Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Innovative Solutions for High-Performance Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Overcoming Challenges and Real-World Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01388-3
Mustafa Khan
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Suxia Yan
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Mujahid Ali
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Faisal Mahmood
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Yang Zheng
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Guochun Li
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Junfeng Liu
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xiaohui Song
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Yong Wang
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Yong Wang

wangyong@ujs.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 179

Abstract

Silicon (Si) has emerged as a potent anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but faces challenges like low electrical conductivity and significant volume changes during lithiation/delithiation, leading to material pulverization and capacity degradation. Recent research on nanostructured Si aims to mitigate volume expansion and enhance electrochemical performance, yet still grapples with issues like pulverization, unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth, and interparticle resistance. This review delves into innovative strategies for optimizing Si anodes’ electrochemical performance via structural engineering, focusing on the synthesis of Si/C composites, engineering multidimensional nanostructures, and applying non-carbonaceous coatings. Forming a stable SEI is vital to prevent electrolyte decomposition and enhance Li+ transport, thereby stabilizing the Si anode interface and boosting cycling Coulombic efficiency. We also examine groundbreaking advancements such as self-healing polymers and advanced prelithiation methods to improve initial Coulombic efficiency and combat capacity loss. Our review uniquely provides a detailed examination of these strategies in real-world applications, moving beyond theoretical discussions. It offers a critical analysis of these approaches in terms of performance enhancement, scalability, and commercial feasibility. In conclusion, this review presents a comprehensive view and a forward-looking perspective on designing robust, high-performance Si-based anodes the next generation of LIBs.


Highlights:
1 Si/C Composite and Nanostructure Engineering: Advanced Si/C composites and multidimensional nanostructures address key challenges in silicon anodes, like volume expansion and unstable SEI, enhancing LIBs performance.
2 Artificial SEI, Prelithiation, and Binders: Focus on stable artificial SEI layers, efficient prelithiation, and cutting-edge binders to improve Coulombic efficiency and reduce capacity loss, enhancing Si anode durability and efficiency.
3 Real-World Application and Scalability: Analysis of these strategies highlights scalability and commercial viability, transitioning Si-anode technologies to practical, high-performance LIBs applications.

Keywords

Silicon anode Energy storage Nanostructure Prelithiation Binder
Khan, Mustafa, Suxia Yan, Mujahid Ali, Faisal Mahmood, Yang Zheng, Guochun Li, Junfeng Liu, Xiaohui Song, and Yong Wang. 2024. “Innovative Solutions for High-Performance Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Overcoming Challenges and Real-World Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (April):179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01388-3.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. C. Zhang, F. Wang, J. Han, S. Bai, J. Tan et al., Challenges and recent progress on silicon-based anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Small Struct. 2, 2170015 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202170015
  2. F. Dou, L. Shi, G. Chen, D. Zhang, Silicon/carbon composite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2, 149–198 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-00028-w
  3. W. Tao, P. Wang, Y. You, K. Park, C.-Y. Wang et al., Strategies for improving the storage performance of silicon-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 12, 1739–1749 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2361-4
  4. J. Wang, W. Huang, Y.S. Kim, Y.K. Jeong, S.C. Kim et al., Scalable synthesis of nanoporous silicon microps for highly cyclable lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 13, 1558–1563 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2770-4
  5. Y.-X. Yao, C. Yan, Q. Zhang, Emerging interfacial chemistry of graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 56, 14570–14584 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc05084a
  6. L. Kraft, J.B. Habedank, A. Frank, A. Rheinfeld, A. Jossen, Modeling and simulation of pore morphology modifications using laser-structured graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 013506 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0062001jes
  7. X. Gao, W. Lu, J. Xu, Insights into the Li diffusion mechanism in Si/C composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 21362–21370 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c03366
  8. K. Feng, M. Li, W. Liu, A.G. Kashkooli, X. Xiao et al., Silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries: from fundamentals to practical applications. Small 14, 1702737 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702737
  9. T.-F. Yi, Y.-R. Zhu, W. Tao, S. Luo, Y. Xie et al., Recent advances in the research of MLi2Ti6O14 (M = 2Na, Sr, Ba, Pb) anode materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 399, 26–41 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.086
  10. Z. Chen, Y. Cao, J. Qian, X. Ai, H. Yang, Pb-sandwiched nanops as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Solid State Electrochem. 16, 291–295 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-011-1333-8
