phosphorus nanosheets for boosting charge separation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 277, 119230 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119230
  43. B. Zhu, B. Cheng, J. Fan, W. Ho, J. Yu, G-C3N4-based 2D/2D composite heterojunction photocatalyst. Small Struct. 2(12), 2100086 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202100086
  44. J. Wang, I. Mora-Seró, Z. Pan, K. Zhao, H. Zhang et al., Core/shell colloidal quantum dot exciplex states for the development of highly efficient quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(42), 15913–15922 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4079804
  45. Y. Yang, Z. Chen, H. Huang, Y. Liu, J. Zou et al., Synergistic surface activation during photocatalysis on perovskite derivative sites in heterojunction. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 323, 122146 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122146
  46. B.-J. Ng, L.K. Putri, X.Y. Kong, Y.W. Teh, P. Pasbakhsh et al., Z-scheme photocatalytic systems for solar water splitting. Adv. Sci. 7(7), 1903171 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201903171
  47. A. Kumar, P. Singh, V.-H. Nguyen, Q.V. Le, T. Ahamad et al., Rationally constructed synergy between dual-vacancies and Z-scheme heterostructured MoS2-x/g-C3N4/Ca-α-Fe2O3 for high-performance photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic from aqueous solution. Chem. Eng. J. 474, 145720 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145720
  48. M.E. Malefane, P.J. Mafa, M. Managa, T.T.I. Nkambule, A.T. Kuvarega, Understanding the principles and applications of dual Z-scheme heterojunctions: how far can we go? J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 14(4), 1029–1045 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03387
  49. Y. Wang, H. Huang, Z. Zhang, C. Wang, Y. Yang et al., Lead-free perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6@g-C3N4 Z-scheme system for improving CH4 production in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 282, 119570 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119570
  50. L. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Yu, J. Yu, Emerging S-scheme photocatalyst. Adv. Mater. 34(11), 2107668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107668
  51. Q. Xu, L. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. Fan, J. Yu, S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. Chem 6(7), 1543–1559 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.010
  52. Y. Bao, S. Song, G. Yao, S. Jiang, S-scheme photocatalytic systems. Sol. RRL 5(7), 2100118 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100118
  53. X. Yue, L. Cheng, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, 2D/2D BiVO4/CsPbBr3 s-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: insights into structure regulation and Fermi level modulation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 304, 120979 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120979
  54. J. Wang, J. Wang, N. Li, X. Du, J. Ma et al., Direct Z-scheme 0D/2D heterojunction of CsPbBr3 quantum dots/Bi2WO6 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 12(28), 31477–31485 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08152
  55. L. Li, Z. Zhang, C. Ding, J. Xu, Boosting charge separation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots by hybridizing with P3HT. Chem. Eng. J. 419, 129543 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129543
  56. Z. Zhang, L. Li, Y. Jiang, J. Xu, Step-scheme photocatalyst of CsPbBr3 quantum dots/BiOBr nanosheets for efficient CO2 photoreduction. Inorg. Chem. 61(7), 3351–3360 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00012
  57. Z. Zhang, Z. Dong, Y. Jiang, Y. Chu, J. Xu, A novel S-scheme heterojunction of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals/AgBr nanorods for artificial photosynthesis. Chem. Eng. J. 435, 135014 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135014
  58. Y. Wu, X. Yue, J. Fan, X. Hao, Q. Xiang, In situ fabrication of plasmonic Bi/CsPbBr3 composite photocatalyst toward enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Appl. Surf. Sci. 609, 155391 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155391
  59. S.-R. Xu, J.-L. Li, Q.-L. Mo, K. Wang, G. Wu et al., Steering photocatalytic CO2 conversion over CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals by coupling with transition-metal chalcogenides. Inorg. Chem. 61(44), 17828–17837 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03148
