Issue

Vol. 5 No. 4 (2013)

Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications of Porous Graphene: A Review

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353757
Paola Russo
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
Anming Hu
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
Giuseppe Compagnini
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universit`a degliStudi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, 95125, Italy

Corresponding Author: Anming Hu

anminghu@bjut.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 5 No. 4 (2013), Article Number: 260-273

Abstract

Since the discovery of graphene, many efforts have been done to modify the graphene structure for integrating this novel material to nanoelectronics, fuel cells, energy storage devices and in many other applications. This leads to the production of different types of graphene-based materials, which possess properties different from those of pure graphene. Porous graphene is an example of this type of materials. It can be considered as a graphene sheet with some holes/pores within the atomic plane. Due to its spongy structure, porous graphene can have potential applications as membranes for molecular sieving, energy storage components and in nanoelectronics. In this review, we present the recent progress in the synthesis of porous graphene. The properties and the potential applications of this new material are also discussed.

Keywords

Graphene Porous graphene Gas separation Energy storage
Russo, Paola, Anming Hu, and Giuseppe Compagnini. 2013. “Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications of Porous Graphene: A Review”. Nano-Micro Letters 5 (4):260-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353757.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene”, Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
  2. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva and A. A. Firsov “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films”, Science 306, 666–669 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
  3. T. Ohta, A. Bostwick, T. Seyller, K. Horn and E. Rotenberg, “Controlling the electronic structure of bilayer graphene”, Science 313, 951–954 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1130681
  4. L. Kane and E. J. Mele, “Quantum spin hall effect in graphene”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(22), 226801–4 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.226801
  5. M. A. H. Vozmediano, M. P. Lopez-Sancho, T. Stauber and F. Giunea, “Local defects and ferromagnetism in graphene layers”, Phys. Rev. B 72(15), 155121–5 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.155121
  6. A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son, V. Bulovic, M. S. Dresselhaus and J. Kong, “Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition”, Nano Lett. 9(1), 30–35 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl801827v
  7. X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S. K. Banerjee, L. Colombo and R. S. Ruoff, “Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils”, Science 324(5932), 1312–1314 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1171245
  8. K. S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S. Y. Lee, J. M. Kim, K. S. Kim, J.-H. Ahn, P. Kim, J.-Y. Choi and B. Hee Hong, “Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes”, Nature 457, 706–710 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07719
  9. Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F. M. Blighe, Z. Sun, S. De, I. T. McGovern, B. Holland, M. Byrne, Y. K. Gun’Ko, J. J. Boland, P. Niraj, G. Duesberg, S. Krishnamurthy, R. Goodhue, J. Hutchison, V. Scardaci, A. C. Ferrari and J. N. Coleman, “High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite”, Nat. Nanotech. 3, 563–568 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.215
  10. H. C. Schniepp, J. L. Li, M. J. McAllister, H. Sai, M. Herrera-Alonso, D. H. Adamson, R. K. Prud’homme, R. Car, D. A. Saville and I. A. J. Aksay, “Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide”, J. Phys. Chem. B 110(17), 8535–8539 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp060936f
  11. S. Niyogi, E. Bekyarova, M. E. Itikis, J. L. McWilliams, M. A. Hammon and R. C. Haddon, “Solution properties of graphite and graphene”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(24), 7720–7721 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja060680r
  12. M. Zhou, Y. M. Zhai and S. J. Dong, “Electrochemical sensing and biosensing platform based on chemically reduced graphene oxide”, Anal. Chem. 81(14), 5603–5613 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac900136z
  13. H. Bi, S. Sun, F. Huang, X. Xieb and M. Jiang, “Direct growth of few-layer graphene films on SiO2 substrates and their photovoltaic applications”, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 411–416 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1jm14778a
  14. W. Choi and J-W. Lee, “Graphene: Synthesis and Applications”, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group, 2012. ISBN: 978-1-4398-6187-5.