  11. Q. Li, C. Xu, L. Yang, K. Pei, Y. Zhao et al., Pb/C composite with spherical Pb nanops encapsulated in carbon microspheres as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3, 7416–7426 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00812
  12. Y. Chen, J. Li, G. Yue, X. Luo, Novel Ag@Nitrogen-doped porous carbon composite with high electrochemical performance as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 9, 32 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-017-0131-y
  13. X. Liu, X.-Y. Wu, B. Chang, K.-X. Wang, Recent progress on germanium-based anodes for lithium ion batteries: efficient lithiation strategies and mechanisms. Energy Storage Mater. 30, 146–169 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.05.010
  14. A. Casimir, H. Zhang, O. Ogoke, J.C. Amine, J. Lu et al., Silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries: effectiveness of materials synthesis and electrode preparation. Nano Energy 27, 359–376 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.07.023
  15. H. Tian, X. Tan, F. Xin, C. Wang, W. Han, Micro-sized nano-porous Si/C anodes for lithium ion batteries. Nano Energy 11, 490–499 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.031
  16. M. Salah, P. Murphy, C. Hall, C. Francis, R. Kerr et al., Pure silicon thin-film anodes for lithium-ion batteries: a review. J. Power. Sources 414, 48–67 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.12.068
  17. C.K. Chan, H. Peng, G. Liu, K. McIlwrath, X.F. Zhang et al., High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 31–35 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.411
  18. J. Wang, L. Liao, Y. Li, J. Zhao, F. Shi et al., Shell-protective secondary silicon nanostructures as pressure-resistant high-volumetric-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Lett. 18, 7060–7065 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03065
  19. Y. Jin, B. Zhu, Z. Lu, N. Liu, J. Zhu, Challenges and recent progress in the development of Si anodes for lithium-ion battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700715 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700715
  20. P. Sehrawat, A. Shabir, C.M. Julien, S.S. Islam, Recent trends in silicon/graphene nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 501, 229709 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229709
  21. F. Zhang, G. Zhu, K. Wang, X. Qian, Y. Zhao et al., Boosting the initial coulombic efficiency in silicon anodes through interfacial incorporation of metal nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 17426–17434 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA05340A
  22. Z. Bitew, M. Tesemma, Y. Beyene, M. Amare, Nano-structured silicon and silicon based composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries: recent progress and perspectives. Sustain. Energy Fuels 6, 1014–1050 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SE01494C
  23. M.A. Rahman, G. Song, A.I. Bhatt, Y.C. Wong, C. Wen, Nanostructured silicon anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 647–678 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502959
  24. C. Zhu, K. Han, D. Geng, H. Ye, X. Meng, Achieving high-performance silicon anodes of lithium-ion batteries via atomic and molecular layer deposited surface coatings: an overview. Electrochim. Acta 251, 710–728 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.036
  25. D. Uxa, B. Jerliu, E. Hüger, L. Dörrer, M. Horisberger et al., On the lithiation mechanism of amorphous silicon electrodes in Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 22027–22039 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06011
  26. S. Zhang, Chemomechanical modeling of lithiation-induced failure in high-volume-change electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. npj Comput. Mater. 3, 7 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-017-0009-z
  27. X. Chen, H. Li, Z. Yan, F. Cheng, J. Chen, Structure design and mechanism analysis of silicon anode for lithium-ion batteries. Sci. China Mater. 62, 1515–1536 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-019-9464-0
  28. S. Misra, N. Liu, J. Nelson, S.S. Hong, Y. Cui et al., In situ X-ray diffraction studies of (de)lithiation mechanism in silicon nanowire anodes. ACS Nano 6, 5465–5473 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn301339g
  29. Z. Zhang, N. Liao, H. Zhou, W. Xue, Insight into silicon-carbon multilayer films as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: a combined experimental and first principles study. Acta Mater. 178, 173–178 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.08.009
  30. Y. Zhang, N. Du, D. Yang, Designing superior solid electrolyte interfaces on silicon anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 11, 19086–19104 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05748j
  31. R.E. Ruther, K.A. Hays, S.J. An, J. Li, D.L. Wood et al., Chemical evolution in silicon-graphite composite anodes investigated by vibrational spectroscopy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 18641–18649 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b02197
  32. F. Shi, Z. Song, P.N. Ross, G.A. Somorjai, R.O. Ritchie et al., Failure mechanisms of single-crystal silicon electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 7, 11886 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11886
  33. F. Luo, B. Liu, J. Zheng, G. Chu, K. Zhong et al., Review—nano-silicon/carbon composite anode materials towards practical application for next generation Li-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A2509–A2528 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131514jes
  34. Q. Shi, J. Zhou, S. Ullah, X. Yang, K. Tokarska et al., A review of recent developments in Si/C composite materials for Li-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 34, 735–754 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.10.026
  35. S. You, H. Tan, L. Wei, W. Tan, C. Chao, Li Design strategies of Si/C composite anode for lithium-ion batteries. Chemistry 27, 12237–12256 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202100842
