Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Flexible Polymer-Based Electronics for Human Health Monitoring: A Safety-Level-Oriented Review of Materials and Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02059-7
Dan Xu
Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615‑8510, Japan
Yi Yang
Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
Keiji Numata
Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615‑8510, Japan
Bo Pang
Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore

Corresponding Author: Bo Pang

bopang@nus.edu.sg

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 213

Abstract

Health monitoring is becoming increasingly critical for disease prevention, early diagnosis, and high-quality living. Polymeric materials, with their mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable biochemical properties, offer unique advantages for creating next-generation personalized devices. In recent years, flexible polymer-based platforms have shown remarkable potential to capture diverse physiological signals in both daily and clinical contexts, including electrophysiological, biochemical, mechanical, and thermal indicators. In this review, we introduce a safety-level-oriented framework to evaluate material and device strategies for health monitoring, spanning the continuum from noninvasive wearables to deeply embedded implants. Physiological signals are systematically classified by use case, and application-specific requirements such as stability, comfort, and long-term compatibility are highlighted as critical factors guiding the selection of polymers, interfacial designs, and device architectures. Special emphasis is placed on mapping material types—including hydrogels, elastomers, and conductive composites—to their most suitable applications. Finally, we propose design principles for developing safe, functional, and adaptive polymer-based systems, aiming at reliable integration with the human body and enabling personalized, preventive healthcare.


Highlights:
1 A safety-level-oriented framework is proposed to systematically classify polymer-based flexible health-monitoring devices from noninvasive to long-term implantable modalities.
2 Material–safety relationships are elucidated by mapping hydrogels, elastomers, and conductive composites to modality-specific requirements in mechanical compliance, biochemical stability, electrical safety, and long-term biointegration.
3 Time-scale-dependent design principles are summarized to guide future development of safe, adaptive, and clinically translatable polymer-based monitoring systems.

Keywords

Flexible devices Polymers Health monitoring Safety-level-oriented Interfacial designs
Xu, Dan, Yi Yang, Keiji Numata, and Bo Pang. 2026. “Flexible Polymer-Based Electronics for Human Health Monitoring: A Safety-Level-Oriented Review of Materials and Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02059-7.
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