  15. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos and A. A. Firsov, “Two-dimensional gas of massless dirac fermions in graphene”, Nature 438, 197–200 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04233
  16. X. Wang, X. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Yoon, P. K. Weber, H. Wang, J. Guo and H. Dai, “N-doping of graphene through electrothermal reactions with ammonia”, Science 324(5928), 768–771 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1170335
  17. Y. Shao, S. Zhang, M. H. Engelhard, G. Li, G. Shao, Y. Wang, J. Liu, I. A. Aksay and Y. Lin, “Nitrogen-doped graphene and its electrochemical applications”, J. Mater. Chem. 20, 7491–7496 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm00782j
  18. X. Wang, L. Zhi, and K. Müllen, “Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells”, Nano Lett. 8(1), 323–327 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072838r
  19. D. Kim, D. Lee, Y. Lee and D. Y. Jeon, “Work-function engineering of graphene anode by bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide doping for efficient polymer light-emitting diodes”, Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(40), 5049–5055 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm201301386
  20. J. Ha, S. Park, D. Kim, J. Ryu, C. Lee, B. H. Hong and Y. Hong, “High-performance polymer light emitting diodes with interface-engineered graphene anodes”, Organic Electronics 14(9), 2324–2330 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2013.05.033
  21. X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose, J. J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A. M. Wu, S. S. Gambhir and S. Weiss, “Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics”, Science 307(5709), 538–544 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104274
  22. B. D. Zdravkov, J. J. Cermak, M. Sefara and J. Jank, “Pore classification in the characterization of porous materials: a perspective”, Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 5(2), 385–395 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-007-0017-9
  23. C. Liang, Z. Li and S. Dai, “Mesoporous carbon materials: synthesis and modification”, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3696–3717 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200702046
  24. T. Kyotani,“Control of pore structure in carbon”, Carbon 38(2), 269–286 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00142-6
  25. C. R. Bansal, J. B. Donnet and F. Stoeckl, “Active carbon”, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.482 (1988).
  26. J. S. Bunch, S. S Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets”, Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462, (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl801457b
  27. S. Patchkovskii, J. S. Tse, S. N. Yurchenko, L. Zhechkov, T. Heine and G. Seifert, “Graphene nanostructures as tunable storage media for molecular hydrogen”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102, 10439–10444 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501030102
  28. S. P. Koenig, L. Wang, J. Pellegrino and J. S. Bunch, “Selective molecular sieving through porous graphene”, Nat. Nanotech. 7, 728–732, (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.162
  29. D. Jiang, V. R. Cooper and S. Dai, “Porous graphene as the ultimate membrane for gas separation”, Nano Lett. 9(12), 4019–4024 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl9021946
  30. J. Zhu, D. Yang, X. Rui, D. Sim, H. Yu, H. E. Hoster, P. M. Ajayan and Q. Yan, “Facile preparation of ordered porous graphene-metal oxide@C binder-free electrodes with high Li storage performance”, Small 9(20), 3390–3397 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201300755
  31. Y. Yan, Y. X. Yin, S. Xin, Y. G. Guo and L. J. Wan, “Ionothermal synthesis of sulfur-doped porous carbons hybridized with graphene as superior anode materials for lithium-ion batteries”, Chem. Commun. 48, 10663–10665 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc36234a
  32. A. Du, Z. Zhu and S. C. Smith, “Multifunctional porous graphene for nanoelectronics and hydrogen storage: new properties revealed by first principle calculations”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(9), 2876–2877 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja100156d
  33. J. Bai, X. Zhong, S. Jiang, Y. Huang and X. Duan, “Graphene nanomesh”, Nat. Nanotech. 5, 190–194 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.8