  60. Y. Jiang, Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, Z. Dong, J. Xu, 2D/2D CsPbBr3/BiOCl heterojunction with an S-scheme charge transfer for boosting the photocatalytic conversion of CO2. Inorg. Chem. 61(27), 10557–10566 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01452
  61. Q. Wang, J. Wang, J.-C. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Bai et al., Coupling CsPbBr3 quantum dots with covalent triazine frameworks for visible-light-driven CO2 reduction. Chemsuschem 14(4), 1131–1139 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202002847
  62. Y. Wang, J. Wang, M. Zhang, S. Zheng, J. Wu et al., In situ constructed perovskite-chalcogenide heterojunction for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Small 19(37), e2300841 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202300841
  63. H. Huang, J. Zhao, Y. Du, C. Zhou, M. Zhang et al., Direct Z-scheme heterojunction of semicoherent FAPbBr3/Bi2WO6 interface for photoredox reaction with large driving force. ACS Nano 14(12), 16689–16697 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03146
  64. L. Romani, A. Speltini, F. Ambrosio, E. Mosconi, A. Profumo et al., Water-stable DMASnBr3 lead-free perovskite for effective solar-driven photocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(7), 3611–3618 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202007584
  65. Z.-C. Kong, J.-F. Liao, Y.-J. Dong, Y.-F. Xu, H.-Y. Chen et al., Core@Shell CsPbBr3@Zeolitic imidazolate framework nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS Energy Lett. 3(11), 2656–2662 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01658
  66. H. Hu, W. Guan, Y. Xu, X. Wang, L. Wu et al., Construction of single-atom platinum catalysts enabled by CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. ACS Nano 15(8), 13129–13139 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c02515
  67. K. Su, G.-X. Dong, W. Zhang, Z.-L. Liu, M. Zhang et al., In situ coating CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with graphdiyne to boost the activity and stability of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 12(45), 50464–50471 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c14826
  68. R. Cheng, J.A. Steele, M.B.J. Roeffaers, J. Hofkens, E. Debroye, Dual-channel charge carrier transfer in CsPbX3 perovskite/W18O49 composites for selective photocatalytic benzyl alcohol oxidation. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4(4), 3460–3468 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c03215
  69. Y. Tang, C.H. Mak, R. Liu, Z. Wang, L. Ji et al., In situ formation of bismuth-based perovskite heterostructures for high-performance cocatalyst-free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(52), 2006919 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006919
  70. L. Ding, B. Borjigin, Y. Li, X. Yang, X. Wang et al., Assembling an affinal 0D CsPbBr3/2D CsPb2Br5 architecture by synchronously in situ growing CsPbBr3 QDs and CsPb2Br5 nanosheets: enhanced activity and reusability for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 13(43), 51161–51173 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c17870
  71. N. Kandoth, S.P. Chaudhary, S. Gupta, K. Raksha, A. Chatterjee et al., Multimodal biofilm inactivation using a photocatalytic bismuth perovskite–TiO2–Ru(II)polypyridyl-based multisite heterojunction. ACS Nano 17(11), 10393–10406 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c01064
  72. Y.-F. Mu, W. Zhang, G.-X. Dong, K. Su, M. Zhang et al., Ultrathin and small-size graphene oxide as an electron mediator for perovskite-based Z-scheme system to significantly enhance photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Small 16(29), 2002140 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002140
  73. Q. Guo, F. Liang, Z. Sun, Y. Wang, X.-B. Li et al., Optimal d-band-induced Cu3N as a cocatalyst on metal sulfides for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(43), 22601–22606 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA07916B
  74. X.-Z. Wang, S.-L. Meng, J. Liu, C. Yu, C. Ye et al., Mechanistic insights into consecutive 2e− and 2H+ reactions of hydrogenase mimic. Chem 9(9), 2610–2619 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2023.05.010
  75. B. Li, W. Wang, J. Zhao, Z. Wang, B. Su et al., All-solid-state direct Z-scheme NiTiO3/Cd0.5Zn0.5S heterostructures for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with visible light. J. Mater. Chem. A 9(16), 10270–10276 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta01220g