  36. C.-C. Hsieh, Y.-G. Lin, C.-L. Chiang, W.-R. Liu, Carbon-coated porous Si/C composite anode materials via two-step etching/coating processes for lithium-ion batteries. Ceram. Int. 46, 26598–26607 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.128
  37. X. Gao, W. Lu, J. Xu, Unlocking multiphysics design guidelines on Si/C composite nanostructures for high-energy-density and robust lithium-ion battery anode. Nano Energy 81, 105591 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105591
  38. Y. Yan, J. Miao, Z. Yang, F.-X. Xiao, H.B. Yang et al., Carbon nanotube catalysts: recent advances in synthesis, characterization and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 3295–3346 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00492B
  39. W. Wang, P.N. Kumta, Nanostructured hybrid silicon/carbon nanotube heterostructures: reversible high-capacity lithium-ion anodes. ACS Nano 4, 2233–2241 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901632g
  40. H. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Jin, P. Zong, Y. Bai et al., A robust hierarchical 3D Si/CNTs composite with void and carbon shell as Li-ion battery anodes. Chem. Eng. J. 360, 974–981 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.054
  41. J. Su, J. Zhao, L. Li, C. Zhang, C. Chen et al., Three-dimensional porous Si and SiO2 with in situ decorated carbon nanotubes As anode materials for Li-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 17807–17813 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b16644
  42. Y.-J. Qiao, H. Zhang, Y.-X. Hu, W.-P. Li, W.-J. Liu et al., A chain-like compound of Si@CNT nanostructures and MOF-derived porous carbon as an anode for Li-ion batteries. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 28, 1611–1620 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2266-6
  43. S. Cui, S. Chen, L. Deng, Si nanops encapsulated in CNTs arrays with tubular sandwich structure for high performance Li ion battery. Ceram. Int. 46, 3242–3249 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.10.029
  44. H. Lu, W. Chen, Q. Liu, C. Pang, L. Xue et al., Si/Cu3Si@C composite encapsulated in CNTs network as high performance anode for lithium ion batteries. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed. 34, 1055–1061 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-019-2159-y
  45. Y. Xu, Y. Zhu, F. Han, C. Luo, C. Wang, 3D Si/C fiber paper electrodes fabricated using a combined electrospray/electrospinning technique for Li-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1400753 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400753
  46. R. Cong, J.-Y. Choi, J.-B. Song, M. Jo, H. Lee et al., Characteristics and electrochemical performances of silicon/carbon nanofiber/graphene composite films as anode materials for binder-free lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 11, 1283 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79205-1
  47. A.K. Geim, Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530–1534 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877
  48. A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
  49. R. Raccichini, A. Varzi, S. Passerini, B. Scrosati, The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage. Nat. Mater. 14, 271–279 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4170
  50. A. Jamaluddin, B. Umesh, F. Chen, J.-K. Chang, C.-Y. Su, Facile synthesis of core-shell structured Si@graphene balls as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 12, 9616–9627 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01346c
  51. A. Jamaluddin, B. Umesh, K.-H. Tseng, C.-W. Huang, F. Chen et al., Control of graphene heteroatoms in a microball Si@Graphene composite anode for high-energy-density lithium-ion full cells. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 18936–18946 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06169
  52. G. Lin, H. Wang, L. Zhang, Q. Cheng, Z. Gong et al., Graphene nanowalls conformally coated with amorphous/nanocrystalline Si as high-performance binder-free nanocomposite anode for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 437, 226909 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226909
  53. P. Zhang, Q. Zhu, Z. Guan, Q. Zhao, N. Sun et al., A flexible Si@C electrode with excellent stability employing an MXene as a multifunctional binder for lithium-ion batteries. ChemSusChem 13, 1621–1628 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901497
  54. C.-H. Wang, N. Kurra, M. Alhabeb, J.-K. Chang, H.N. Alshareef et al., Titanium carbide (MXene) as a current collector for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Omega 3, 12489–12494 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b02032
  55. X. Zhu, J. Shen, X. Chen, Y. Li, W. Peng et al., Enhanced cycling performance of Si-MXene nanohybrids as anode for high performance lithium ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 378, 122212 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122212
  56. Y. Tian, Y. An, J. Feng, Flexible and freestanding silicon/MXene composite papers for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 10004–10011 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b21893
  57. Y. Zhang, Z. Mu, J. Lai, Y. Chao, Y. Yang et al., MXene/Si@SiO x@C layer-by-layer superstructure with autoadjustable function for superior stable lithium storage. ACS Nano 13, 2167–2175 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b08821
  58. X.-R. Wu, C.-H. Yu, C.-C. Li, Carbon-encapsulated gigaporous microsphere as potential Si anode-active material for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon 160, 255–264 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.021
  59. C. Xiao, P. He, J. Ren, M. Yue, Y. Huang et al., Walnut-structure Si–G/C materials with high coulombic efficiency for long-life lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv. 8, 27580–27586 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA04804E
