Issue

Vol. 15 (2023)

Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1
Yancong Qiao
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
Jinan Luo
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
Tianrui Cui
School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Haidong Liu
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
Hao Tang
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
Yingfen Zeng
School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Chang Liu
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
Yuanfang Li
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
Jinming Jian
School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Jingzhi Wu
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
He Tian
School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Yi Yang
School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Tian‑Ling Ren
School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Jianhua Zhou
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jianhua Zhou

zhoujh33@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 15 (2023), Article Number: 66

Abstract

Due to the development of the novel materials, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics. The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care. One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin, which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality. Therefore, it is easy to build the specific dataset, which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm. At the same time, with the assistance of machine learning algorithm, the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis. The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well. It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future. Therefore, in this review, we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material, physiological signal detected by soft devices, and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm. Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material, carbon nanotube, nanowire, nanomesh, and hydrogel. Then, soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types (pulse, respiration, human motion, intraocular pressure, phonation, etc.). After that, the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed, including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms. Especially, the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully. Finally, the outlook, challenge, and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.


Highlights:


1 This review introduces soft electronics for health monitoring assisted by machine learning, and discusses soft materials, physiological signals, and machine learning algorithms in sequence and their relationships.
2 The principles of classic machine learning algorithms and neural network algorithms are summarized and explained by representative examples combining with soft electronics.
3 The potential challenges of soft electronics assisted by machine learning especially in health monitoring field are outlined, and future research directions are outlooked.

Keywords

Soft electronics Machine learning algorithm Physiological signal monitoring Soft materials
Qiao, Yancong, Jinan Luo, Tianrui Cui, Haidong Liu, Hao Tang, Yingfen Zeng, Chang Liu, Yuanfang Li, Jinming Jian, Jingzhi Wu, He Tian, Yi Yang, Tian‑Ling Ren, and Jianhua Zhou. 2023. “Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning”. Nano-Micro Letters 15 (March):66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. S. Niu, N. Matsuhisa, L. Beker, J. Li, S. Wang et al., A wireless body area sensor network based on stretchable passive tags. Nat. Electron. 2(8), 361–368 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0286-2
  2. X. Shi, Y. Zuo, P. Zhai, J. Shen, Y. Yang et al., Large-area display textiles integrated with functional systems. Nature 591(7849), 240–245 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03295-8
  3. M.S. White, M. Kaltenbrunner, E.D. Głowacki, K. Gutnichenko, G. Kettlgruber et al., Ultrathin, highly flexible and stretchable PLEDs. Nat. Photonics 7(10), 811–816 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.188
  4. J.R. Sempionatto, M. Lin, L. Yin, K. Pei, T. Sonsa-ard et al., An epidermal patch for the simultaneous monitoring of haemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5(7), 737–748 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00685-1
  5. S. Park, S.W. Heo, W. Lee, D. Inoue, Z. Jiang et al., Self-powered ultra-flexible electronics via nano-grating-patterned organic photovoltaics. Nature 561(7724), 516–521 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0536-x
  6. T.Y. Wang, J.L. Meng, L. Chen, H. Zhu, Q.Q. Sun et al., Flexible 3D memristor array for binary storage and multi-states neuromorphic computing applications. InfoMat 3(2), 212–221 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12158
  7. Z. Chen, J.W. To, C. Wang, Z. Lu, N. Liu et al., A three-dimensionally interconnected carbon nanotube-conducting polymer hydrogel network for high-performance flexible battery electrodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 4(12), 1400207 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400207
  8. T.R. Ray, J. Choi, A.J. Bandodkar, S. Krishnan, P. Gutruf et al., Bio-integrated wearable systems: a comprehensive review. Chem. Rev. 119(8), 5461–5533 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00573
  9. A. Fitzgerald, R. Iyer, R. Dauskardt, T. Kenny, Subcritical crack growth in single-crystal silicon using micromachined specimens. J. Mater. Res. 17(3), 683–692 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2002.0097
  10. R.C. Webb, A.P. Bonifas, A. Behnaz, Y. Zhang, K.J. Yu et al., Ultrathin conformal devices for precise and continuous thermal characterization of human skin. Nat. Mater. 12(10), 938–944 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3755
  11. A. Miyamoto, S. Lee, N.F. Cooray, S. Lee, M. Mori et al., Inflammation-free, gas-permeable, lightweight, stretchable on-skin electronics with nanomeshes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12(9), 907 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.125
