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Vol. 17 (2025)

Piezotronic Sensor for Bimodal Monitoring of Achilles Tendon Behavior

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01757-6
Zihan Wang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Shenglong Wang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Boling Lan
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Yue Sun
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Longchao Huang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Yong Ao
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Xuelan Li
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Long Jin
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Weiqing Yang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China
Weili Deng
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Weili Deng

weili1812@swjtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 241

Abstract

Bimodal pressure sensors capable of simultaneously detecting static and dynamic forces are essential to medical detection and bio-robotics. However, conventional pressure sensors typically integrate multiple operating mechanisms to achieve bimodal detection, leading to complex device architectures and challenges in signal decoupling. In this work, we address these limitations by leveraging the unique piezotronic effect of Y-ion-doped ZnO to develop a bimodal piezotronic sensor (BPS) with a simplified structure and enhanced sensitivity. Through a combination of finite element simulations and experimental validation, we demonstrate that the BPS can effectively monitor both dynamic and static forces, achieving an on/off ratio of 1029, a gauge factor of 23,439 and a static force response duration of up to 600 s, significantly outperforming the performance of conventional piezoelectric sensors. As a proof-of-concept, the BPS demonstrates the continuous monitoring of Achilles tendon behavior under mixed dynamic and static loading conditions. Aided by deep learning algorithms, the system achieves 96% accuracy in identifying Achilles tendon movement patterns, thus enabling warnings for dangerous movements. This work provides a viable strategy for bimodal force monitoring, highlighting its potential in wearable electronics.


Highlights:
1 The underlying mechanism governing the modulation of carrier transport by piezoelectric potential is elucidated through finite element simulations and experimental validation.
2 The bimodal piezotronic sensor (BPS) exhibits exceptional responsiveness to both static and dynamic stimuli, achieving an ultrahigh gauge factor of up to 23,439.
3 The BPS demonstrates robust capability for bimodal monitoring and hazard warning of Achilles tendon behavior, achieving an accuracy of 96%.

Keywords

Piezotronic sensor ZnO nanorods Y-ion doping Bimodal detection Achilles tendon monitoring
Wang, Zihan, Shenglong Wang, Boling Lan, Yue Sun, Longchao Huang, Yong Ao, Xuelan Li, Long Jin, Weiqing Yang, and Weili Deng. 2025. “Piezotronic Sensor for Bimodal Monitoring of Achilles Tendon Behavior”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (April):241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01757-6.
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