  76. J. Li, F. University, J. Zhao, F. University, S. Wang et al., Activating lattice oxygen in perovskite ferrite for efficient and stable photothermal dry reforming of methane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(17), 14705–14714 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c03098
  77. P. Zhou, H. Chen, Y. Chao, Q. Zhang, W. Zhang et al., Single-atom Pt-I3 sites on all-inorganic Cs2SnI6 perovskite for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 4412 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24702-8
  78. C. Cai, Y. Teng, J.-H. Wu, J.-Y. Li, H.-Y. Chen et al., In situ photosynthesis of an MAPbI3/CoP hybrid heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(35), 2001478 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202001478
  79. H. Zhao, K. Chordiya, P. Leukkunen, A. Popov, M. Upadhyay Kahaly et al., Dimethylammonium iodide stabilized bismuth halide perovskite photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Nano Res. 14(4), 1116–1125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3159-0
  80. Y. Jiang, K. Li, X. Wu, M. Zhu, H. Zhang et al., In situ synthesis of lead-free halide perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 supported on nitrogen-doped carbon for efficient hydrogen evolution in aqueous HBr solution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 13(8), 10037–10046 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c21588
  81. Y. Wu, P. Wang, X. Zhu, Q. Zhang, Z. Wang et al., Composite of CH3NH3PbI3 with reduced graphene oxide as a highly efficient and stable visible-light photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in aqueous HI solution. Adv. Mater. 30(7), 1704342 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201704342
  82. R. Li, X. Li, J. Wu, X. Lv, Y.-Z. Zheng et al., Few-layer black phosphorus-on-MAPbI3 for superb visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from HI splitting. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 259, 118075 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118075
  83. L. Romani, A. Speltini, C.N. Dibenedetto, A. Listorti, F. Ambrosio et al., Experimental strategy and mechanistic view to boost the photocatalytic activity of Cs3Bi2Br9 lead-free perovskite derivative by g-C3N4 composite engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(46), 2104428 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202104428
  84. X. Zhao, S. Chen, H. Yin, S. Jiang, K. Zhao et al., Perovskite microcrystals with intercalated monolayer MoS2 nanosheets as advanced photocatalyst for solar-powered hydrogen generation. Matter 3(3), 935–949 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.07.004
  85. X. Wang, H. Wang, H. Zhang, W. Yu, X. Wang et al., Dynamic interaction between methylammonium lead iodide and TiO2 nanocrystals leads to enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution from HI splitting. ACS Energy Lett. 3(5), 1159–1164 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00488
  86. H. Lv, H. Yin, N. Jiao, C. Yuan, S. Weng et al., Efficient charge transfer and effective active sites in lead-free halide double perovskite S-scheme heterojunctions for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Small Methods. 7(3), 2201365 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202201365
  87. Y. Guo, G. Liu, Z. Li, Y. Lou, J. Chen et al., Stable lead-free (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 perovskite for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 7(17), 15080–15085 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03761
  88. Q. Huang, Y. Guo, J. Chen, Y. Lou, Y. Zhao, NiCoP modified lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation. New J. Chem. 46(16), 7395–7402 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nj00435f
  89. H. Fu, Q. Zhang, Y. Wu, Z. Wang, Y. Liu et al., Composite of mixed-cation perovskite MA1-FA PbI3 with MoSe2 for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution. Chem. Eng. J. 511, 162120 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162120
  90. K. Song, J. Gou, L. Wu, C. Zeng, Two-dimensional black phosphorus-modified Cs2AgBiBr6 with efficient charge separation for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution. J. Mater. Chem. C 10(41), 15386–15393 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2tc03100k
