Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Novel Gradient p-Doping Strategy Enables Efficient Carbon-Based Hole Transport Layer-Free Perovskite Solar Cells

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02112-z
Junwei Xiang
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Siqi Jiang
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Yanjie Cheng
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Weiting Du
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Yuan Shi
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Song Shen
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Bolun Zhang
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Qian Yue
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Xinyi Xu
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Anyi Mei
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Yang Zhou
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Yinhua Zhou
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Hongwei Han
Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Hongwei Han

hongwei.han@mail.hust.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 258

Abstract

Carbon-based hole transport layer-free (HTL-free) printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) are highly attractive for their low-cost and scalable fabrication. However, the intrinsically n-type nature of the perovskite, combined with the lack of an HTL, severely impedes hole extraction and limits device performance. In this work, we innovatively introduce a polymer with strong electron-withdrawing capability as an additive into p-MPSCs. Owing to its large molecular size, this polymer spontaneously forms a negative gradient distribution from top to bottom within the mesoporous scaffold during fabrication. This distribution creates a favorable gradient p-doping profile within p-MPSCs, which facilitates more efficient hole transport, a finding corroborated by combined device simulation and cross-sectional photoluminescence mapping. Consequently, the optimized p-MPSCs exhibit an average open-circuit voltage enhancement of over 50 mV, a steady-state power conversion efficiency of 21.56% and operational stability exceeding 1500 h at 55 °C under simulated 1-sun illumination using a halogen lamp without a UV filter.


Highlights:
1 A novel strategy of creating spontaneous formation of gradient p-doping in perovskite embedded in mesoporous oxide scaffold is developed.
2 The feasibility of implementing a gradient p-doping strategy in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells is demonstrated for the first time through combined device simulations and cross-sectional photoluminescence mapping.
3 The resulting carbon-based hole transport layer-free solar cell exhibits outstanding power conversion efficiency along with superior operational stability over 1500 h without UV filter at 55 °C.

Keywords

Printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells Gradient p-doping Hole transport layer free Carbon electrode Charge carrier dynamics
Xiang, Junwei, Siqi Jiang, Yanjie Cheng, Weiting Du, Yuan Shi, Song Shen, Bolun Zhang, Qian Yue, Xinyi Xu, Anyi Mei, Yang Zhou, Yinhua Zhou, and Hongwei Han. 2026. “Novel Gradient P-Doping Strategy Enables Efficient Carbon-Based Hole Transport Layer-Free Perovskite Solar Cells”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (February):258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02112-z.
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