  60. X. Li, P. Yan, X. Xiao, J.H. Woo, C. Wang et al., Design of porous Si/C–graphite electrodes with long cycle stability and controlled swelling. Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 1427–1434 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE00838D
  61. C. Xu, B. Wang, H. Luo, P. Jing, X. Zhang et al., Embedding silicon in pinecone-derived porous carbon as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 7, 2889–2895 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000827
  62. R. Zhou, H. Guo, Y. Yang, Z. Wang, X. Li et al., N-doped carbon layer derived from polydopamine to improve the electrochemical performance of spray-dried Si/graphite composite anode material for lithium ion batteries. J. Alloys Compd. 689, 130–137 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.315
  63. D. Shao, D. Tang, Y. Mai, L. Zhang, Nanostructured silicon/porous carbon spherical composite as a high capacity anode for Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 15068–15075 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA13616G
  64. X.-Y. Zhou, J.-J. Tang, J. Yang, J. Xie, L.-L. Ma, Silicon@carbon hollow core–shell heterostructures novel anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 87, 663–668 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.008
  65. J. Xie, L. Tong, L. Su, Y. Xu, L. Wang et al., Core-shell yolk-shell Si@C@Void@C nanohybrids as advanced lithium ion battery anodes with good electronic conductivity and corrosion resistance. J. Power. Sources 342, 529–536 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.094
  66. M.-S. Wang, L.-Z. Fan, M. Huang, J. Li, X. Qu, Conversion of diatomite to porous Si/C composites as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 219, 29–35 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.102
  67. Z.-L. Xu, Y. Gang, M.A. Garakani, S. Abouali, J.-Q. Huang et al., Carbon-coated mesoporous silicon microsphere anodes with greatly reduced volume expansion. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 6098–6106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA01344A
  68. Y. Chen, N. Du, H. Zhang, D. Yang, Porous Si@C coaxial nanotubes: layer-by-layer assembly on ZnO nanorod templates and application to lithium-ion batteries. CrystEngComm 19, 1220–1229 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CE02595A
  69. H. Wang, J. Xie, S. Zhang, G. Cao, X. Zhao, Scalable preparation of silicon@graphite/carbon microspheres as high-performance lithium-ion battery anode materials. RSC Adv. 6, 69882–69888 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA13114J
  70. M. Zhang, X. Hou, J. Wang, M. Li, S. Hu et al., Interweaved Si@C/CNTs&CNFs composites as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Alloys Compd. 588, 206–211 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.10.160
  71. A. Gohier, B. Laïk, K.H. Kim, J.L. Maurice, J.P. Pereira-Ramos et al., High-rate capability silicon decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes for Li-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 24, 2592–2597 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104923
  72. Y. Chen, Y. Hu, Z. Shen, R. Chen, X. He et al., Hollow core–shell structured silicon@carbon nanops embed in carbon nanofibers as binder-free anodes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 342, 467–475 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.089
  73. X. Liu, J. Zhang, W. Si, L. Xi, B. Eichler et al., Sandwich nanoarchitecture of Si/reduced graphene oxide bilayer nanomembranes for Li-ion batteries with long cycle life. ACS Nano 9, 1198–1205 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5048052
  74. J. Wu, X. Qin, H. Zhang, Y.-B. He, B. Li et al., Multilayered silicon embedded porous carbon/graphene hybrid film as a high performance anode. Carbon 84, 434–443 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.036
  75. D.A. Agyeman, K. Song, G.-H. Lee, M. Park, Y.-M. Kang, Carbon-coated Si nanops anchored between reduced graphene oxides as an extremely reversible anode material for high energy-density Li-ion battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600904 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600904
  76. H. Su, X. Li, C. Liu, Y. Shang, H. Liu, Scalable synthesis of micrometer-sized porous silicon/carbon composites for high-stability lithium-ion battery anodes. Chem. Eng. J. 451, 138394 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138394
  77. M. Zhang, J. Li, C. Sun, Z. Wang, Y. Li et al., Durable flexible dual-layer and free-standing silicon/carbon composite anode for lithium-ion batteries. J. Alloys Compd. 932, 167687 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167687
  78. P. Li, C. Miao, D. Yi, Y. Wei, T. Chen et al., Pomegranate like silicon–carbon composites prepared from lignin-derived phenolic resins as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. New J. Chem. 47, 16855–16863 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NJ02547K
  79. L. Ma, X. Fu, F. Zhao, L. Yu, W. Su et al., Microsized silicon/carbon composite anodes through in situ polymerization of phenolic resin onto silicon microps for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 6, 4989–4999 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c00534
  80. Q. Zhang, Y. Yang, D. Wang, R. Zhang, H. Fan et al., A silicon/carbon/reduced-graphene composite of honeycomb structure for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. J. Alloys Compd. 944, 169185 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169185
  81. Z.-W. Li, M.-S. Han, J. Yu, Sub-nanometer structured silicon-carbon composite nanolayers armoring on graphite for fast-charging and high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Rare Met. 42, 3692–3704 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02395-w