  12. S. Lee, D. Sasaki, D. Kim, M. Mori, T. Yokota et al., Ultrasoft electronics to monitor dynamically pulsing cardiomyocytes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14(2), 156–160 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0331-8
  13. W.M. Choi, J. Song, D.Y. Khang, H. Jiang, Y.Y. Huang et al., Biaxially stretchable “wavy” silicon nanomembranes. Nano Lett. 7(6), 1655–1663 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0706244
  14. Y. Qiao, X. Li, T. Hirtz, G. Deng, Y. Wei et al., Graphene-based wearable sensors. Nanoscale 11(41), 18923–18945 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR05532K
  15. J. Shi, X. Li, H. Cheng, Z. Liu, L. Zhao et al., Graphene reinforced carbon nanotube networks for wearable strain sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(13), 2078–2084 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201504804
  16. T. Yokota, P. Zalar, M. Kaltenbrunner, H. Jinno, N. Matsuhisa et al., Ultraflexible organic photonic skin. Sci. Adv. 2(4), e1501856 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501856
  17. H. Lee, T.K. Choi, Y.B. Lee, H.R. Cho, R. Ghaffari et al., A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11(6), 566–572 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.38
  18. C. Wang, D. Hwang, Z. Yu, K. Takei, J. Park et al., User-interactive electronic skin for instantaneous pressure visualization. Nat. Mater. 12(10), 899–904 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3711
  19. T. Someya, M. Amagai, Toward a new generation of smart skins. Nat. Biotechnol. 37(4), 382–388 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0079-1
  20. Y. Chu, J. Zhong, H. Liu, Y. Ma, N. Liu et al., Human pulse diagnosis for medical assessments using a wearable piezoelectret sensing system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(40), 1803413 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201803413
  21. Y. Pang, J. Jian, T. Tu, Z. Yang, J. Ling et al., Wearable humidity sensor based on porous graphene network for respiration monitoring. Biosens. Bioelectron. 116, 123–129 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.038
  22. J. Laguarta, F. Hueto, B. Subirana, Covid-19 artificial intelligence diagnosis using only cough recordings. IEEE Open J. Eng. Med. Biol. 1, 275–281 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/OJEMB.2020.3026928
  23. Y. Pang, Y. Li, X. Wang, C. Qi, Y. Yang et al., A contact lens promising for non-invasive continuous intraocular pressure monitoring. RSC Adv. 9(9), 5076–5082 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10257K
  24. A. Boehm, X. Yu, W. Neu, S. Leonhardt, D. Teichmann, A novel 12-lead ECG T-shirt with active electrodes. Electronics 5(4), 75 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics5040075
  25. J.H. Lee, J.Y. Hwang, J. Zhu, H.R. Hwang, S.M. Lee et al., Flexible conductive composite integrated with personal earphone for wireless, real-time monitoring of electrophysiological signs. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(25), 21184–21190 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b06484
  26. G.Y. Gou, X.S. Li, J.M. Jian, H. Tian, F. Wu et al., Two-stage amplification of an ultrasensitive MXene-based intelligent artificial eardrum. Sci. Adv. 8(13), eabn2156 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn2156
  27. Y. Liu, J.J. Norton, R. Qazi, Z. Zou, K.R. Ammann et al., Epidermal mechano-acoustic sensing electronics for cardiovascular diagnostics and human-machine interfaces. Sci. Adv. 2(11), e1601185 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601185
  28. S. Mishra, Y.S. Kim, J. Intarasirisawat, Y.T. Kwon, Y. Lee et al., Soft, wireless periocular wearable electronics for real-time detection of eye vergence in a virtual reality toward mobile eye therapies. Sci. Adv. 6(11), eaay1729 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay1729
  29. S.H. Lee, Y.S. Kim, M.K. Yeo, M. Mahmood, N. Zavanelli et al., Fully portable continuous real-time auscultation with a soft wearable stethoscope designed for automated disease diagnosis. Sci. Adv. 8(21), eabo5867 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo5867
  30. Y.T. Kwon, Y.S. Kim, S. Kwon, M. Mahmood, H.R. Lim et al., All-printed nanomembrane wireless bioelectronics using a biocompatible solderable graphene for multimodal human-machine interfaces. Nat. Commun. 11, 3450 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17288-0
  31. Z. Zhou, K. Chen, X. Li, S. Zhang, Y. Wu et al., Sign-to-speech translation using machine-learning-assisted stretchable sensor arrays. Nat. Electron. 3(9), 571–578 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0428-6
  32. M. Mahmood, D. Mzurikwao, Y.S. Kim, Y. Lee, S. Mishra et al., Fully portable and wireless universal brain-machine interfaces enabled by flexible scalp electronics and deep learning algorithm. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(9), 412–422 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0091-7
  33. Y. Luo, Y. Li, P. Sharma, W. Shou, K. Wu et al., Learning human-environment interactions using conformal tactile textiles. Nat. Electron. 4(3), 193–201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00558-0
  34. J. Hughes, A. Spielberg, M. Chounlakone, G. Chang, W. Matusik et al., A simple, inexpensive, wearable glove with hybrid resistive-pressure sensors for computational sensing, proprioception, and task identification. Adv. Intell. Syst. 2(6), 2000002 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000002
  35. L. Xiang, H. Zhang, Y. Hu, L.M. Peng, Carbon nanotube-based flexible electronics. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(29), 7714–7727 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC02280A
  36. L. Cai, C. Wang, Carbon nanotube flexible and stretchable electronics. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 320 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1013-1
  37. C. Zhu, A. Chortos, Y. Wang, R. Pfattner, T. Lei et al., Stretchable temperature-sensing circuits with strain suppression based on carbon nanotube transistors. Nat. Electron. 1(3), 183–190 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0041-0