  91. J. Cai, X. Li, B. Su, B. Guo, X. Lin et al., Rational design and fabrication of S-scheme NiTiO3/CdS heterostructures for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 234, 82–89 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2025.01.050
  92. B. Su, H. Huang, Z. Ding, M.B.J. Roeffaers, S. Wang et al., S-scheme CoTiO3/Cd9.51Zn0.49S10 heterostructures for visible-light driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 124, 164–170 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.01.030
  93. Q. Guo, F. Liang, X.-B. Li, Y.-J. Gao, M.-Y. Huang et al., Efficient and selective CO2 reduction integrated with organic synthesis by solar energy. Chem 5(10), 2605–2616 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2019.06.019
  94. Q. Guo, S.-G. Xia, Z.-K. Xin, Y. Wang, F. Liang et al., Anion vacancy correlated photocatalytic CO2 to CO conversion over quantum-confined CdS nanorods under visible light. J. Mater. Chem. A 11(8), 3937–3941 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA09451G
  95. K. Li, B. Peng, T. Peng, Recent advances in heterogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion to solar fuels. ACS Catal. 6(11), 7485–7527 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b02089
  96. J. Ran, M. Jaroniec, S.-Z. Qiao, Cocatalysts in semiconductor-based photocatalytic CO2 reduction: achievements, challenges, and opportunities. Adv. Mater. 30(7), 1704649 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201704649
  97. Y.-F. Xu, M.-Z. Yang, B.-X. Chen, X.-D. Wang, H.-Y. Chen et al., A CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dot/graphene oxide composite for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(16), 5660–5663 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b00489
  98. H.-B. Zhao, J.-N. Huang, Q. Qin, H.-Y. Chen, D.-B. Kuang, In situ loading of Cu nanocrystals on CsCuCl3 for selective photoreduction of CO2 to CH4. Small 19(45), 2302022 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202302022
  99. Y.-F. Xu, M.-Z. Yang, H.-Y. Chen, J.-F. Liao, X.-D. Wang et al., Enhanced solar-driven gaseous CO2 conversion by CsPbBr3 nanocrystal/Pd nanosheet Schottky-junction photocatalyst. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1(9), 5083–5089 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b01133
  100. M. Shu, Z. Zhang, Z. Dong, J. Xu, CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots anchored on multiwalled carbon nanotube for efficient CO2 photoreduction. Carbon 182, 454–462 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.06.040
  101. A. Pan, X. Ma, S. Huang, Y. Wu, M. Jia et al., CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystal grown on MXene nanosheets for enhanced photoelectric detection and photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10(21), 6590–6597 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02605
  102. M. Que, Y. Zhao, Y. Yang, L. Pan, W. Lei et al., Anchoring of formamidinium lead bromide quantum dots on Ti3C2 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 13(5), 6180–6187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18391
  103. X. Wang, J. He, L. Mao, X. Cai, C. Sun et al., CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals anchoring on monolayer MoS2 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Chem. Eng. J. 416, 128077 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128077
  104. L. Ding, F. Bai, B. Borjigin, Y. Li, H. Li et al., Embedding Cs2AgBiBr6 QDs into Ce-UiO-66-H to in situ construct a novel bifunctional material for capturing and photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Chem. Eng. J. 446, 137102 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137102
  105. W. Xiong, Y. Dong, A. Pan, Fabricating a type II heterojunction by growing lead-free perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 in situ on graphite-like g-C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Nanoscale 15(38), 15619–15625 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nr04152b
  106. M. Ou, W. Tu, S. Yin, W. Xing, S. Wu et al., Amino-assisted anchoring of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots on porous g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57(41), 13570–13574 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201808930
  107. Y. Jiang, J.-F. Liao, H.-Y. Chen, H.-H. Zhang, J.-Y. Li et al., All-solid-state Z-scheme α-Fe2O3/amine-RGO/CsPbBr3 hybrids for visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Chem 6(3), 766–780 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.01.005