  34. M. Bieri, M. Treier, J. Cai, K. Ait-Mansour, P. Ruffieux, O. Groning, P. Groning, M. Kastler, R. Rieger, X. Feng, K. Mullen and R. Fasel, “Porous graphenes: two-dimensional polymer synthesis with atomic precision”, Chem. Commun. 45, 6919–6921 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b915190g
  35. Y. Li, Z. Zhou, P. Shena and Z. Chen, “Two-dimensional polyphenylene: experimentally available porous graphene as a hydrogen purification membrane”, Chem. Commun. 46, 3672–3674 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b926313f
  36. W. Frank, D. M. Tanenbaum, A. M. Van der Zande and P. L. McEuen, “Mechanical properties of suspended graphene sheets”, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 25, 2558–2561 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2789446
  37. C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar and J. Hone, “Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene”, Science 321, 385–388 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
  38. A. A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao and C. N. Lau, “Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene”, Nano Lett. 8(3), 902–907 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872
  39. C. Faugeras, B. Faugeras, M. Orlita, M. Potemski, R. R. Nair and A. K. Geim, “Thermal conductivity of graphene in corbino membrane geometry”, ACS Nano 4(4), 1889–1892 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn9016229
  40. W. Cai, A. L. Moore, Y. Zhu, X. Li, S. Chen, L. Shi and R. S. Ruoff, “Thermal transport in suspended and supported monolayer graphene grown by chemical”, Nano Lett. 10(5), 1645–1651 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl9041966
  41. H. W. Ha, A. Choudhury, T. Kamal, D.-H. Kim and S.-Y. Park, “Effect of chemical modification of graphene on mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of polyimide/graphene nanocomposites”, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4(9), 4623–4630, (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am300999g
  42. M. Mecklenburg, A. Schuchardt, Y. K. Mishra, S. Kaps, R. Adelung, A. Lotnyk, L. Kienle and K. Schulte, “Aerographite: ultra lightweight, flexible nanowall, carbon microtube material with outstanding mechanical performance”, Adv. Mater. 24(26), 3486–3490 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201290158
  43. S. Murali, J. R. Potts, S. Stoller, J. Park, M. D. Stoller, L. L. Zhang, Y. Zhu and R. S. Ruoff, “Preparation of activated graphene and effect of activation parameters on electrochemical capacitance”, Carbon 50, 3482–3485 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.03.014
  44. L. Zhang, F. Zhang, X. Yang, G. Long, Y. Wu, T. Zhang, K. Leng, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, A. Yu and Y. Chen, “Porous 3D graphene-based bulk materials with exceptional high surface area and excellent conductivity for supercapacitors”, Scientific Reports 3, 1408–1417 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep01408
  45. H. Du, J. Li, J. Zhang, G. Su, X. Li and Y. Zhao, “Separation of hydrogen and nitrogen gases with porous graphene membrane”, J. Phys. Chem. C 115(47), 23261–23266 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp206258u
  46. J. Schrier, “Helium separation using porous graphene membranes”, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1(15), 2284–2287 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz100748x
  47. W. Hauser and P. Schwerdtfeger, “Nanoporous graphene membranes for efficient 3He/4He separation”, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3(2), 209–213 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz201504k
  48. S. Blankenburg, M. Bieri, R. Fasel, K. Mullen, C. A. Pignedoli and D. Passerone, “Porous graphene as an atmospheric nanofilter”, Small 6(20), 2266–2271 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201090068
  49. J. Xiao, D. Mei, X. Li, W. Xu, D. Wang, G. L. Graff, W. D. Bennett, Z. Nie, L. V. Saraf, I. A. Aksay, J. Liu and J.-G. Zhang, “Hierarchically porous graphene as a Lithium-air battery electrode”, Nano Lett. 11(11), 5071–5078 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl203332e
  50. J. Yan, Z. Fan, W. Sun, G. Ning, T. Wei, Q. Zhang, R. Zhang, L. Zhi and F. Wei, “Advanced asymmetric supercapacitors based on Ni(OH)2/graphene and porous graphene electrodes with high energy density”, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(12), 2632–2641 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201102839