  38. M. Rother, S.P. Schießl, Y. Zakharko, F. Gannott, J. Zaumseil, Understanding charge transport in mixed networks of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(8), 5571–5579 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00074
  39. L.M. Peng, A new stage for flexible nanotube devices. Nat. Electron. 1(3), 158–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0045-9
  40. Y. Wu, X. Zhao, Y. Shang, S. Chang, L. Dai et al., Application-driven carbon nanotube functional materials. ACS Nano 15(5), 7946–7974 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c10662
  41. A. Corletto, J.G. Shapter, Nanoscale patterning of carbon nanotubes: techniques, applications, and future. Adv. Sci. 8(1), 2001778 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001778
  42. X. Cao, C. Lau, Y. Liu, F. Wu, H. Gui et al., Fully screen-printed, large-area, and flexible active-matrix electrochromic displays using carbon nanotube thin-film transistors. ACS Nano 10(11), 9816–9822 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05368
  43. N. Qaiser, F. Al-Modaf, S.M. Khan, S.F. Shaikh, N. El-Atab et al., A robust wearable point-of-care CNT-based strain sensor for wirelessly monitoring throat-related illnesses. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(29), 2103375 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103375
  44. T. Yamada, Y. Hayamizu, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Yomogida, A. Izadi-Najafabadi et al., A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(5), 296 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.36
  45. E. Roh, B.U. Hwang, D. Kim, B.Y. Kim, N.E. Lee, Stretchable, transparent, ultrasensitive, and patchable strain sensor for human-machine interfaces comprising a nanohybrid of carbon nanotubes and conductive elastomers. ACS Nano 9(6), 6252–6261 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01613
  46. C. Wang, K. Xia, H. Wang, X. Liang, Z. Yin et al., Advanced carbon for flexible and wearable electronics. Adv. Mater. 31(9), 1801072 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801072
  47. T. Zheng, P.P.S.S. Abadi, J. Seo, B.H. Cha, B. Miccoli et al., Biocompatible carbon nanotube-based hybrid microfiber for implantable electrochemical actuator and flexible electronic applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(23), 20615–20627 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b02927
  48. Q. Feng, C. Zhang, R. Yin, A. Yin, Y. Chen et al., Self-powered multifunctional electronic skin based on carbon nanotubes/poly (dimethylsiloxane) for health monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(18), 21406–21417 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c25077
  49. J. Dong, D. Wang, Y. Peng, C. Zhang, F. Lai et al., Ultra-stretchable and superhydrophobic textile-based bioelectrodes for robust self-cleaning and personal health monitoring. Nano Energy 97, 107160 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107160
  50. M. Chi, J. Zhao, Y. Dong, X. Wang, Flexible carbon nanotube-based polymer electrode for long-term electrocardiographic recording. Materials 12(6), 971 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060971
  51. X. Liang, S. Wang, X. Wei, L. Ding, Y. Zhu et al., Towards entire-carbon-nanotube circuits: the fabrication of single-walled-carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors with local multiwalled-carbon-nanotube interconnects. Adv. Mater. 21(13), 1339–1343 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802758
  52. M. Yilmaz, S. Raina, S.H. Hsu, W.P. Kang, Growing micropatterned CNT arrays on aluminum substrates using hot-filament CVD process. Mater. Lett. 209, 376–378 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.08.061
  53. H. Zhang, D. Liu, J.H. Lee, H. Chen, E. Kim et al., Anisotropic, wrinkled, and crack-bridging structure for ultrasensitive, highly selective multidirectional strain sensors. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 122 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00615-5
  54. S. Geier, T. Mahrholz, P. Wierach, M. Sinapius, Carbon nanotube array actuators. Smart Mater. Struct. 22(9), 094003 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/9/094003
  55. X. Zang, Y. Jiang, M. Sanghadasa, L. Lin, Chemical vapor deposition of 3D graphene/carbon nanotubes networks for hybrid supercapacitors. Sens. Actuator A Phys. 304, 111886 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.111886
  56. A. Santos, L. Amorim, J. Nunes, L. Rocha, A. Silva et al., Aligned carbon nanotube based sensors for strain sensing applications. Sens. Actuator A Phys. 289, 157–164 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.02.026
  57. D. Mai, J. Mo, S. Shan, Y. Lin, A. Zhang, Self-healing, self-adhesive strain sensors made with carbon nanotubes/polysiloxanes based on unsaturated carboxyl-amine ionic interactions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(41), 49266–49278 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c12438
  58. Q. Duan, B. Lan, Y. Lv, Highly dispersed, adhesive carbon nanotube ink for strain and pressure sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(1), 1973–1982 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c20133
  59. B. Zhao, V.S. Sivasankar, A. Dasgupta, S. Das, Ultrathin and ultrasensitive printed carbon nanotube-based temperature sensors capable of repeated uses on surfaces of widely varying curvatures and wettabilities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(8), 10257–10270 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18095
  60. C. Wang, A. Badmaev, A. Jooyaie, M. Bao, K.L. Wang et al., Radio frequency and linearity performance of transistors using high-purity semiconducting carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 5(5), 4169–4176 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200919v
  61. K. Narasimhamurthy, R.P. Palathinkal, Performance comparison of interdigitated thin-film field-effect transistors using different purity semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. Res. 181, 343–348 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.181-182.343
  62. K. Otsuka, T. Inoue, Y. Shimomura, S. Chiashi, S. Maruyama, Water-assisted self-sustained burning of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes for scalable transistor fabrication. Nano Res. 10(9), 3248–3260 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1648-6