  108. Y.-F. Mu, C. Zhang, M.-R. Zhang, W. Zhang, M. Zhang et al., Direct Z-scheme heterojunction of ligand-free FAPbBr3/α-Fe2O3 for boosting photocatalysis of CO2 reduction coupled with water oxidation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 13(19), 22314–22322 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01718
  109. R. Zhang, L. Li, Y. Li, D. Wang, Y. Lin et al., Z-scheme SnS2/CsPbBr3 heterojunctions for photoreduction CO2 reaction and related photoinduced carrier behaviors. Solar RRL 6(10), 2200536 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202200536
  110. H. Sun, R. Tang, X. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Yang et al., Interfacial energy band engineered CsPbBr3/NiFe-LDH heterostructure catalysts with tunable visible light driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction capability. Catal. Sci. Technol. 13(4), 1154–1163 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cy01982e
  111. P. Wang, X. Ba, X. Zhang, H. Gao, M. Han et al., Direct Z-scheme heterojunction of PCN-222/CsPbBr3 for boosting photocatalytic CO2 reduction to HCOOH. Chem. Eng. J. 457, 141248 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.141248
  112. Z.-L. Liu, R.-R. Liu, Y.-F. Mu, Y.-X. Feng, G.-X. Dong et al., In situ construction of lead-free perovskite direct Z-scheme heterojunction Cs3Bi2I9/Bi2WO6 for efficient photocatalysis of CO2 reduction. Solar RRL 5(3), 2000691 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000691
  113. X. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Li, J. Wang, G. Zhang, Efficient photocatalytic CO2 conversion over 2D/2D Ni-doped CsPbBr3/Bi3O4Br Z-scheme heterojunction: critical role of Ni doping, boosted charge separation and mechanism study. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 319, 121895 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121895
  114. L. Ding, Y. Ding, F. Bai, G. Chen, S. Zhang et al., In situ growth of Cs3Bi2Br9 quantum dots on Bi-MOF nanosheets via cosharing bismuth atoms for CO2 capture and photocatalytic reduction. Inorg. Chem. 62(5), 2289–2303 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04041
  115. Q.-M. Sun, J.-J. Xu, F.-F. Tao, W. Ye, C. Zhou et al., Boosted inner surface charge transfer in perovskite Nanodots@mesoporous titania frameworks for efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to methane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(20), e202200872 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202200872
  116. P. Hu, G. Liang, B. Zhu, W. Macyk, J. Yu et al., Highly selective photoconversion of CO2 to CH4 over SnO2/Cs3Bi2Br9 heterojunctions assisted by S-scheme charge separation. ACS Catal. 13(19), 12623–12633 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c03095
  117. J.-N. Huang, Y.-J. Dong, H.-B. Zhao, H.-Y. Chen, D.-B. Kuang et al., Efficient encapsulation of CsPbBr3 and Au nanocrystals in mesoporous metal–organic frameworks towards synergetic photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(47), 25212–25219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta06561d
  118. X. Li, J. Liu, G. Jiang, X. Lin, J. Wang et al., Self-supported CsPbBr/Ti3C2Tx MXene aerogels towards efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 643, 174–182 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.015
  119. X. Wang, K. Li, J. He, J. Yang, F. Dong et al., Defect in reduced graphene oxide tailored selectivity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction on Cs4PbBr6 pervoskite hole-in-microdisk structure. Nano Energy 78, 105388 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105388
  120. Z. Zhang, M. Shu, Y. Jiang, J. Xu, Fullerene modified CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals for efficient charge separation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Chem. Eng. J. 414, 128889 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128889
  121. Y. Jiang, C. Mei, Z. Zhang, Z. Dong, Immobilizing CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals on nanoporous carbon powder for visible-light-driven CO2 photoreduction. Dalton Trans. 50(45), 16711–16719 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1DT03099J
  122. X. Zhong, X. Liang, X. Lin, J. Wang, M.Z. Shahid et al., A new 0D–2D CsPbBr3–Co3O4 heterostructure photocatalyst with efficient charge separation for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Inorg. Chem. Front. 10(11), 3273–3283 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3QI00527E