  51. J. Zhao, W. Ren and H.-M. Cheng, “Graphene sponge for efficient and repeatable adsorption and desorption of water contaminations”, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 20197–20202 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34128j
  52. H. Bi, X. Xie, K. Yin, Y. Zhou, S. Wan, L. He, F. Xu, F. Banhart, L. Sun and R. S. Ruoff, “Spongy graphene as a highly efficient and recyclable sorbent for oils and organic solvents”, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(21), 4421–4425 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200888
  53. R. Balog, B. Jørgensen, L. Nilsson, M. Andersen, E. Rienks, M. Bianchi, M. Fanetti, E. Lægsgaard, A. Baraldi, S. Lizzit, Z. Sljivancanin, F. Besenbacher, B. Hammer, T. G. Pedersen, P. Hofmann and L. Hornekær, “Band gap opening in graphene induced by patterned hydrogen adsorption”, Nat. Mater. 9, 315–319 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2710
  54. F. Cervantes-Sodi, G. Csanyi, S. Piscanec and A. C Ferrari, “Edge functionalized and substitutionally doped graphene nanoribbons: electronic and spin properties”, Phys. Rev. B 77(16), 165427–165439 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.165427
  55. M. Vanevic, M. S. Stojanovic and M. Kindermann, “Character of electronic states in graphene antidot lattices: flat bands and spatial localization”, Phys. Rev. B 80(4), 045410–045417 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.045410
  56. M. De La Pierre, P. Karamanis, J. Baima, R. Orlando, C. Pouchan, and R. Dovesi, “Ab initio periodic simulation of the spectroscopic and optical properties of novel porous graphene phases”, J. Phys. Chem. C 117(5), 2222–2229 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp3103436
  57. G. Brunetto, P. A. S. Autreto, L. D. Machado, B. I. Santos, R. P. B. dos Santos, D. S. Galvão, “A nonzero gap two-dimensional carbon allotrope from porous graphene”, J. Phys. Chem. C 116(23), 12810–12813 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp211300n
  58. Y. Matsuda, J. Tahir-Kheli and W. A. III Goddard, “Definitive band gaps for single-wall carbon nanotubes”, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1(19), 2946 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz100889u
  59. M. D. Fischbein and M. Drndic, “Electron beam nanosculpting of suspended graphene sheets”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(11), 113107–113109 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2980518
  60. D. Fox, A. O’Neill, D. Zhou, M. Boese, J. N. Coleman and H. Z. Zhang, “Nitrogen assisted etching of grapheme layers in a scanning electron microscope”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(24), 243117–243119 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3601467
  61. Z. Fan, Q. Zhao, T. Li, J. Yan, Y. Ren, J. Feng and T. Wei, “Easy synthesis of porous graphene nanosheets and their use in supercapacitors”, Carbon 50, 1699–1712 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.12.016
  62. W. S. Hummers and R. E Offeman, “Preparation of graphitic oxide”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80(6), 1339 (1958). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017
  63. M. Koinuma, C. Ogata, Y. Kamei, K. Hatakeyama, H. Tateishi, Y. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, K. Gezuhara, S. Hayami, A. Funatsu, M. Sakata, Y. Kuwahara, S. Kurihara and Y. Matsumoto, “Photochemical engineering of graphene oxide nanosheets”, J. Phys. Chem. C 116(37), 19822–19827 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp305403r
  64. P. Russo, A. Hu, G. Compagnini, W. W. Dule and N. Y. Zhou. Submitted to Nanoscale.
  65. H. O. Jeschke, M. E. Garcia and K. H. Bennemann, “Theory for the ultrafast ablation of graphite films”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(1), 015003–015006 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.015003
  66. Y. Miyamoto, H. Zhang and D. Tománek, “Photoexfoliation of graphene from graphite: an Ab initio study”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(20), 208302–208307 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.208302
  67. L. D. Smoot and P. J. Smith, “Coal combustion and gasification: gasification of coal in practical flames”, Plenum Press: New York, 151–162 (1985).
