Self-Assembled Al Nanostructure/ZnO Quantum Dot Heterostructures for High Responsivity and Fast UV Photodetector
Corresponding Author: Ming‑Yu Li
Nano-Micro Letters,
Vol. 12 (2020), Article Number: 114
Abstract
Light confinement induced by spontaneous near-surface resonance is inherently determined by the location and geometry of metallic nanostructures (NSs), offering a facile and effective approach to break through the limitation of the light-mater interaction within the photoactive layers. Here, we demonstrate high-performance Al NS/ZnO quantum dots (Al/ZnO) heterostructure UV photodetectors with controllable morphologies of the self-assembled Al NSs. The Al/ZnO heterostructures exhibit a superior light utilization than the ZnO/Al heterostructures, and a strong morphological dependence of the Al NSs on the optical properties of the heterostructures. The inter-diffusion of Al atoms into ZnO matrixes is of a great benefit for the carrier transportation. Consequently, the optimal photocurrent of the Al/ZnO heterostructure photodetectors is significantly increased by 275 times to ~ 1.065 mA compared to that of the pristine ZnO device, and an outstanding photoresponsivity of 11.98 A W−1 is correspondingly achieved under 6.9 mW cm−2 UV light illumination at 10 V bias. In addition, a relatively fast response is similarly witnessed with the Al/ZnO devices, paving a path to fabricate the high-performance UV photodetectors for applications.
Highlights:
1 High performance Al nanostructures/ZnO quantum dots heterostructure photodetectors with a controllable geometry of the Al nanostructures are demonstrated.
2 Light utilization of the photoactive layers is significantly boosted with the Al nanostructures.
3 The light confinement effect is inherently determined by the geometries of the Al nanostructures.
Keywords
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- M.-Y. Li, M. Yu, D. Su, J. Zhang, S. Jiang, J. Wu, Q. Wang, S. Liu, Ultrahigh responsivity UV photodetector based on Cu nanostructure/ZnO QD hybrid architectures. Small 15, 1901606 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901606
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- S. Chen, Y. Wang, Q. Liu, G. Shi, Z. Liu et al., Broadband enhancement of PbS quantum dot solar cells by the synergistic effect of plasmonic gold nanobipyramids and nanospheres. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1701194 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701194
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- J.R. Lakowicz, Radiative decay engineering metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission. Anal. Biochem. 337, 171–194 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR08555B
- K. Mohmood, S.B. Park, Atmospheric pressure based electrostatic spray deposition of transparent conductive ZnO and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films: effects of Al doping and annealinng treatment. Electron. Mater. Lett. 9, 161–170 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-012-2188-6
- P. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Ye, M. Wu, R. Xie et al., Ferroelectric localized field-enhanced ZnO nanosheet ultraviolet photodetector with high sensitivity and low dark current. Small 14, 1800492 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201800492
- Y. Wang, R. Fullon, M. Acerce, C.E. Petoukhoff, J. Yang et al., Solution-processed MoS2/organolead trihalide perovskite photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603995 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603995
- M.-Y. Li, M. Sui, P. Pandey, Q. Zhang, E.-S. Kim, J. Lee, Systematic control of self-assembled Au nanoparticles and nanostructures through the variation of deposition amount, annealing duration, and temperature on Si (111). Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 380 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1084-z
- M.-Y. Li, Q. Zhang, P. Pandey, M. Sui, E.-S. Kim, J. Lee, From the Au nano-clusters to the nanoparticles on 4H-SiC (0001). Sci. Rep. 5, 13954 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13954
- J. Lu, C. Xu, J. Dai, J. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Lin, P. Li, Plasmon-enhanced whispering gallery mode lasing from hexagonal Al/ZnO microcavity. ACS Photonics 2(1), 73–77 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/ph5002582
- L. Meng, G. Li, X. Tian, S. Bao, Q. Xu et al., Ultrasensitive fiber-based ZnO nanowire neteork ultraviolet photodetector enabled by the synergism between interface and surface gating effects. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b18185
- X. Liu, L. Gu, Q. Zhang, J. Wu, Y. Long, Z. Fan, All-printable band-edge modulated ZnO nanowire photodetectors with ultra-high detectivity. Nat. Commun. 5, 4007 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5007
- Z. Jin, Q. Zhou, Y. Chen, P. Mao, H. Li, H. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Li, Graphdiyne:ZnO nanocomposites for high-performance UV photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 28, 3697 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600354
