Issue

Vol. 10 No. 3 (2018)

Noninvasive Label-Free Detection of Cortisol and Lactate Using Graphene Embedded Screen-Printed Electrode

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-018-0193-5
Satish K. Tuteja
BioNano Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Connor Ormsby
BioNano Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Suresh Neethirajan
BioNano Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

Corresponding Author: Suresh Neethirajan

sneethir@uoguelph.ca

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 10 No. 3 (2018), Article Number: 41

Abstract

A sensitive and specific immunosensor for the detection of the hormones cortisol and lactate in human or animal biological fluids, such as sweat and saliva, was devised using the label-free electrochemical chronoamperometric technique. By using these fluids instead of blood, the biosensor becomes noninvasive and is less stressful to the end user, who may be a small child or a farm animal. Electroreduced graphene oxide (e-RGO) was used as a synergistic platform for signal amplification and template for bioconjugation for the sensing mechanism on a screen-printed electrode. The cortisol and lactate antibodies were bioconjugated to the e-RGO using covalent carbodiimide chemistry. Label-free electrochemical chronoamperometric detection was used to analyze the response to the desired biomolecules over the wide detection range. A detection limit of 0.1 ng mL−1 for cortisol and 0.1 mM for lactate was established and a correlation between concentration and current was observed. A portable, handheld potentiostat assembled with Bluetooth communication and battery operation enables the developed system for point-of-care applications. A sandwich-like structure containing the sensing mechanisms as a prototype was designed to secure the biosensor to skin and use capillary action to draw sweat or other fluids toward the sensing mechanism. Overall, the immunosensor shows remarkable specificity, sensitivity as well as the noninvasive and point-of-care capabilities and allows the biosensor to be used as a versatile sensing platform in both developed and developing countries.


Highlights:


1 The as-electrodeposited 2D nanosheets exhibit enhanced electroconductive nature.
2 For the first time, a dual cortisol and lactate antibody-conjugated graphene biointerface has been developed. The developed assay is label free and applicable for the analysis of clinical samples.
3 The results are well correlated and validated with existing commercial ELISA kit. The time of detection is very low at ≤1 min.