  63. N. Pimparkar, Q. Cao, J.A. Rogers, M.A. Alam, Theory and practice of “striping” for improved on/off ratio in carbon nanonet thin film transistors. Nano Res. 2(2), 167–175 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-009-9013-z
  64. S. Park, M. Vosguerichian, Z. Bao, A review of fabrication and applications of carbon nanotube film-based flexible electronics. Nanoscale 5(5), 1727–1752 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr33560g
  65. C. Qiu, Z. Zhang, M. Xiao, Y. Yang, D. Zhong et al., Scaling carbon nanotube complementary transistors to 5-nm gate lengths. Science 355(6322), 271–276 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj1628
  66. G. Hills, C. Lau, A. Wright, S. Fuller, M.D. Bishop et al., Modern microprocessor built from complementary carbon nanotube transistors. Nature 572(7771), 595–602 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1493-8
  67. T.Y. Zhao, D.D. Zhang, T.Y. Qu, L.L. Fang, Q.B. Zhu et al., Flexible 64× 64 pixel AMOLED displays driven by uniform carbon nanotube thin-film transistors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(12), 11699–11705 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17909
  68. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang et al., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
  69. L. Banszerus, M. Schmitz, S. Engels, J. Dauber, M. Oellers et al., Ultrahigh-mobility graphene devices from chemical vapor deposition on reusable copper. Sci. Adv. 1(6), e1500222 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500222
  70. C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887), 385–388 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
  71. A.A. Balandin, Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nat. Mater. 10(8), 569–581 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3064
  72. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
  73. M. Yi, Z. Shen, A review on mechanical exfoliation for the scalable production of graphene. J. Mater. Chem. A 3(22), 11700–11715 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA00252D
  74. J. Lin, Y. Huang, S. Wang, G. Chen, Microwave-assisted rapid exfoliation of graphite into graphene by using ammonium bicarbonate as the intercalation agent. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56(33), 9341–9346 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01302
  75. X.Q. Guo, J. Huang, Y.K. Wang, L.M. Chen, X.X. Yu et al., Few-layer graphene nanosheets produced by ultrasonic exfoliation of secondary expanded graphite. J. Funct. Biomater. 44(12), 1800–1803 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2013.12.028
  76. Z.Y. Xia, S. Pezzini, E. Treossi, G. Giambastiani, F. Corticelli et al., The exfoliation of graphene in liquids by electrochemical, chemical, and sonication-assisted techniques: a nanoscale study. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(37), 4684–4693 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201370188
  77. M. Gómez-Mingot, A.C. Anbalagan, H. Randriamahazaka, J. Ghilane, Electrochemical synthesis and the functionalization of few layer graphene in ionic liquid and redox ionic liquid. Sci. China Chem. 61(5), 598–603 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-017-9184-0
  78. Y. Ma, Z. Li, J. Han, L. Li, M. Wang et al., Vertical graphene canal mesh for strain sensing with a supereminent resolution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(28), 32387–32394 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c07658
  79. S. Eigler, M. Enzelberger-Heim, S. Grimm, P. Hofmann, W. Kroener et al., Wet chemical synthesis of graphene. Adv. Mater. 25(26), 3583–3587 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300155
  80. B. Kulyk, B.F. Silva, A.F. Carvalho, S. Silvestre, A.J. Fernandes et al., Laser-induced graphene from paper for mechanical sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(8), 10210–10221 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20270
  81. M. Sun, Q. Fang, D. Xie, Y. Sun, L. Qian et al., Heterostructured graphene quantum dot/WSe2/Si photodetector with suppressed dark current and improved detectivity. Nano Res. 11(6), 3233–3243 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1855-1
  82. H. Tian, X. Wang, H. Zhao, W. Mi, Y. Yang et al., A graphene-based filament transistor with sub-10 mVdec-1 subthreshold swing. Adv. Electron. Mater. 4(4), 1700608 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700608
  83. G. Jiang, H. Tian, X.F. Wang, T. Hirtz, F. Wu et al., An efficient flexible graphene-based light-emitting device. Nanoscale Adv. 1(12), 4745–4754 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00550A
  84. T.Y. Zhang, H.M. Zhao, D.Y. Wang, Q. Wang, Y. Pang et al., A super flexible and custom-shaped graphene heater. Nanoscale 9(38), 14357–14363 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR02219K
  85. Q. Wang, Y.T. Li, T.Y. Zhang, D.Y. Wang, Y. Tian et al., Low-voltage, large-strain soft electrothermal actuators based on laser-reduced graphene oxide/Ag p composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 112(13), 133902 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020918
  86. Y. Qiao, G. Gou, F. Wu, J. Jian, X. Li et al., Graphene-based thermoacoustic sound source. ACS Nano 14(4), 3779–3804 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b10020
  87. Q. Li, T. Wu, W. Zhao, J. Ji, G. Wang, Laser-induced corrugated graphene films for integrated multimodal sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(31), 37433–37444 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c12686
  88. Y. Qiao, Y. Wang, J. Jian, M. Li, G. Jiang et al., Multifunctional and high-performance electronic skin based on silver nanowires bridging graphene. Carbon 156, 253–260 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.08.032
  89. W. Wang, L. Lu, Z. Li, L. Lin, Z. Liang et al., Fingerprint-inspired strain sensor with balanced sensitivity and strain range using laser-induced graphene. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(1), 1315–1325 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c16646
