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Vol. 18 (2026)

Diamine-Mediated Synergistic Engineering of Orientation and Interfacial Field of 3D/1D Heterojunctions for Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02190-z
Yaobin Li
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Yunxuan Cao
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Yu Zou
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Wenjin Yu
Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Zhenhuang Su
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
Zhuoer Cai
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
Yueli Liu
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Qinyun Liu
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Hantao Wang
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Lefan Gong
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Yucheng Ye
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Rong Tang
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Yunan Gao
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Felix Thomas Eickemeyer
Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Bo Qu
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Lixin Xiao
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Zhijian Chen
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Zhijian Chen

zjchen@pku.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 330

Abstract

The performance of three-dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is predominantly limited by interfacial non-radiative recombination and instability. Although low-dimensional (LD) interlayers, particularly two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, are widely adopted for surface passivation, their heterogeneous n-values and quantum-well confinement often impede charge transport. One-dimensional (1D) perovskites offer a promising alternative due to their structural flexibility and superior passivation capabilities, yet their potential has been underexploited by challenges in controlled crystallization and ordered orientation. Here, we constructed a 3D/PDAI2/1D heterojunction through sequential deposition of propane-1,3-diammonium iodide (PDAI2) and 4-amidinopyridinium chloride (4APyCl). The pre-anchored PDAI2 not only provides field-effect passivation but also templates the subsequent vertical alignment of 1D Pb–I chains assembled with 4APyCl. This configuration establishes continuous out-of-plane charge transport channels, enabling effective surface defect passivation, favorable energy-level alignment, and enhanced interfacial carrier extraction. The resulting inverted PSCs achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.8% and retained 85% of the initial performance after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking under 1-sun illumination. By demonstrating the critical role of molecular orchestration in LD interlayers, this work provides a blueprint for establishing structure–property relationships and guides the rational design of stable and efficient 3D/1D perovskite photovoltaics.


Highlights:
1 Constructing 3D/PDAI2/1D heterojunction through sequential deposition of propane-1,3-diammonium iodide (PDAI2) and 4APyCl.
2 The pre-anchored PDAI2 not only provides field-effect passivation but also template the subsequent vertical alignment of 1D Pb–I octahedral chains featuring continuous out-of-plane charge transport channels.
3 Perovskite solar cells containing 3D/1D structure deliver a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.8% and retain 85% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h maximum power point tracking in accordance with the ISOS-L-1 protocol.

Keywords

Perovskite Solar cell 3D/1D heterojunction Oriented growth Field effect passivation
Li, Yaobin, Yunxuan Cao, Yu Zou, Wenjin Yu, Zhenhuang Su, Zhuoer Cai, Yueli Liu, Qinyun Liu, Hantao Wang, Lefan Gong, Yucheng Ye, Rong Tang, Yunan Gao, Felix Thomas Eickemeyer, Bo Qu, Lixin Xiao, and Zhijian Chen. 2026. “Diamine-Mediated Synergistic Engineering of Orientation and Interfacial Field of 3D/1D Heterojunctions for Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (April):330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02190-z.
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