- J. Yu, N. Tian, High spectrum selectivity and enhanced responsivity of a ZnO ultraviolet photodetector realized by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles layer. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 24129–24133 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP03504C
- L. Li, Y. Zhang, R. Wang, J. Sun, Y. Si, H. Wang, C. Pan, Y. Dai, Ferroelectricity-induced performance enhancement of V-doped ZnO/Si photodetector by direct energy band modlation. Nano Energy 65, 104046 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104046
- M. Ahmad, E. Ahmed, Y. Zhang, N.R.K. Xu, M. Ullah, Z. Hong, F.K. Shan, Y.S. Yu, Preparation of highly efficient Al-doped ZnO photocatalyst by combustion synthesis. Curr. Appl. Phys. 13, 697–704 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2012.11.008
- K. Shen, X. Li, H. Xu, M. Wang, X. Dai et al., Enhanced performance of ZnO nanoparticle decorated all-inorganic CsPbBr 3 quantum dot photodetectors. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 6134–6142 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA00230H
- T. Dixit, I.A. Palani, V. Singh, Role of surface plasmon decay mediated hot carriers toward the photoluminescence tuning of metal-coated ZnO nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 3540–3548 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11526
- H.T. Cao, Z.L. Pei, J. Gong, C. Sun, R.F. Huang, L.S. Wen, Preparation and characterization of Al and Mn doped ZnO (ZnO: (Al, Mn)) transparent conducting oxide films. J. Solid State Chem. 177, 1480–1487 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2003.11.030
- X. Wang, C.J. Summers, Z.L. Wang, Self-attraction among aligned Au/ZnO nanorods under electron beam. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 013111 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1847713
- M. Sun, Z. Xu, M. Yin, Q. Lin, L. Lu et al., Broad-band three dimensional nanocave ZnO thin film photodetectors enhanced by Au surface plasmon resonance. Nanoscale 8, 8924–8930 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR00089D
- W. Ouyang, F. Teng, M. Jiang, X. Fang, ZnO film UV photodetector with enhanced performance: heterojunction with CdMoO4 microplates and the hot electron injection effect of Au nanoparticles. Small 13, 1702177 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702177
- K. Liu, M. Sakurai, M. Liao, M. Aono, Giant improvement of the performance of ZnO nanowire photodetectors by Au nano-particles. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 19835–19839 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp108320j
- C.L. Hsu, Y.H. Lin, L.K. Wang, T.J. Hsueh, S.P. Chang, S.J. Chang, Tunable UV- and visible-light photoresponse based on p-ZnO nanostructures/n-ZnO/glass peppered with Au nano-particles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 14935–14944 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03216
- Z. Yang, M. Wang, Q. Zhao, H. Qiu, J. Li, X. Li, J. Shao, Dielectrophoretic-assembled single and parallel-aligned Ag nanowire-ZnO-branched nanorod heteronanowire ultraviolet photodetectors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 22837 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05485
- D. Gedamu, I. Paulowicz, S. Kaps, O. Lupan, S. Wille, G. Haidarschi, Y.K. Mishra, R. Adelung, Rapid fabrication technique for interpenetrated ZnO nanotetrapod networks for fast UV sensors. Adv. Mater. 26, 1541 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304363
References
M.-Y. Li, M. Yu, D. Su, J. Zhang, S. Jiang, J. Wu, Q. Wang, S. Liu, Ultrahigh responsivity UV photodetector based on Cu nanostructure/ZnO QD hybrid architectures. Small 15, 1901606 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901606
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C. Xie, X.T. Lu, X.W. Tong, Z.X. Zhang, F.X. Liang, L. Liang, L.B. Luo, Y.C. Wu, Ultrawide-bandgap semiconductors: recent progress in solar-blind deep-ultraviolet photodetectors based on inorganic ultrawide bandgap semiconductors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1806006 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201970057
N. Nasiri, R. Bo, F. Wang, L. Fu, A. Tricoli, Ultraporous electron-depleted ZnO nanoparticle networks for highly sensitive portable visible-blind UV photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 27, 4336–4343 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501517
R. Tang, S. Han, F. Teng, K. Hu, Z. Zhang, M. Hu, X. Fang, Size-controlled graphene nanodot arrays/ZnO hybrids for high-performance UV photodetectors. Adv. Sci. 5, 1700334 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700334
G. Li, M. Suja, M. Chen, E. Bekyarova, R.C. Haddon, J. Liu, M.E. Itkis, Visible-blind UV photodetector based on single-walled carbon nanotube thin film/ZnO vertical heterostructures. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(42), 37094–37104 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07765