  82. H. Shi, W. Zhang, D. Wang, J. Wang, C. Wang et al., Facile preparation of silicon/carbon composite with porous architecture for advanced lithium-ion battery anode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 937, 117427 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117427
  83. W. Zhang, H. Shi, C. Wang, J. Wang, Z. Wang et al., Synthesizing copper-doped silicon/carbon composite anode as cost-effective active materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 179, 111387 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2023.111387
  84. J. Li, J.-Y. Yang, J.-T. Wang, S.-G. Lu, A scalable synthesis of silicon nanops as high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Rare Met. 38, 199–205 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-017-0936-3
  85. S. Jiang, B. Hu, R. Sahore, L. Zhang, H. Liu et al., Surface-functionalized silicon nanops as anode material for lithium-ion battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 44924–44931 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17729
  86. T.H. Hwang, Y.M. Lee, B.S. Kong, J.S. Seo, J.W. Choi, Electrospun core-shell fibers for robust silicon nanop-based lithium ion battery anodes. Nano Lett. 12, 802–807 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203817r
  87. M. Ge, J. Rong, X. Fang, A. Zhang, Y. Lu et al., Scalable preparation of porous silicon nanops and their application for lithium-ion battery anodes. Nano Res. 6, 174–181 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0293-y
  88. Y. Xu, Y. Zhu, C. Wang, Mesoporous carbon/silicon composite anodes with enhanced performance for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 9751–9757 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA01691B
  89. R. Epur, M. Ramanathan, M.K. Datta, D.H. Hong, P.H. Jampani et al., Scribable multi-walled carbon nanotube-silicon nanocomposites: a viable lithium-ion battery system. Nanoscale 7, 3504–3510 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR04288C
  90. H. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, K. Liu, X. Guo et al., Two-dimensional Cu2MoS4-loaded silicon nanospheres as an anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4, 13061–13069 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c02697
  91. H.-J. Shin, J.-Y. Hwang, H.J. Kwon, W.-J. Kwak, S.-O. Kim et al., Sustainable encapsulation strategy of silicon nanops in microcarbon sphere for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 14150–14158 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04828
  92. X. Zhou, Y.-X. Yin, L.-J. Wan, Y.-G. Guo, Self-assembled nanocomposite of silicon nanops encapsulated in graphene through electrostatic attraction for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2, 1086–1090 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200158
  93. S. Chen, P. Bao, X. Huang, B. Sun, G. Wang, Hierarchical 3D mesoporous silicon@graphene nanoarchitectures for lithium ion batteries with superior performance. Nano Res. 7, 85–94 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0374-y
  94. K. Zhao, M. Pharr, J.J. Vlassak, Z. Suo, Fracture of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries caused by fast charging. J. Appl. Phys. 108, 073517 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3492617
  95. S. Fang, L. Shen, G. Xu, P. Nie, J. Wang et al., Rational design of void-involved Si@TiO2 nanospheres as high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 6497–6503 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am500066j
  96. A.R. Park, D.Y. Son, J.S. Kim, J.Y. Lee, N.G. Park et al., Si/Ti2O3/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion batteries with highly enhanced cyclic stability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 18483–18490 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04652
  97. J. Zhao, W. Wei, N. Xu, X. Wang, L. Chang et al., Dealloying synthesis of silicon nanotubes for high-performance lithium ion batteries. ChemPhysChem 23, e202100832 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202100832
  98. X. Wang, G. Li, M.H. Seo, G. Lui, F.M. Hassan et al., Carbon-coated silicon nanowires on carbon fabric as self-supported electrodes for flexible lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 9551–9558 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12080
  99. T. Song, J. Xia, J.H. Lee, D.H. Lee, M.S. Kwon et al., Arrays of sealed silicon nanotubes as anodes for lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 10, 1710–1716 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl100086e
  100. H. Wu, G. Chan, J.W. Choi, I. Ryu, Y. Yao et al., Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid-electrolyte interphase control. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 310–315 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.35
  101. J. Graetz, C.C. Ahn, R. Yazami, B. Fultz, Highly reversible lithium storage in nanostructured silicon. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 6, A194 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1596917
  102. L.B. Chen, J.Y. Xie, H.C. Yu, T.H. Wang, An amorphous Si thin film anode with high capacity and long cycling life for lithium ion batteries. J. Appl. Electrochem. 39, 1157–1162 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-008-9774-1
  103. G. Schmuelling, M. Winter, T. Placke, Investigating the Mg-Si binary system via combinatorial sputter deposition As high energy density anodes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 20124–20133 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b05382
  104. G. Zhao, Y. Meng, N. Zhang, K. Sun, Electrodeposited Si film with excellent stability and high rate performance for lithium-ion battery anodes. Mater. Lett. 76, 55–58 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.02.064
  105. B.M. Bang, J.-I. Lee, H. Kim, J. Cho, S. Park, High-performance macroporous bulk silicon anodes synthesized by template-free chemical etching. Adv. Energy Mater. 2, 878–883 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201100765