  123. T.H. Kim, I. Park, K.H. Lee, J.-H. Sim, M.-H. Park et al., Investigating the interfacial properties of halide perovskite/TiOx heterostructures for versatile photocatalytic reactions under sunlight. Nanoscale 15(17), 7710–7714 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NR06840K
  124. Y. Jiang, J.-F. Liao, Y.-F. Xu, H.-Y. Chen, X.-D. Wang et al., Hierarchical CsPbBr3 nanocrystal-decorated ZnO nanowire/macroporous graphene hybrids for enhancing charge separation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(22), 13762–13769 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03478a
  125. G. Yin, X. Qi, Y. Chen, Q. Peng, X. Jiang et al., Constructing an all zero-dimensional CsPbBr3/CdSe heterojunction for highly efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(42), 22468–22476 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta05186a
  126. Q. Zheng, J. Wang, X. Li, Y. Bai, Y. Li et al., Surface halogen compensation on CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with SOBr2 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS Mater. Lett. 4(9), 1638–1645 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00482
  127. Y.-X. Feng, G.-X. Dong, K. Su, Z.-L. Liu, W. Zhang et al., Self-template-oriented synthesis of lead-free perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 nanosheets for boosting photocatalysis of CO2 reduction over Z-scheme heterojunction Cs3Bi2I9/CeO2. J. Energy Chem. 69, 348–355 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.01.015
  128. X. Jiang, Y. Ding, S. Zheng, Y. Ye, Z. Li et al., In-situ generated CsPbBr3 nanocrystals on O-defective WO3 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Chemsuschem 15(4), e202102295 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202102295
  129. A. Mahmoud Idris, S. Zheng, L. Wu, S. Zhou, H. Lin et al., A heterostructure of halide and oxide double perovskites Cs2AgBiBr6/Sr2FeNbO6 for boosting the charge separation toward high efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible-light irradiation. Chem. Eng. J. 446, 137197 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137197
  130. Y. Hou, Y. Zhang, S. Jiao, J. Qin, L. Liu et al., High catalytic activity and stability of visible-light-driven CO2 reduction via CsPbBr3 QDs/Cu-BTC core–shell photocatalysts. J. Mater. Chem. A 13(7), 5007–5016 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta07190e
  131. Y. Wang, Z. Liu, X. Tang, P. Huo, Z. Zhu et al., Construction of a CsPbBr3 modified porous g-C3N4 photocatalyst for effective reduction of CO2 and mechanism exploration. New J. Chem. 45(2), 1082–1091 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04018e
  132. F. Xu, K. Meng, B. Cheng, S. Wang, J. Xu et al., Unique S-scheme heterojunctions in self-assembled TiO2/CsPbBr3 hybrids for CO2 photoreduction. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 4613 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18350-7
  133. L. Wang, J. Qiu, N. Wu, X. Yu, X. An, TiO2/CsPbBr3 S-scheme heterojunctions with highly improved CO2 photoreduction activity through facet-induced Fermi level modulation. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 629, 206–214 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.120
  134. Y. Zhang, L. Shi, H. Yuan, X. Sun, X. Li et al., Construction of melamine foam–supported WO3/CsPbBr3 S–scheme heterojunction with rich oxygen vacancies for efficient and long–period CO2 photoreduction in liquid–phase H2O environment. Chem. Eng. J. 430, 132820 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132820
  135. Q. Chen, X. Lan, K. Chen, Q. Ren, J. Shi, Construction of WO3/CsPbBr3 s-scheme heterojunction via electrostatic self-assembly for efficient and long-period photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 616, 253–260 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.044
  136. Y. Wang, H. Fan, X. Liu, J. Cao, H. Liu et al., 3D ZnO hollow spheres-dispersed CsPbBr3 quantum dots S-scheme heterojunctions for high-efficient CO2 photoreduction. J. Alloys Compd. 945, 169197 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169197
  137. Z. Dong, Y. Shi, Y. Jiang, C. Yao, Z. Zhang, In situ growth of CsPbBr3 quantum dots in mesoporous SnO2 frameworks as an efficient CO2-reduction photocatalyst. J. CO2 Util. 72, 102480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102480
  138. Z. Dong, J. Zhou, Z. Zhang, Y. Jiang, R. Zhou et al., Construction of a p–n type S-scheme heterojunction by incorporating CsPbBr3 nanocrystals into mesoporous Cu2O microspheres for efficient CO2 photoreduction. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5(8), 10076–10085 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01760