B. Zhao, F. Wang, H. Chen, L. Zheng, L. Su, D. Zhao, X. Fang, An ultrahigh responsivity (9.7 mA W−1) self-powered solar-blind photodetector based on individual ZnO–Ga2O3 heterostructures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1700264 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201700264
L. Li, L. Gu, Z. Lou, Z. Fan, G. Shen, ZnO quantum dot decorated Zn2SnO4 nanowire heterojunction photodetectors with drastic performance enhancement and flexible ultraviolet image sensors. ACS Nano 11(4), 4067–4076 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00749
B. Ouyang, K. Zhang, Y. Yang, Self-powered UV photodetector array based on P3HT/ZnO nanowire array heterojunction. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2, 1700208 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700208
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L. Hu, J. Yan, M. Liao, H. Xiang, X. Gong, L. Zhang, X. Fang, An optimized ultraviolet light photodetector with wide-range photoresponse based on ZnS/ZnO biaxial nanobelt. Adv. Mater. 24, 2305–2309 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200512
D. You, C. Xu, W. Zhang, J. Zhao, F. Qin, Z. Shi, Photovoltaic-pyroelectric effect coupled broadband photodetector in self-powered ZnO/ZnTe core/shell nanorod arrays. Nano Energy 62, 310–318 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.050
F. Cao, W. Tian, B. Gu, Y. Ma, H. Lu, L. Li, High-performance UV–vis photodetectors based on electrospun ZnO nanofiber-solution processed perovskite hybrid structures. Nano Res. 10(7), 2244–2256 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1413-2
Y. Jin, J. Wang, B. Sun, J.C. Blakesley, N.C. Greenham, Solution-processed ultraviolet photodetectors based on colloidal ZnO nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 8(6), 1649–1653 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0803702
J. Lu, C. Xu, J. Dai, J. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Lin, P. Li, Improved UV photoresponse of ZnO nanorod arrays by resonant coupling with surface plasmons of Al nanoparticles. Nanoscale 7, 3396–3403 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR07114J
H. Chen, L. Su, M. Jiang, X. Fang, Highly desirable photodetectors derived from versatile plasmonic nanostructures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1704181 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201704181
S. Chen, Y. Wang, Q. Liu, G. Shi, Z. Liu et al., Broadband enhancement of PbS quantum dot solar cells by the synergistic effect of plasmonic gold nanobipyramids and nanospheres. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1701194 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701194
J. Lu, J. Li, C. Xu, Y. Li, J. Dai, Y. Wang, Y. Lin, S. Wang, Direct resonant coupling of Al surface plasmon for ultraviolet photoluminescence enhancement of ZnO microrods. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(20), 18301–18305 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am505492r
P.R. West, S. Ishii, G.V. Naik, N.K. Emani, V.M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, Searching for better plasmonic materials. Laser Photonics Rev. 4, 795–808 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200900055
M. Chen, X. Wang, Y.H. Yu, Z.L. Pei, X.D. Bai, C. Sun, R.F. Huang, L.S. Wen, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and auger electron spectroscopy studies of Al-doped ZnO films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 158(1), 134–140 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(99)00601-7
S. Liu, M.-Y. Li, D. Su, M. Yu, H. Kan, H. Liu, X. Wang, S. Jiang, Broad-band high-sensitivity ZnO colloidal quantum dots/self-assembled Au nanoantennas heterostructures photodetectors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(38), 32516–32525 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09442
D. Su, S. Jiang, M. Yu, G. Zhang, H. Liu, M.-Y. Li, Facile fabrication of configuration controllable self-assembled Al nanostructures as UV SERS substrates. Nanoscale 10, 22737–22744 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR08555B
J.R. Lakowicz, Radiative decay engineering metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission. Anal. Biochem. 337, 171–194 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR08555B
K. Mohmood, S.B. Park, Atmospheric pressure based electrostatic spray deposition of transparent conductive ZnO and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films: effects of Al doping and annealinng treatment. Electron. Mater. Lett. 9, 161–170 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-012-2188-6
P. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Ye, M. Wu, R. Xie et al., Ferroelectric localized field-enhanced ZnO nanosheet ultraviolet photodetector with high sensitivity and low dark current. Small 14, 1800492 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201800492
Y. Wang, R. Fullon, M. Acerce, C.E. Petoukhoff, J. Yang et al., Solution-processed MoS2/organolead trihalide perovskite photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603995 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603995