  90. J. Xu, T. Cui, T. Hirtz, Y. Qiao, X. Li et al., Highly transparent and sensitive graphene sensors for continuous and non-invasive intraocular pressure monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(16), 18375–18384 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c02991
  91. C.W. Chiu, C.Y. Huang, J.W. Li, C.L. Li, Flexible hybrid electronics nanofiber electrodes with excellent stretchability and highly stable electrical conductivity for smart clothing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(37), 42441–42453 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c11724
  92. J.M. Jian, L. Fu, J. Ji, L. Lin, X. Guo et al., Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide/gold nanops composite modified screen-printed carbon electrode for effective electrocatalytic analysis of nitrite in foods. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 262, 125–136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.01.164
  93. S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.S. Park et al., Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(8), 574 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.132
  94. J. Yan, C.E. Ren, K. Maleski, C.B. Hatter, B. Anasori et al., Flexible MXene/graphene films for ultrafast supercapacitors with outstanding volumetric capacitance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(30), 1701264 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701264
  95. Y. Qiao, T. Hirtz, F. Wu, G. Deng, X. Li et al., Fabricating molybdenum disulfide memristors. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2(2), 346–370 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00655
  96. W. Zhao, Z. Ghorannevis, L. Chu, M. Toh, C. Kloc et al., Evolution of electronic structure in atomically thin sheets of WS2 and WSe2. ACS Nano 7(1), 791–797 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn305275h
  97. L. Li, Y. Yu, G.J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou et al., Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 372 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.35
  98. G. Cassabois, P. Valvin, B. Gil, Hexagonal boron nitride is an indirect bandgap semiconductor. Nat. Photonics 10(4), 262–266 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.277
  99. A.A. Bessonov, M.N. Kirikova, D.I. Petukhov, M. Allen, T. Ryhänen et al., Layered memristive and memcapacitive switches for printable electronics. Nat. Mater. 14(2), 199–204 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4135
  100. D. Son, S.I. Chae, M. Kim, M.K. Choi, J. Yang et al., Colloidal synthesis of uniform-sized molybdenum disulfide nanosheets for wafer-scale flexible nonvolatile memory. Adv. Mater. 28(42), 9326–9332 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602391
  101. L.Q. Tao, H. Tian, Y. Liu, Z.Y. Ju, Y. Pang et al., An intelligent artificial throat with sound-sensing ability based on laser induced graphene. Nat. Commun. 8, 14579 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14579
  102. L.Q. Tao, K.N. Zhang, H. Tian, Y. Liu, D.Y. Wang et al., Graphene-paper pressure sensor for detecting human motions. ACS Nano 11(9), 8790–8795 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02826
  103. Z. Yang, Y. Pang, X. Han, Y. Yang, J. Ling et al., Graphene textile strain sensor with negative resistance variation for human motion detection. ACS Nano 12(9), 9134–9141 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03391
  104. Y. Pang, K. Zhang, Z. Yang, S. Jiang, Z. Ju et al., Epidermis microstructure inspired graphene pressure sensor with random distributed spinosum for high sensitivity and large linearity. ACS Nano 12(3), 2346–2354 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07613
  105. Z. Yang, D.Y. Wang, Y. Pang, Y.X. Li, Q. Wang et al., Simultaneously detecting subtle and intensive human motions based on a silver nanops bridged graphene strain sensor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(4), 3948–3954 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16284
  106. L. Verger, C. Xu, V. Natu, H.M. Cheng, W. Ren et al., Overview of the synthesis of MXenes and other ultrathin 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 23(3), 149–163 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2019.02.001
  107. M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, 25th anniversary : MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials. Adv. Mater. 26(7), 992–1005 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304138
  108. M. Wu, B. Wang, Q. Hu, L. Wang, A. Zhou, The synthesis process and thermal stability of V2C MXene. Materials 11(11), 2112 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112112
  109. A. Feng, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, F. Jiang, Y. Yu et al., Two-dimensional MXene Ti3C2 produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Mater. Des. 114, 161–166 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.053
  110. M.R. Lukatskaya, O. Mashtalir, C.E. Ren, Y. Dall’Agnese, P. Rozier et al., Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide. Science 341(6153), 1502–1505 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241488
  111. J. Luo, X. Tao, J. Zhang, Y. Xia, H. Huang et al., Sn4+ ion decorated highly conductive Ti3V2 MXene: promising lithium-ion anodes with enhanced volumetric capacity and cyclic performance. ACS Nano 10(2), 2491–2499 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b07333
  112. M. Naguib, J. Halim, J. Lu, K.M. Cook, L. Hultman et al., New two-dimensional niobium and vanadium carbides as promising materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(43), 15966–15969 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405735d
  113. C. Xu, L. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Chen, J. Guo et al., Large-area high-quality 2D ultrathin Mo2C superconducting crystals. Nat. Mater. 14(11), 1135–1141 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4374
  114. J. Halim, S. Kota, M.R. Lukatskaya, M. Naguib, M.Q. Zhao et al., Synthesis and characterization of 2D molybdenum carbide (MXene). Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(18), 3118–3127 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505328