  106. H. Wu, N. Du, X. Shi, D. Yang, Rational design of three-dimensional macroporous silicon as high performance Li-ion battery anodes with long cycle life. J. Power. Sources 331, 76–81 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.046
  107. J. Liu, P. Kopold, P.A. van Aken, J. Maier, Y. Yu, Energy storage materials from nature through nanotechnology: a sustainable route from reed plants to a silicon anode for lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 9632–9636 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201503150
  108. Y. Yao, M.T. McDowell, I. Ryu, H. Wu, N. Liu et al., Interconnected silicon hollow nanospheres for lithium-ion battery anodes with long cycle life. Nano Lett. 11, 2949–2954 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201470j
  109. Y. Yu, L. Gu, C. Zhu, S. Tsukimoto, P.A. van Aken et al., Reversible storage of lithium in silver-coated three-dimensional macroporous silicon. Adv. Mater. 22, 2247–2250 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903755
  110. X. Zhang, D. Wang, X. Qiu, Y. Ma, D. Kong et al., Stable high-capacity and high-rate silicon-based lithium battery anodes upon two-dimensional covalent encapsulation. Nat. Commun. 11, 3826 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17686-4
  111. B. Liang, Y. Liu, Y. Xu, Silicon-based materials as high capacity anodes for next generation lithium ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 267, 469–490 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.096
  112. L. Yue, W. Zhang, J. Yang, L. Zhang, Designing Si/porous-C composite with buffering voids as high capacity anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 125, 206–217 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.094
  113. A. Magasinski, P. Dixon, B. Hertzberg, A. Kvit, J. Ayala et al., High-performance lithium-ion anodes using a hierarchical bottom-up approach. Nat. Mater. 9, 353–358 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2725
  114. Y. Chen, N. Du, H. Zhang, D. Yang, Facile synthesis of uniform MWCNT@Si nanocomposites as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Alloys Compd. 622, 966–972 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.032
  115. L. Zhong, J. Guo, L. Mangolini, A stable silicon anode based on the uniform dispersion of quantum dots in a polymer matrix. J. Power. Sources 273, 638–644 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.155
  116. J. Ji, H. Ji, L.L. Zhang, X. Zhao, X. Bai et al., Graphene-encapsulated Si on ultrathin-graphite foam as anode for high capacity lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 25, 4673–4677 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301530
  117. M. Zhou, T. Cai, F. Pu, H. Chen, Z. Wang et al., Graphene/carbon-coated Si nanop hybrids as high-performance anode materials for Li-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 3449–3455 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/am400521n
  118. T.D. Bogart, D. Oka, X. Lu, M. Gu, C. Wang et al., Lithium ion battery peformance of silicon nanowires with carbon skin. ACS Nano 8, 915–922 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405710w
  119. J.K. Yoo, J. Kim, Y.S. Jung, K. Kang, Scalable fabrication of silicon nanotubes and their application to energy storage. Adv. Mater. 24, 5452–5456 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201601
  120. Z. Lu, T. Wong, T.-W. Ng, C. Wang, Facile synthesis of carbon decorated silicon nanotube arrays as anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 4, 2440–2446 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA45439H
  121. B. Hertzberg, A. Alexeev, G. Yushin, Deformations in Si-Li anodes upon electrochemical alloying in nano-confined space. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 8548–8549 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1031997
  122. J. Liu, N. Li, M.D. Goodman, H.G. Zhang, E.S. Epstein et al., Mechanically and chemically robust sandwich-structured C@Si@C nanotube array Li-ion battery anodes. ACS Nano 9, 1985–1994 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn507003z
  123. M. Ge, Y. Lu, P. Ercius, J. Rong, X. Fang et al., Large-scale fabrication, 3D tomography, and lithium-ion battery application of porous silicon. Nano Lett. 14, 261–268 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl403923s
  124. J. Feng, Z. Zhang, L. Ci, W. Zhai, Q. Ai et al., Chemical dealloying synthesis of porous silicon anchored by in situ generated graphene sheets as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 287, 177–183 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.04.051
  125. X. Han, H. Chen, J. Liu, H. Liu, P. Wang et al., A peanut shell inspired scalable synthesis of three-dimensional carbon coated porous silicon ps as an anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 156, 11–19 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.051
  126. Z. Wang, L. Jing, X. Zheng, Z. Xu, Y. Yuan et al., Microspheres of Si@Carbon-CNTs composites with a stable 3D interpenetrating structure applied in high-performance lithium-ion battery. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 629, 511–521 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.087
  127. J. Ryu, T. Chen, T. Bok, G. Song, J. Ma et al., Mechanical mismatch-driven rippling in carbon-coated silicon sheets for stress-resilient battery anodes. Nat. Commun. 9, 2924 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05398-9
  128. J. Liang, F. Huo, Z. Zhang, W. Yang, M. Javid et al., Controlling the phenolic resin-based amorphous carbon content for enhancing cycling stability of Si nanosheets@C anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Appl. Surf. Sci. 476, 1000–1007 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.220
  129. S. Chen, Z. Chen, X. Xu, C. Cao, M. Xia et al., Scalable 2D mesoporous silicon nanosheets for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode. Small 14, e1703361 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703361