M.-Y. Li, M. Sui, P. Pandey, Q. Zhang, E.-S. Kim, J. Lee, Systematic control of self-assembled Au nanoparticles and nanostructures through the variation of deposition amount, annealing duration, and temperature on Si (111). Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 380 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1084-z
M.-Y. Li, Q. Zhang, P. Pandey, M. Sui, E.-S. Kim, J. Lee, From the Au nano-clusters to the nanoparticles on 4H-SiC (0001). Sci. Rep. 5, 13954 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13954
J. Lu, C. Xu, J. Dai, J. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Lin, P. Li, Plasmon-enhanced whispering gallery mode lasing from hexagonal Al/ZnO microcavity. ACS Photonics 2(1), 73–77 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/ph5002582
L. Meng, G. Li, X. Tian, S. Bao, Q. Xu et al., Ultrasensitive fiber-based ZnO nanowire neteork ultraviolet photodetector enabled by the synergism between interface and surface gating effects. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b18185
X. Liu, L. Gu, Q. Zhang, J. Wu, Y. Long, Z. Fan, All-printable band-edge modulated ZnO nanowire photodetectors with ultra-high detectivity. Nat. Commun. 5, 4007 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5007
Z. Jin, Q. Zhou, Y. Chen, P. Mao, H. Li, H. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Li, Graphdiyne:ZnO nanocomposites for high-performance UV photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 28, 3697 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600354
J. Yu, N. Tian, High spectrum selectivity and enhanced responsivity of a ZnO ultraviolet photodetector realized by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles layer. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 24129–24133 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP03504C
L. Li, Y. Zhang, R. Wang, J. Sun, Y. Si, H. Wang, C. Pan, Y. Dai, Ferroelectricity-induced performance enhancement of V-doped ZnO/Si photodetector by direct energy band modlation. Nano Energy 65, 104046 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104046
M. Ahmad, E. Ahmed, Y. Zhang, N.R.K. Xu, M. Ullah, Z. Hong, F.K. Shan, Y.S. Yu, Preparation of highly efficient Al-doped ZnO photocatalyst by combustion synthesis. Curr. Appl. Phys. 13, 697–704 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2012.11.008
K. Shen, X. Li, H. Xu, M. Wang, X. Dai et al., Enhanced performance of ZnO nanoparticle decorated all-inorganic CsPbBr 3 quantum dot photodetectors. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 6134–6142 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA00230H
T. Dixit, I.A. Palani, V. Singh, Role of surface plasmon decay mediated hot carriers toward the photoluminescence tuning of metal-coated ZnO nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 3540–3548 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11526
H.T. Cao, Z.L. Pei, J. Gong, C. Sun, R.F. Huang, L.S. Wen, Preparation and characterization of Al and Mn doped ZnO (ZnO: (Al, Mn)) transparent conducting oxide films. J. Solid State Chem. 177, 1480–1487 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2003.11.030
X. Wang, C.J. Summers, Z.L. Wang, Self-attraction among aligned Au/ZnO nanorods under electron beam. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 013111 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1847713
M. Sun, Z. Xu, M. Yin, Q. Lin, L. Lu et al., Broad-band three dimensional nanocave ZnO thin film photodetectors enhanced by Au surface plasmon resonance. Nanoscale 8, 8924–8930 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR00089D
W. Ouyang, F. Teng, M. Jiang, X. Fang, ZnO film UV photodetector with enhanced performance: heterojunction with CdMoO4 microplates and the hot electron injection effect of Au nanoparticles. Small 13, 1702177 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702177
K. Liu, M. Sakurai, M. Liao, M. Aono, Giant improvement of the performance of ZnO nanowire photodetectors by Au nano-particles. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 19835–19839 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp108320j
C.L. Hsu, Y.H. Lin, L.K. Wang, T.J. Hsueh, S.P. Chang, S.J. Chang, Tunable UV- and visible-light photoresponse based on p-ZnO nanostructures/n-ZnO/glass peppered with Au nano-particles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 14935–14944 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03216
Z. Yang, M. Wang, Q. Zhao, H. Qiu, J. Li, X. Li, J. Shao, Dielectrophoretic-assembled single and parallel-aligned Ag nanowire-ZnO-branched nanorod heteronanowire ultraviolet photodetectors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 22837 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05485
D. Gedamu, I. Paulowicz, S. Kaps, O. Lupan, S. Wille, G. Haidarschi, Y.K. Mishra, R. Adelung, Rapid fabrication technique for interpenetrated ZnO nanotetrapod networks for fast UV sensors. Adv. Mater. 26, 1541 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304363