  115. V. Natu, M. Sokol, L. Verger, M.W. Barsoum, Effect of edge charges on stability and aggregation of Ti3C2Tz MXene colloidal suspensions. J. Phys. Chem. C 122(48), 27745–27753 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b08860
  116. C. Liu, Y. Bai, W. Li, F. Yang, G. Zhang et al., In situ growth of three-dimensional MXene/metal-organic framework composites for high-performance supercapacitors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 134(11), e202116282 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202116282
  117. Y. Li, X. Tian, S.P. Gao, L. Jing, K. Li et al., Reversible crumpling of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) nanocoatings for stretchable electromagnetic shielding and wearable wireless communication. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(5), 1907451 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907451
  118. L. Wang, N. Li, Y. Zhang, P. Di, M. Li et al., Flexible multiresponse-actuated nacre-like MXene nanocomposite for wearable human-machine interfacing. Matter 5(10), 3417–3431 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2022.06.052
  119. G. Gao, A.P. O’Mullane, A. Du, 2D MXenes: a new family of promising catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Catal. 7(1), 494–500 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b02754
  120. Y. Cheng, Y. Ma, L. Li, M. Zhu, Y. Yue et al., Bioinspired microspines for a high-performance spray Ti3C2Tx MXene-based piezoresistive sensor. ACS Nano 14(2), 2145–2155 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b08952
  121. H. Tan, Q. Tao, I. Pande, S. Majumdar, F. Liu et al., Tactile sensory coding and learning with bio-inspired optoelectronic spiking afferent nerves. Nat. Commun. 11, 1369 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15105-2
  122. H. Li, Z. Du, Preparation of a highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensor of MXene/silver nanocomposite-based yarn and wearable applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(49), 45930–45938 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19242
  123. Y. Lei, W. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Q. Jiang, J.H. He et al., A MXene-based wearable biosensor system for high-performance in vitro perspiration analysis. Small 15(19), 1901190 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901190
  124. G.Y. Gou, M.L. Jin, B.J. Lee, H. Tian, F. Wu et al., Flexible two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXene films as thermoacoustic devices. ACS Nano 13(11), 12613–12620 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b03889
  125. S. Sharma, A. Chhetry, M. Sharifuzzaman, H. Yoon, J.Y. Park, Wearable capacitive pressure sensor based on MXene composite nanofibrous scaffolds for reliable human physiological signal acquisition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(19), 22212–22224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c05819
  126. X. Shi, X. Fan, Y. Zhu, Y. Liu, P. Wu et al., Pushing detectability and sensitivity for subtle force to new limits with shrinkable nanochannel structured aerogel. Nat. Commun. 13, 1119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28760-4
  127. J. Liu, L. Mckeon, J. Garcia, S. Pinilla, S. Barwich et al., Additive manufacturing of Ti3C2-MXene-functionalized conductive polymer hydrogels for electromagnetic-interference shielding. Adv. Mater. 34(5), 2106253 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202106253
  128. D. Lei, N. Liu, T. Su, Q. Zhang, L. Wang et al., Roles of MXenes in pressure sensing: preparation, composite structure design and mechanism. Adv. Mater. 34(52), 2110608 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202110608
  129. Y. Lin, Q. Li, C. Ding, J. Wang, W. Yuan et al., High-resolution and large-size stretchable electrodes based on patterned silver nanowires composites. Nano Res. 15(5), 4590–4598 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4088-x
  130. Y. Liu, X. Xu, Y. Wei, Y. Chen, M. Gao et al., Tailoring silver nanowire nanocomposite interfaces to achieve superior stretchability, durability, and stability in transparent conductors. Nano Lett. 22(9), 3784–3792 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00876
  131. W. Li, H. Zhang, S. Shi, J. Xu, X. Qin et al., Recent progress in silver nanowire networks for flexible. Org. Electron. J. Mater. Chem. C 8(14), 4636–4674 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC06865A
  132. J.Y. Tseng, L. Lee, Y.C. Huang, J.H. Chang, T.Y. Su et al., Pressure welding of silver nanowires networks at room temperature as transparent electrodes for efficient organic light-emitting diodes. Small 14(38), 1800541 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201800541
  133. B. Li, X. Wen, R. Li, Z. Wang, P.G. Clem et al., Stress-induced phase transformation and optical coupling of silver nanop superlattices into mechanically stable nanowires. Nat. Commun. 5, 4179 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5179
  134. D. Eisele, H. Berlepsch, C. Bottcher, K.J. Stevenson, D.A.V. Bout et al., Photoinitiated growth of sub-7 nm silver nanowires within a chemically active organic nanotubular template. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(7), 2104–2105 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja907373h
  135. M.B. Gebeyehu, T.F. Chala, S.Y. Chang, C.M. Wu, J.Y. Lee, Synthesis and highly effective purification of silver nanowires to enhance transmittance at low sheet resistance with simple polyol and scalable selective precipitation method. RSC Adv. 7(26), 16139–16148 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA00238F
  136. M. Ćwik, D. Buczyńska, K. Sulowska, E. Roźniecka, S. Mackowski et al., Optical properties of submillimeter silver nanowires synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Materials 12(5), 721 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050721
  137. S. Mukherjee, X. Li, F. Gao, Z. Gu, An efficient silver etchant for the fabrication of active nanowires using anodized aluminum oxide templates. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 13(7), D50 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3418612