  130. J. Lee, J. Moon, S.A. Han, J. Kim, V. Malgras et al., Everlasting living and breathing gyroid 3D network in Si@SiOx/C nanoarchitecture for lithium ion battery. ACS Nano 13, 9607–9619 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04725
  131. Q. Xu, J.-K. Sun, Y.-X. Yin, Y.-G. Guo, Facile synthesis of blocky SiOx/C with graphite-like structure for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1705235 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201705235
  132. J. Cui, Y. Cui, S. Li, H. Sun, Z. Wen et al., Microsized porous SiOx@C composites synthesized through aluminothermic reduction from rice husks and used as anode for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 30239–30247 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10260
  133. Y. Ju, J.A. Tang, K. Zhu, Y. Meng, C. Wang et al., SiOx/C composite from rice husks as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 191, 411–416 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.095
  134. B. Jiang, S. Zeng, H. Wang, D. Liu, J. Qian et al., Dual core-shell structured Si@SiOx@C nanocomposite synthesized via a one-step pyrolysis method as a highly stable anode material for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 31611–31616 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b09775
  135. S.J. Lee, H.J. Kim, T.H. Hwang, S. Choi, S.H. Park et al., Delicate structural control of Si-SiOx-C composite via high-speed spray pyrolysis for Li-ion battery anodes. Nano Lett. 17, 1870–1876 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05191
  136. P. Lv, H. Zhao, C. Gao, T. Zhang, X. Liu, Highly efficient and scalable synthesis of SiOx/C composite with core-shell nanostructure as high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 152, 345–351 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.149
  137. M.K. Majeed, G. Ma, Y. Cao, H. Mao, X. Ma et al., Metal-organic frameworks-derived mesoporous Si/SiOx @NC nanospheres as a long-lifespan anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Chemistry 25, 11991–11997 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201903043
  138. Y. Bai, D. Yan, C. Yu, L. Cao, C. Wang et al., Core-shell Si@TiO2 nanosphere anode by atomic layer deposition for Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 308, 75–82 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.049
  139. Z.-W. Zhou, Y.-T. Liu, X.-M. Xie, X.-Y. Ye, Constructing novel Si@SnO2 core-shell heterostructures by facile self-assembly of SnO2 nanowires on silicon hollow nanospheres for large, reversible lithium storage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 7092–7100 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00107
  140. J. Yang, Y. Wang, W. Li, L. Wang, Y. Fan et al., Amorphous TiO2 shells: a vital elastic buffering layer on silicon nanops for high-performance and safe lithium storage. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700523 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700523
  141. T. Ma, X. Yu, H. Li, W. Zhang, X. Cheng et al., High volumetric capacity of hollow structured SnO2@Si nanospheres for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Lett. 17, 3959–3964 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01674
  142. G. Wang, Z. Wen, L. Du, S. Li, S. Ji et al., A core–shell Si@Nb2O5 composite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 6, 39728–39733 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA05435H
  143. V.A. Sethuraman, K. Kowolik, V. Srinivasan, Increased cycling efficiency and rate capability of copper-coated silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources 196, 393–398 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.043
  144. D. Kim, M. Park, S.M. Kim, H.C. Shim, S. Hyun et al., Conversion reaction of nanoporous ZnO for stable electrochemical cycling of binderless Si microp composite anode. ACS Nano 12, 10903–10913 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03951
  145. G. Carbonari, F. Maroni, A. Birrozzi, R. Tossici, F. Croce et al., Synthesis and characterization of Si nanops wrapped by V2O5 nanosheets as a composite anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 281, 676–683 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.094
  146. J. Li, N.J. Dudney, J. Nanda, C. Liang, Artificial solid electrolyte interphase to address the electrochemical degradation of silicon electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 10083–10088 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am5009419
  147. X. Xu, Q. Ai, L. Pan, X. Ma, W. Zhai et al., Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte coating silicon for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 276, 325–332 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.208
  148. Q. Ai, P. Zhou, W. Zhai, X. Ma, G. Hou et al., Synergistic double-shell coating of graphene and Li4SiO4 on silicon for high performance lithium-ion battery application. Diam. Relat. Mater. 88, 60–66 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2018.06.023
  149. Q. Li, M. Yu, Y. Huang, Z. Cai, S. Wang et al., Phosphorus-doped silicon copper alloy composites as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Electroanal. Chem. 944, 117684 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117684
  150. Z. Sun, M. Li, Z. Zheng, Z. Chen, H. Zhang et al., Cycle-stable Si-based composite anode for lithium-ion batteries enabled by the synergetic combination of mixed lithium phosphates and void-preserving F-doped carbon. Mater. Today Nano 22, 100322 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2023.100322
  151. R.F.H. Hernandha, B. Umesh, P.C. Rath, L.T.T. Trang, J.-C. Wei et al., N-containing carbon-coated β-Si3N4 enhances Si anodes for high-performance Li-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 10, 2301218 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202301218
  152. M. Ge, C. Cao, G.M. Biesold, C.D. Sewell, S.-M. Hao et al., Recent advances in silicon-based electrodes: from fundamental research toward practical applications. Adv. Mater. 33, e2004577 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004577