  68. D. Fan, Y. Liu, J. He, Y. Zhou and Y. Yang, “Porous graphene-based materials by thermolytic cracking”, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 1396–1402 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1jm13947a
  69. Y. Matsumoto, M. Koinuma, S. Ida, S. Hayami, T. Taniguchi, K. Hatakeyama, H. Tateishi, Y. Watanabe and S. Amano, “Photoreaction of graphene oxide nanosheets in water”, J. Phys. Chem. C 115(39), 19280–19286 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp206348s
  70. M. Lotya, P. J. King, U. Khan, S. De and J. N. Coleman, “High-concentration, surfactant-stabilized graphene dispersions”, ACS Nano 4(6), 3155–3162 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1005304
  71. J. Shen, Y. Zhu, X. Yang, J. Zong, J. Zhang and C. Li, “One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of graphene quantum dots surface-passivated by polyethylene glycol and their photoelectric conversion under near-infrared light”, New J. Chem. 36, 97–101 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1nj20658c
  72. K. Sint, B. Wang and P. Kral, “Selective ion passage through functionalized graphene nanopores”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(49), 16448–16449 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja804409f
  73. H. Liu, S. Dai and D. Jiang, “Insights into CO2/N2 separation through nanoporous graphene from molecular dynamics”, Nanoscale 5, 9984–9987 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr02852f
  74. H. Liu, S. Dai and D. Jiang, “Permeance of H2 through porous graphene from molecular dynamics”, Solid State Commun. In press (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2013.07.004
  75. H. W. Kim, H. W. Yoon, S.-M. Yoon, B. M. Yoo, B. K. Ahn, Y. H. Cho, H. J. Shin, H. Yang, U. Paik, S. Kwon, J.-Y. Choi, H. B. Park, “Selective gas transport through few-layered graphene and graphene oxide membranes”, Science 342, 91–95 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236098
  76. H. Li, Z. Song, X. Zhang, Y. Huang, S. Li, Y. Mao, H. J. Ploehn, Y. Bao and M. Yu, “Ultrathin, molecular-sieving graphene oxide membranes for selective hydrogen separation”, Science 342, 95–98 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236686
  77. S.-M. Paek, E. Yoo and I. Honma, “Enhanced cyclic performance and lithium storage capacity of SnO2/graphene nanoporous electrodes with three-dimensionally delaminated flexible structure”, Nano Lett. 9(1), 72–75 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236686
  78. M. Liang and L. Zhi, “Graphene-based electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries”, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 5871–5878 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b901551e
  79. M. Tarascon and M. Armand, “Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries”, Nature 414, 359–367 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35104644
  80. Y. Idota, T. Kubota, A. Matsufuji, Y. Maekawa and T. Miyasaka, “Tin-based amorphous oxide: a high-capacity lithium-ion-storage material”, Science 276(5317), 1395–1397 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5317.1395
  81. P. Poizot, S. Laruelle, S. Grugeon, L. Dupont and J. M. Tarascon, “Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode-materials for lithium-ion batteries”, Nature 407, 496–499 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35035045
  82. G. Wang, B. Wang, X. Wang, J. Park, S. Dou, H. Ahn and K. Kim, “Sn/graphene nanocomposite with 3D architecture for enhanced reversible lithium storage in lithium ion batteries”, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 8378–8384 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b914650d
  83. E. Yoo, J. Kim, E. Hosono, H.-S. Zhou, T. Kudo and I. Honma, “Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries”, Nano Lett. 8(8), 2277–2282 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl800957b
  84. T. Takamura, K. Endo, L. Fu, Y. Wu, K. J. Lee and T. Matsumoto, “Identification of nano-sized holes by TEM in the graphene layer of graphite and the high rate discharge capability of Li-ion battery anodes”, Electrochim. Acta 53(3), 1055–1061 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.03.052
  85. G. Zhang, D. Wang, W. Xu, J. Xiao and R. E. Williford, “Ambient operation of Li/air batteries”, J. Power Sources 195(3), 4332–4337 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.022
  86. J. Read, K. Mutolo, M. Ervin, W. Behl, J. Wolfenstine, A. Driedger and D. Foster, “Oxygen transport properties of organic electrolytes and performance of lithium/oxygen battery”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 150(10), 1351–1356 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1606454
  87. A. Débart, A. J. Paterson, J. Bao and P. G. Bruce, “a-MnO2 nanowires: a catalyst for the O2 electrode in rechargeable lithium batteries”, Angew. Chem. 120(24), 4597–4600 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200705648
  88. J. Christensen, P. Albertus, R. S. Sanchez-Carrera, T. Lohmann, B. Kozinsky, R. Liedtke, J. Ahmed and A. Kojic, “A critical review of Li/air batteries”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159(2), 1–30 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.086202jes
  89. P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, “Materials for electrochemical capacitors”, Nat. Mater. 7, 845–854 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2297
  90. A. Burke, “Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology”, J. Power Sources 91(1), 37–50 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753 (00)00485-7
  91. E. Conway, V. Birss and J. Wojtowicz, “The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors”, J. Power Sources 66(1–2), 1–14 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(96)02474-3
  92. H. Wang, Y. Liang, T. Mirfakhari, Z. Chen, H. S. Casalongue and H. Dai, “Advanced asymmetrical supercapacitors based on graphene hybrid materials”, Nano Res. 4(8), 729–736 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-011-0129-6
  93. E. Frackowiak and F. Béguin, “Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors”, Carbon 39(6), 937–950 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00183-4
  94. M. Endo, T. Takeda, Y. J. Kim, K. Koshiba and K. Ishii, “High power electric double layer capacitor (EDLC’s); from operating principle to pore size control in advanced activated carbons”, Carbon Science 1(3–4), 117–128 (2001).