  138. N. Matsuhisa, S. Niu, S.J. O’Neill, J. Kang, Y. Ochiai et al., High-frequency and intrinsically stretchable polymer diodes. Nature 600(7888), 246–252 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04053-6
  139. H.G. Park, G.S. Heo, S.G. Park, H.C. Jeong, J.H. Lee et al., Silver nanowire networks as transparent conducting films for liquid crystal displays. ECS Solid State Lett. 4(10), R50 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0031510ssl
  140. P. Maisch, K.C. Tam, L. Lucera, H.J. Egelhaaf, H. Scheiber et al., Inkjet printed silver nanowire percolation networks as electrodes for highly efficient semitransparent organic solar cells. Org. Electron. 38, 139–143 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2016.08.006
  141. S. Cho, S. Kang, A. Pandya, R. Shanker, Z. Khan et al., Large-area cross-aligned silver nanowire electrodes for flexible, transparent, and force-sensitive mechanochromic touch screens. ACS Nano 11(4), 4346–4357 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01714
  142. M. Amjadi, A. Pichitpajongkit, S. Lee, S. Ryu, I. Park, Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on silver nanowire-elastomer nanocomposite. ACS Nano 8(5), 5154–5163 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn501204t
  143. Q. Sun, L. Wang, G. Ren, L. Zhang, H. Sheng et al., Smart band-aid: multifunctional and wearable electronic device for self-powered motion monitoring and human-machine interaction. Nano Energy 92, 106840 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106840
  144. G.A.R. Benatto, B. Roth, M. Corazza, R.R. Søndergaard, S.A. Gevorgyan et al., Roll-to-roll printed silver nanowires for increased stability of flexible ITO-free organic solar cell modules. Nanoscale 8(1), 318–326 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR07426F
  145. D.C. Choo, T.W. Kim, Degradation mechanisms of silver nanowire electrodes under ultraviolet irradiation and heat treatment. Sci. Rep. 7, 1696 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01843-9
  146. E.C. Garnett, W. Cai, J.J. Cha, F. Mahmood, S.T. Connor et al., Self-limited plasmonic welding of silver nanowire junctions. Nat. Mater. 11(3), 241–249 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3238
  147. T. Sannicolo, M. Lagrange, A. Cabos, C. Celle, J.P. Simonato et al., Metallic nanowire-based transparent electrodes for next generation flexible devices: a review. Small 12(44), 6052–6075 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201602581
  148. W. Gaynor, S. Hofmann, M.G. Christoforo, C. Sachse, S. Mehra et al., Color in the corners: ITO-free white OLEDs with angular color stability. Adv. Mater. 25(29), 4006–4013 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300923
  149. A.G. Ricciardulli, S. Yang, G.J.A. Wetzelaer, X. Feng, P.W. Blom, Hybrid silver nanowire and graphene-based solution-processed transparent electrode for organic optoelectronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(14), 1706010 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201706010
  150. B. Lee, J.Y. Oh, H. Cho, C.W. Joo, H. Yoon et al., Ultraflexible and transparent electroluminescent skin for real-time and super-resolution imaging of pressure distribution. Nat. Commun. 11, 663 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14485-9
  151. F. Guo, P. Kubis, T. Przybilla, E. Spiecker, A. Hollmann et al., Nanowire interconnects for printed large-area semitransparent organic photovoltaic modules. Adv. Energy Mater. 5(12), 1401779 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201401779
  152. Y.F. Yang, L.Q. Tao, Y. Pang, H. Tian, Z.Y. Ju et al., An ultrasensitive strain sensor with a wide strain range based on graphene armour scales. Nanoscale 10(24), 11524–11530 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR02652A
  153. Y. Hong, Y. Chi, S. Wu, Y. Li, Y. Zhu et al., Boundary curvature guided programmable shape-morphing kirigami sheets. Nat. Commun. 13, 530 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28187-x
  154. S. Lee, S. Shin, S. Lee, J. Seo, J. Lee et al., Ag nanowire reinforced highly stretchable conductive fibers for wearable electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(21), 3114–3121 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500628
  155. J. Kim, M. Kim, M.S. Lee, K. Kim, S. Ji et al., Wearable smart sensor systems integrated on soft contact lenses for wireless ocular diagnostics. Nat. Commun. 8, 14997 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14997
  156. J. Liang, K. Tong, Q. Pei, A water-based silver-nanowire screen-print ink for the fabrication of stretchable conductors and wearable thin-film transistors. Adv. Mater. 28(28), 5986–5996 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600772
  157. B. Hwang, A. Lund, Y. Tian, S. Darabi, C. Müller, Machine washable conductive silk yarns with a composite coating of Ag nanowires and PEDOT:PSS. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(24), 27537–27544 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c04316
  158. J. Jung, H. Lee, I. Ha, H. Cho, K.K. Kim et al., Highly stretchable and transparent electromagnetic interference shielding film based on silver nanowire percolation network for wearable electronics applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(51), 44609–44616 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b14626
  159. Q. Wang, H. Sheng, Y. Lv, J. Liang, Y. Liu et al., A skin-mountable hyperthermia patch based on metal nanofiber network with high transparency and low resistivity toward subcutaneous tumor treatment. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(21), 2111228 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111228
  160. H. Hu, S. Wang, S. Wang, G. Liu, T. Cao et al., Aligned silver nanowires enabled highly stretchable and transparent electrodes with unusual conductive property. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(33), 1902922 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201902922
  161. B. Li, B. Jiang, W. Han, M. He, X. Li et al., Harnessing colloidal crack formation by flow-enabled self-assembly. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56(16), 4554–4559 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201700457
