A Flexible Smart Healthcare Platform Conjugated with Artificial Epidermis Assembled by Three-Dimensionally Conductive MOF Network for Gas and Pressure Sensing
Corresponding Author: Jong Seung Kim
Nano-Micro Letters,
Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 50
Abstract
The rising flexible and intelligent electronics greatly facilitate the noninvasive and timely tracking of physiological information in telemedicine healthcare. Meticulously building bionic-sensitive moieties is vital for designing efficient electronic skin with advanced cognitive functionalities to pluralistically capture external stimuli. However, realistic mimesis, both in the skin’s three-dimensional interlocked hierarchical structures and synchronous encoding multistimuli information capacities, remains a challenging yet vital need for simplifying the design of flexible logic circuits. Herein, we construct an artificial epidermal device by in situ growing Cu3(HHTP)2 particles onto the hollow spherical Ti3C2Tx surface, aiming to concurrently emulate the spinous and granular layers of the skin’s epidermis. The bionic Ti3C2Tx@Cu3(HHTP)2 exhibits independent NO2 and pressure response, as well as novel functionalities such as acoustic signature perception and Morse code-encrypted message communication. Ultimately, a wearable alarming system with a mobile application terminal is self-developed by integrating the bimodular senor into flexible printed circuits. This system can assess risk factors related with asthmatic, such as stimulation of external NO2 gas, abnormal expiratory behavior and exertion degrees of fingers, achieving a recognition accuracy of 97.6% as assisted by a machine learning algorithm. Our work provides a feasible routine to develop intelligent multifunctional healthcare equipment for burgeoning transformative telemedicine diagnosis.
Highlights:
1 A smart wearable alarming system integrated artificial epidermal device for pluralistically identifying asthmatic attack risk factors, achieving a 97.6% classification accuracy as assisted by machine learning algorithm.
2 A meticulous mimicry both in the advanced structural attributes and encoding information abilities of the skin was adopted to design a novel artificial epidermal device by integrating conductive Cu3(HHTP)2 coupled with spherical Ti3C2Tx.
3 The bioinspired Ti3C2Tx@Cu3(HHTP)2 sensors can independently perceive NO2 gas and pressure-triggered stimuli.
Keywords
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References
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J. Gao, Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, L. Luo, X. Hu et al., Ultra-robust and extensible fibrous mechanical sensors for wearable smart healthcare. Adv. Mater. 34, e2107511 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107511
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J. Chen, A. Liu, Y. Shi, Y. Luo, J. Li et al., Skin-inspired bimodal receptors for object recognition and temperature sensing simulation. Adv. Funct. Mater. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202403528
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H. Niu, H. Li, S. Gao, Y. Li, X. Wei et al., Perception-to-cognition tactile sensing based on artificial-intelligence-motivated human full-skin bionic electronic skin. Adv. Mater. 34, e2202622 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202202622
L. Huang, R. Zeng, D. Tang, X. Cao, Bioinspired and multiscale hierarchical design of a pressure sensor with high sensitivity and wide linearity range for high-throughput biodetection. Nano Energy 99, 107376 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107376
Y.M. Yuan, B. Liu, M.R. Adibeig, Q. Xue, C. Qin et al., Microstructured polyelectrolyte elastomer-based ionotronic sensors with high sensitivities and excellent stability for artificial skins. Adv. Mater. 36, e2310429 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202310429
N. Bai, L. Wang, Y. Xue, Y. Wang, X. Hou et al., Graded interlocks for iontronic pressure sensors with high sensitivity and high linearity over a broad range. ACS Nano 16, 4338–4347 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c10535
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M. Zarei, G. Lee, S.G. Lee, K. Cho, Advances in biodegradable electronic skin: material progress and recent applications in sensing, robotics, and human-machine interfaces. Adv. Mater. 35, e2203193 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202203193
P. Gong, S. Yuan, Z. Yu, T. Xiao, H. Li et al., Long-range epitaxial MOF electronics for continuous monitoring of human breath ammonia. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 4036–4044 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c12135
S.C. Anenberg, A. Mohegh, D.L. Goldberg, G.H. Kerr, M. Brauer et al., Long-term trends in urban NO2 concentrations and associated paediatric asthma incidence: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet. Health 6, e49–e58 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00255-2
C. Chen, G. Xie, J. Dai, W. Li, Y. Cai et al., Integrated core-shell structured smart textiles for active NO2 concentration and pressure monitoring. Nano Energy 116, 108788 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108788
Y. Li, R. Wang, G.-E. Wang, S. Feng, W. Shi et al., Mutually noninterfering flexible pressure-temperature dual-modal sensors based on conductive metal-organic framework for electronic skin. ACS Nano 16, 473–484 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c07388
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Z. Yang, S. Lv, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, L. Jiang et al., Self-assembly 3D porous crumpled MXene spheres as efficient gas and pressure sensing material for transient all-MXene sensors. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 56 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00796-7
N. Liu, L. Yu, B. Liu, F. Yu, L. Li et al., Ti3C2-MXene partially derived hierarchical 1D/2D TiO2/Ti3C2 heterostructure electrode for high-performance capacitive deionization. Adv. Sci. 10, e2204041 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202204041
R. Zheng, Z.H. Fu, W.H. Deng, Y. Wen, A.Q. Wu et al., The growth mechanism of a conductive MOF thin film in spray-based layer-by-layer liquid phase epitaxy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202212797 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202212797
A. Chae, G. Murali, S.Y. Lee, J. Gwak, S.J. Kim et al., Highly oxidation-resistant and self-healable MXene-based hydrogels for wearable strain sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2370144 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202370144
H. Roh, D.H. Kim, Y. Cho, Y.M. Jo, J.A. Del Alamo et al., Robust chemiresistive behavior in conductive polymer/MOF composites. Adv. Mater. 36, e2312382 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312382
Q. Zhao, W. Zhou, M. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Duan et al., Edge-enriched Mo2TiC2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure with coupling interface for selective NO2 monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2270220 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202270220
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G. Wu, S. Sun, X. Zhu, Z. Ma, Y. Zhang et al., Microfluidic fabrication of hierarchical-ordered ZIF-L(Zn)@Ti3C2Tx core-sheath fibers for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202115559 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202115559
S.J. Kim, H.-J. Koh, C.E. Ren, O. Kwon, K. Maleski et al., Metallic Ti3C2Tx MXene gas sensors with ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio. ACS Nano 12, 986–993 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07460
D.-H. Kim, S. Chong, C. Park, J. Ahn, J.S. Jang et al., Oxide/ZIF-8 hybrid nanofiber yarns: heightened surface activity for exceptional chemiresistive sensing. Adv. Mater. 34, e2105869 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105869
H. Cheng, J. Wang, Y. Yang, H. Shi, J. Shi et al., Ti3C2TX MXene modified with ZnTCPP with bacteria capturing capability and enhanced visible light photocatalytic antibacterial activity. Small 18, e2200857 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202200857
Y. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Z. Duan, Q. Huang, Y. Wu et al., Highly sensitive and selective NO2 sensor of alkalized V2CTx MXene driven by interlayer swelling. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 344, 130150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130150
W.T. Koo, S.J. Kim, J.S. Jang, D.H. Kim, I.D. Kim, Catalytic metal nanops embedded in conductive metal-organic frameworks for chemiresistors: highly active and conductive porous materials. Adv. Sci. 6, 1900250 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900250
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