  139. K. Su, S.-X. Yuan, Y.-X. Feng, G.-X. Dong, Y.-F. Mu et al., Polymer-assisted in situ growth of Cs3Sb2Br9 on Co3O4 to boost sacrificial-agent-free photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Rare Met. 44(5), 3194–3205 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-024-02968-3
  140. X. Kong, Q. Liu, C. Zhang, Z. Peng, Q. Chen, Elemental two-dimensional nanosheets beyond graphene. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46(8), 2127–2157 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00937a
  141. T. Chai, X. Li, T. Feng, P. Guo, Y. Song et al., Few-layer bismuthene for ultrashort pulse generation in a dissipative system based on an evanescent field. Nanoscale 10(37), 17617–17622 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR03068E
  142. S. Wu, Z. Xu, J. Zhang, M. Zhu, Recent progress on metallic bismuth-based photocatalysts: synthesis, construction, and application in water purification. Sol. RRL 5(11), 2100668 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100668
  143. Y. Zhang, Y. Tian, W. Chen, M. Zhou, S. Ou et al., Construction of a bismuthene/CsPbBr3 quantum dot S-scheme heterojunction and enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Phys. Chem. C 126(6), 3087–3097 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c10729
  144. Y. Feng, D. Chen, Y. Zhong, Z. He, S. Ma et al., A lead-free 0D/2D Cs3Bi2Br9/Bi2WO6 S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photoreduction of CO2. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(7), 9221–9230 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c19703
  145. J. Wang, H. Cheng, D. Wei, Z. Li, Ultrasonic-assisted fabrication of Cs2AgBiBr6/Bi2WO6 s-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible light. Chin. J. Catal. 43(10), 2606–2614 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64091-9
  146. W. Huang, Q. Zhu, Z. Li, Y. Zhu, J. Shen, Construction of S-scheme Cs2AgBiBr6/BiVO4 heterojunctions with fast charge transfer kinetics toward promoted photocatalytic conversion of CO2. Small 21(20), 2412289 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412289
  147. H. Bian, D. Li, S. Wang, J. Yan, S.F. Liu, 2D–C3N4 encapsulated perovskite nanocrystals for efficient photo-assisted thermocatalytic CO2 reduction. Chem. Sci. 13(5), 1335–1341 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sc06131c
  148. M.-R. Zhang, Y.-X. Feng, Z.-L. Liu, K. Su, S.-X. Yuan et al., A versatile self-templating approach for constructing ternary halide perovskite heterojunctions to achieve concurrent enhancement in photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity and stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(22), 2423656 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202423656
  149. W. Huang, B. Chan, Y. Yang, P. Chen, J. Wang et al., Intermarrying MOF glass and lead halide perovskites for artificial photosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(4), 3195–3205 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c12619
  150. T. Zhao, D. Li, Y. Zhang, G. Chen, Constructing built-in electric field within CsPbBr3/sulfur doped graphitic carbon nitride ultra-thin nanosheet step-scheme heterojunction for carbon dioxide photoreduction. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 628, 966–974 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.008
  151. X. Feng, H. Ju, T. Song, T. Fang, W. Liu et al., Highly efficient photocatalytic degradation performance of CsPb(Br1–xClx)3-Au nanoheterostructures. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7(5), 5152–5156 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06023
  152. Z. Zhang, Y. Liang, H. Huang, X. Liu, Q. Li et al., Stable and highly efficient photocatalysis with lead-free double-perovskite of Cs2AgBiBr6. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(22), 7263–7267 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201900658
  153. Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, X. Liang, H. Shi, C. Wang et al., Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Ag-CsPbBr3/CN composite for broad spectrum photocatalytic degradation of cephalosporin antibiotics 7-ACA. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 247, 57–69 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.01.090
  154. T. Paul, D. Das, B.K. Das, S. Sarkar, S. Maiti et al., CsPbBrCl2/g-C3N4 type II heterojunction as efficient visible range photocatalyst. J. Hazard. Mater. 380, 120855 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120855