  153. C. Yan, X.-B. Cheng, Y.-X. Yao, X. Shen, B.-Q. Li et al., An armored mixed conductor interphase on a dendrite-free lithium-metal anode. Adv. Mater. 30, e1804461 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804461
  154. H. Wang, Y. Tang, Artificial solid electrolyte interphase acting as “armor” to protect the anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion battery. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 36, 402–409 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-020-0091-5
  155. Y.-F. Tian, S.-J. Tan, C. Yang, Y.-M. Zhao, D.-X. Xu et al., Tailoring chemical composition of solid electrolyte interphase by selective dissolution for long-life micron-sized silicon anode. Nat. Commun. 14, 7247 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43093-6
  156. N. Harpak, G. Davidi, F. Patolsky, Breathing parylene-based nanothin artificial SEI for highly-stable long life three-dimensional silicon lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 429, 132077 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132077
  157. H. Wang, M. Miao, H. Li, Y. Cao, H. Yang et al., In Situ-formed artificial solid electrolyte interphase for boosting the cycle stability of Si-based anodes for Li-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 22505–22513 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c03902
  158. C. Yao, X. Li, Y. Deng, Y. Li, P. Yang et al., An efficient prelithiation of graphene oxide nanoribbons wrapping silicon nanops for stable Li+ storage. Carbon 168, 392–403 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.091
  159. K.H. Kim, J. Shon, H. Jeong, H. Park, S.-J. Lim et al., Improving the cyclability of silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries using a simple pre-lithiation method. J. Power. Sources 459, 228066 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228066
  160. K. Yao, J.P. Zheng, Z. Liang, Binder-free freestanding flexible Si nanop-multi-walled carbon nanotube composite paper anodes for high energy Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Res. 33, 482–494 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.475
  161. Q. Pan, P. Zuo, T. Mu, C. Du, X. Cheng et al., Improved electrochemical performance of micro-sized SiO-based composite anode by prelithiation of stabilized lithium metal powder. J. Power. Sources 347, 170–177 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.061
  162. Y. Zhu, W. Hu, J. Zhou, W. Cai, Y. Lu et al., Prelithiated surface oxide layer enabled high-performance Si anode for lithium storage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 18305–18312 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b22507
  163. J. Zhao, Z. Lu, N. Liu, H.-W. Lee, M.T. McDowell et al., Dry-air-stable lithium silicide–lithium oxide core–shell nanops as high-capacity prelithiation reagents. Nat. Commun. 5, 5088 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6088
  164. Y. Zhang, B. Wu, G. Mu, C. Ma, D. Mu et al., Recent progress and perspectives on silicon anode: synthesis and prelithiation for LIBs energy storage. J. Energy Chem. 64, 615–650 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.013
  165. Y. Wang, H. Xu, X. Chen, H. Jin, J. Wang, Novel constructive self-healing binder for silicon anodes with high mass loading in lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 38, 121–129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.03.003
  166. M. Gu, X.-C. Xiao, G. Liu, S. Thevuthasan, D.R. Baer et al., Mesoscale origin of the enhanced cycling-stability of the Si-conductive polymer anode for Li-ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 4, 3684 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03684
  167. L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Chai, P. Xue, W. Hao et al., A coordinatively cross-linked polymeric network as a functional binder for high-performance silicon submicro-p anodes in lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 19036–19045 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA04320K
  168. J. Yoon, D.X. Oh, C. Jo, J. Lee, D.S. Hwang, Improvement of desolvation and resilience of alginate binders for Si-based anodes in a lithium ion battery by calcium-mediated cross-linking. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 25628–25635 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03499f
  169. D. Shao, H. Zhong, L. Zhang, Water-soluble conductive composite binder containing PEDOT: PSS as conduction promoting agent for Si anode of lithium-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 1, 1679–1687 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201402210
  170. A. Magasinski, B. Zdyrko, I. Kovalenko, B. Hertzberg, R. Burtovyy et al., Toward efficient binders for Li-ion battery Si-based anodes: polyacrylic acid. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2, 3004–3010 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/am100871y
  171. I. Kovalenko, B. Zdyrko, A. Magasinski, B. Hertzberg, Z. Milicev et al., A major constituent of brown algae for use in high-capacity Li-ion batteries. Science 334, 75–79 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209150
  172. Z.-Y. Wu, L. Deng, J.-T. Li, Q.-S. Huang, Y.-Q. Lu et al., Multiple hydrogel alginate binders for Si anodes of lithium-ion battery. Electrochim. Acta 245, 371–378 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.094
  173. C. Wang, H. Wu, Z. Chen, M.T. McDowell, Y. Cui et al., Self-healing chemistry enables the stable operation of silicon microp anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Chem. 5, 1042–1048 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1802
  174. R. Guo, S. Zhang, H. Ying, W. Yang, J. Wang et al., New, effective, and low-cost dual-functional binder for porous silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 14051–14058 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b21936
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 2071 Download : 1558

Most read articles by the same author(s)