Keywords

Graphene Immunosensor Electrochemical Screen-printed electrodes Cortisol sensor
Tuteja, Satish K., Connor Ormsby, and Suresh Neethirajan. 2018. “Noninvasive Label-Free Detection of Cortisol and Lactate Using Graphene Embedded Screen-Printed Electrode”. Nano-Micro Letters 10 (3):41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-018-0193-5.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A. Levine, O. Zagoory-Sharon, R. Feldman, J.G. Lewis, A. Weller, Measuring cortisol in human psychobiological studies. Physiol. Behav. 90(1), 43–53 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.025
  2. S. Choi, S. Kim, J.-S. Yang, J.-H. Lee, C. Joo, H.-I. Jung, Real-time measurement of human salivary cortisol for the assessment of psychological stress using a smartphone. Sens. Bio-Sensing Res. 2, 8–11 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2014.08.001
  3. S.E. Allen, J.L. Holm, Lactate: physiology and clinical utility. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 18(2), 123–132 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00286.x
  4. B. Phypers, J.T. Pierce, Lactate physiology in health and disease. Contin. Educ. Anaesth.: Crit. Care Pain 6(3), 128–132 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl018
  5. J.B. Jeppesen, C. Mortensen, F. Bendtsen, S. Møller, Lactate metabolism in chronic liver disease. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 73(4), 293–299 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.773591
  6. K. Rathee, V. Dhull, R. Dhull, S. Singh, Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate detection: a comprehensive review. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 5, 35–54 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.010
  7. Google Scholar
  8. B. Sun, Y. Gou, Y. Ma, X. Zheng, R. Bai, A.A. Ahmed Abdelmoaty, F. Hu, Investigate electrochemical immunosensor of cortisol based on gold nanops/magnetic functionalized reduced graphene oxide. Biosens. Bioelectron. 88, 55–62 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.047
  9. E.T.S.G. da Silva, D.E.P. Souto, J.T.C. Barragan, J. de F. Giarola, A.C.M. de Moraes, L.T. Kubota, Electrochemical biosensors in point-of-care devices: recent advances and future trends. ChemElectroChem 4, 778 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600758
  10. S. Anastasova, B. Crewther, P. Bembnowicz, V. Curto, H.M. Ip, B. Rosa, G. Zhong-Yang, A wearable multisensing patch for continuous sweat monitoring. Biosens. Bioelectron. 93, 139–145 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.038
  11. R.D. Munje, S. Muthukumar, B. Jagannath, S. Prasad, A new paradigm in sweat based wearable diagnostics biosensors using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Sci. Rep. 7, 1950 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02133-0
  12. S. Ajami, F. Teimouri, Features and application of wearable biosensors in medical care. J. Res. Med. Sci. 20(12), 1208–1215 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-1995.172991
  13. J. Wei, How wearables intersect with the cloud and the internet of things: considerations for the developers of wearables. IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag. 3(3), 53–56 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2014.2317895
  14. G. Matzeu, L. Florea, D. Diamond, Advances in wearable chemical sensor design for monitoring biological fluids. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 211, 403–418 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.01.077
  15. S. Parvaneh, G.S. Grewal, E. Grewal, R.A. Menzies, T.K. Talal, D.G. Armstrong, E. Sternberg, B. Najafi, Stressing the dressing: assessing stress during wound care in real-time using wearable sensors. Wound Med. 4, 21–26 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wndm.2014.01.003
  16. M.S. Khan, S.K. Misra, Z. Wang, E. Daza, A.S. Schwartz-Duval, J.M. Kus, D. Pan, D. Pan, Paper-based analytical biosensor chip designed from graphene-nanoplatelet-amphiphilic-di-block-co-polymer composite for cortisol detection in human saliva. Anal. Chem. 89(3), 2107–2115 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04769
  17. K.S. Kim, S.R. Lim, S.E. Kim, J.Y. Lee, C.H. Chung, W.S. Choe, P.J. Yoo, Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical cortisol sensor using bifunctional protein interlayer-modified graphene electrodes. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 242, 1121–1128 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.135
  18. S. Azzouzi, L. Rotariu, A.M. Benito, W.K. Maser, M. Ben Ali, C. Bala, A novel amperometric biosensor based on gold nanops anchored on reduced graphene oxide for sensitive detection of L-lactate tumor biomarker. Biosens. Bioelectron. 69(2), 280–286 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.012
  19. P. Labroo, Y. Cui, Graphene nano-ink biosensor arrays on a microfluidic paper for multiplexed detection of metabolites. Anal. Chim. Acta 813, 90–96 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.024
  20. A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
  21. Y. Yang, A.M. Asiri, Z. Tang, D. Du, Y. Lin, Graphene based materials for biomedical applications. Mater. Today 16(10), 365–373 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.09.004
  22. S.K. Tuteja, M. Kukkar, C.R. Suri, A.K. Paul, A. Deep, One step in-situ synthesis of amine functionalized graphene for immunosensing of cardiac marker cTnI. Biosens. Bioelectron. 66, 129–135 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.072
  23. S. Li, A.N. Aphale, I.G. Macwan, P.K. Patra, W.G. Gonzalez, J. Miksovska, R.M. Leblanc, Graphene oxide as a quencher for fluorescent assay of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4(12), 7069–7075 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/am302704a
  24. S.K. Tuteja, P. Sabherwal, A. Deep, R. Rastogi, A.K. Paul, C.R. Suri, Biofunctionalized rebar graphene (f-RG) for label-free detection of cardiac marker troponin I. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(17), 14767–14771 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am503524e
  25. M. Pumera, Graphene in biosensing. Mater. Today 14(7–8), 308–315 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70160-2
  26. G. Wang, B. Wang, J. Park, Y. Wang, B. Sun, J. Yao, Highly efficient and large-scale synthesis of graphene by electrolytic exfoliation. Carbon 47(14), 3242–3246 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.07.040
  27. A. Longo, R. Verucchi, L. Aversa, R. Tatti, A. Ambrosio, E. Orabona, U. Coscia, G. Carotenuto, P. Maddalena, Graphene oxide prepared by graphene nano-platelets and reduced by laser treatment. Nanotechnology 28(22), 224002 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa6c3c
  28. S.K. Tuteja, T. Duffield, S. Neethirajan, Graphene-based multiplexed disposable electrochemical biosensor for rapid on-farm monitoring of NEFA and βHBA dairy biomarkers. J. Mater. Chem. B 5(33), 6930–6940 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01382E
  29. S.K. Tuteja, V. Priyanka, A. Bhalla, A.K. Deep, C.R.Suri Paul, Graphene-gated biochip for the detection of cardiac marker Troponin I. Anal. Chim. Acta 809, 148–154 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.047
  30. A.C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, Resonant Raman spectroscopy of disordered, amorphous, and diamond like carbon. Phys. Rev. B 64, 75414 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.64.075414
  31. W.J. Basirun, M. Sookhakian, S. Baradaran, M.R. Mahmoudian, M. Ebadi, Solid-phase electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide films in alkaline solution. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8, 397 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-397
  32. M. Koinuma, C. Ogata, Y. Kamei, K. Hatakeyama, H. Tateishi et al., Photochemical engineering of graphene oxide nanosheets. J. Phys. Chem. C 116(37), 19822–19827 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp305403r
  33. K. Krishnamoorthy, M. Veerapandian, K. Yun, S.J. Kim, The chemical and structural analysis of graphene oxide with different degrees of oxidation. Carbon 53(1), 38–49 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.013
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Statistic
Read Counter : 3895 Download : 2957

Most read articles by the same author(s)