  155. Y. Wang, L. Luo, Z. Wang, B. Tawiah, C. Liu et al., Growing poly(norepinephrine) layer over individual nanops to boost hybrid perovskite photocatalysts. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 12(24), 27578–27586 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06081
  156. Z. Xue, P. Yan, A. Aihemaiti, A. Tuerdi, A. Abdukayum, Lead-free double halide perovskite Cs2AgBiI6/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts for effective visible-light photocatalytic activity. J. Solid State Chem. 348, 125355 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2025.125355
  157. H. Huang, H. Yuan, J. Zhao, G. Solís-Fernández, C. Zhou et al., C(sp3)–H bond activation by perovskite solar photocatalyst cell. ACS Energy Lett. 4(1), 203–208 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01698
  158. Z.-J. Bai, S. Tian, T.-Q. Zeng, L. Chen, B.-H. Wang et al., Cs3Bi2Br9 nanodots stabilized on defective BiOBr nanosheets by interfacial chemical bonding: modulated charge transfer for photocatalytic C(sp3)–H bond activation. ACS Catal. 12(24), 15157–15167 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c04652
  159. W. Zhang, Y. Chen, X. Wang, X. Yan, J. Xu et al., Formation of n–n type heterojunction-based tin organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite composites and their functions in the photocatalytic field. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20(10), 6980–6989 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07819f
  160. B.-M. Bresolin, P. Sgarbossa, D.W. Bahnemann, M. Sillanpää, Cs3Bi2I9/g-C3N4 as a new binary photocatalyst for efficient visible-light photocatalytic processes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 251, 117320 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117320
  161. J.-R. Xue, R.-C. Xue, P.-Y. Chen, Y. Wang, L.-P. Yu, Novel hydrostable Z-scheme Ag/CsPbBr3/Bi2WO6 photocatalyst for effective degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 70(7), 1481–1492 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.202300025
  162. Y. Zhao, X. Liang, X. Hu, J. Fan, Green and efficient photodegradation of norfloxacin with CsPbBr3-rGO/Bi2WO6 s-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. Colloids Surf. A, Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 626, 127098 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127098
  163. E. Zhu, Y. Zhao, Y. Dai, Q. Wang, Y. Dong et al., Heterojunction-type photocatalytic system based on inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr3. Chin. J. Chem. 38(12), 1718–1722 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.202000333
  164. Z.-J. Bai, Y. Mao, B.-H. Wang, L. Chen, S. Tian et al., Tuning photocatalytic performance of Cs3Bi2Br9 perovskite by g-C3N4 for C(sp3): H bond activation. Nano Res. 16(5), 6104–6112 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4835-z
  165. Y. Teng, J.-H. Chen, Y.-H. Huang, Z.-C. Zhou, X.-D. Wang et al., Atom-triggered epitaxial growth of bi-based perovskite heterojunctions for promoting interfacial charge transfer. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 335, 122889 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122889
  166. C. Callegari, C. Tedesco, A. Corbo, M. Prato, L. Malavasi et al., Application of lead-free metal halide perovskite heterojunctions for the carbohalogenation of C-C multiple bonds. Org. Lett. 27(14), 3667–3672 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00780
  167. Y. Zhong, H. Zhu, H. Zhang, X. Xie, L. Yang et al., Highly efficient photocatalytic synthesis of disulfides by a self-assembled CsPbBr3/Ti3C2Tx MXene heterojunction. Green Chem. 27(19), 5455–5463 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC01214G
  168. H. Huang, H. Yuan, K.P.F. Janssen, G. Solís-Fernández, Y. Wang et al., Efficient and selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols with hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite materials. ACS Energy Lett. 3(4), 755–759 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00131
  169. W. Wang, H. Huang, X. Ke, X. Liu, S. Yang et al., Morphology- and size-dependent FAPbBr3/WO3 Z-scheme photocatalysts for the controllable photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Mater. Des. 215, 110502 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110502
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1702 Download : 1288

Most read articles by the same author(s)