  95. D. Qu and H. Shi, “Studies of activated carbons used in double-layer capacitors”, J. Power Sources 74(1), 99–107 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00038-X
  96. J. P. Zheng, P. J. Cygan and T. R. Jow, “Hydrous ruthenium oxide as an electrode material for electrochemical capacitors”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142(8), 2699–2703 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2050077
  97. D. Yu and L. Dai, “Self-assembled graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid films for supercapacitors”, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1(2), 467–470 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz9003137
  98. K. H. An, W. S. Kim, Y. S. Park, J. M. Moon, D. J. Bae, S. C. Lim, Y. S. Lee and Y. H. Lee, “Electrochemical properties of high-power supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes”, Adv. Funct. Mater. 11(5), 387–392 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1616-3028 (200110)11:5<387::AID-ADFM387>3.3.CO;2-7
  99. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An and R. S. Ruoff, “Graphene-based ultracapacitors”, Nano Lett. 8(10), 3498–3502 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl802558y
  100. Y. Zhu, S. Murali, M. D. Stoller, A. Velamakanni, R. D. Piner and R. S. Ruoff, “Microwave assisted exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide for ultracapacitors”, Carbon 48(7), 2118–2122 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.02.001
  101. Y. Wang, Z. Shi, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, C. Wang, M. Chen and Y. Chen, “Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials”, J. Phys. Chem. C 113(30), 13103–13107 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp902214f
  102. B. Fuertes, F. Pico and J. M. Rojo, “Influence of pore structure on electric double-layer capacitance of template mesoporous carbons”, J. Power Sources 133(2), 329–336 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.02.013
  103. C. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Neff, A. Zhamu and B. Z. Jang, “Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density”, Nano Lett. 1(12), 4863–4868 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl102661q
  104. L. L. Zhang, R. Zhou and X. S. Zhao, “Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes”, J. Mater. Chem. 20, 5983–5992 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c000417k
  105. L. L. Zhang, X. Zhao, M. D. Stoller, Y. Zhu, H. Ji, S. Murali, Y. Wu, S. Perales, B. Clevenger and R. S. Ruoff, “Highly conductive and porous activated reduced graphene oxide films for high-power supercapacitors”, Nano Lett. 12(4), 1806–1812 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl203903z
  106. Y. Han, B. Oyilmaz, Y. Zhang and P. Kim.Energy, “Band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(20), 206805–206808 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.206805
  107. B. Z. Jiang and A. Zhamu, “Processing of nanographene platelets (NGPs) and NGP nanocomposites: a review”, J. Mater. Sci. 43, 5092–5101 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2755-2
  108. H. Zhang, X. Lv, Y. Li, Y. Wang and J. Li, “P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst”, ACS Nano 4(1), 380–386 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn901221k
  109. X. Y. Zhang, H. P. Li, X. L. Cui and Y. Lin, “Graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and application in hydrogen evolution from water photocatalytic splitting”, J. Mater. Chem. 20, 2801–2806 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b917240h
  110. G. Jiang, Z. Lin, C. Chen, L. Zhu, Q. Chang, N. Wang, W. Wei and H. Tang, “TiO2 nanoparticles assembled on graphene oxide nanosheets with high photocatalytic activity for removal of pollutants”, Carbon 49(8), 2693–2701 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.059
  111. V. Štengl, S. Bakardjieva, T. M. Grygar, J. Bludská and M. Kormunda, “TiO2-graphene oxide nanocomposite as advanced photocatalytic materials”, Chem. Centr. J. 7, 41–53 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-7-41
  112. A. Hu, P. Peng, H. Alarifi, X. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Guo, Y. Zhou and W. W. Duley, “Femtosecond laser welded nanostructures and plasmonic devices”, J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042001–7 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.3695174
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3891 Download : 2955