  162. X. Wang, Z. Liu, T. Zhang, Flexible sensing electronics for wearable/attachable health monitoring. Small 13(25), 1602790 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201602790
  163. D. Jung, C. Lim, H.J. Shim, Y. Kim, C. Park et al., Highly conductive and elastic nanomembrane for skin electronics. Science 373(6558), 1022–1026 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh4357
  164. T. Yan, Z. Li, F. Cao, J. Chen, L. Wu et al., An all-organic self-powered photodetector with ultraflexible dual-polarity output for biosignal detection. Adv. Mater. 34(30), 2201303 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202201303
  165. P. Won, K.K. Kim, H. Kim, J.J. Park, I. Ha et al., Transparent soft actuators/sensors and camouflage skins for imperceptible soft robotics. Adv. Mater. 33(19), 2002397 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002397
  166. S. Choi, S.I. Han, D. Jung, H.J. Hwang, C. Lim et al., Highly conductive, stretchable and biocompatible Ag-Au core-sheath nanowire composite for wearable and implantable bioelectronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13(11), 1048–1056 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0226-8
  167. L. Liu, C. Wang, Z. Wu, Y. Xing, Ultralow-voltage-drivable artificial muscles based on a 3D structure MXene-PEDOT:PSS/AgNWs electrode. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(16), 18150–18158 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00760
  168. B. Lu, H. Yuk, S. Lin, N. Jian, K. Qu et al., Pure PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. Nat. Commun. 10, 1043 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09003-5
  169. Q. Ding, Z. Wu, K. Tao, Y. Wei, W. Wang et al., Environment tolerant, adaptable and stretchable organohydrogels: preparation, optimization, and applications. Mater. Horizons 9(5), 1356–1386 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MH01871J
  170. Z. Ma, C. Bourquard, Q. Gao, S. Jiang, T.D. Iure-Grimmel et al., Controlled tough bioadhesion mediated by ultrasound. Science 377(6607), 751–755 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn8699
  171. J. Ding, Z. Chen, X. Liu, Y. Tian, J. Jiang et al., A mechanically adaptive hydrogel neural interface based on silk fibroin for high-efficiency neural activity recording. Mater. Horizons 9(8), 2215–2225 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MH00533F
  172. Y. Ohm, C. Pan, M.J. Ford, X. Huang, J. Liao et al., An electrically conductive silver-polyacrylamide-alginate hydrogel composite for soft electronics. Nat. Electron. 4(3), 185–192 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00545-5
  173. H. Yuk, B. Lu, X. Zhao, Hydrogel bioelectronics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(6), 1642–1667 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00595H
  174. Y.Z. Zhang, J.K. El-Demellawi, Q. Jiang, G. Ge, H. Liang et al., MXene hydrogels: fundamentals and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49(20), 7229–7251 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00022A
  175. C. Wang, X. Chen, L. Wang, M. Makihata, H.C. Liu et al., Bioadhesive ultrasound for long-term continuous imaging of diverse organs. Science 377(6605), 517–523 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo2542
  176. K. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Xue, J. Lin, X. Liang et al., Tough hydrogel bioadhesives for sutureless wound sealing, hemostasis and biointerfaces. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(15), 2111465 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111465
  177. H.Y. Yuen, H.P. Bei, X. Zhao, Underwater and wet adhesion strategies for hydrogels in biomedical applications. Chem. Eng. J. 431, 133372 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133372
  178. Z. Shen, Z. Zhang, N. Zhang, J. Li, P. Zhou et al., High-stretchability, ultralow-hysteresis conducting polymer hydrogel strain sensors for soft machines. Adv. Mater. 34(32), 2203650 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202203650
  179. H. Fu, B. Wang, J. Li, J. Xu, J. Li et al., A self-healing, recyclable and conductive gelatin/nanofibrillated cellulose/Fe3+ hydrogel based on multi-dynamic interactions for a multifunctional strain sensor. Mater. Horizons 9(5), 1412–1421 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MH00028H
  180. P. Tan, H. Wang, F. Xiao, X. Lu, W. Shang et al., Solution-processable, soft, self-adhesive, and conductive polymer composites for soft electronics. Nat. Commun. 13, 358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28027-y
  181. L. Pan, P. Cai, L. Mei, Y. Cheng, Y. Zeng et al., A compliant ionic adhesive electrode with ultralow bioelectronic impedance. Adv. Mater. 32(38), 2003723 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003723
  182. Y. Qiao, G. Gou, H. Shuai, F. Han, H. Liu et al., Electromyogram-strain synergetic intelligent artificial throat. Chem. Eng. J. 449, 137741 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137741
  183. Y. Qiao, X. Li, J. Wang, S. Ji, T. Hirtz et al., Intelligent and multifunctional graphene nanomesh electronic skin with high comfort. Small 18(7), 2104810 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202104810
  184. R. Matsukawa, A. Miyamoto, T. Yokota, T. Someya, Skin impedance measurements with nanomesh electrodes for monitoring skin hydration. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 9(22), 2001322 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202001322
  185. A. Miyamoto, H. Kawasaki, S. Lee, T. Yokota, M. Amagai et al., Highly precise, continuous, long-term monitoring of skin electrical resistance by nanomesh electrodes. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11(10), 2102425 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202102425
  186. Y. Wang, S. Lee, T. Yokota, H. Wang, Z. Jiang et al., A durable nanomesh on-skin strain gauge for natural skin motion monitoring with minimum mechanical constraints. Sci. Adv. 6(33), eabb7043 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb7043
  187. C.F. Guo, T. Sun, Q. Liu, Z. Suo, Z. Ren, Highly stretchable and transparent nanomesh electrodes made by grain boundary lithography. Nat. Commun. 5, 3121 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4121
  188. C. Wang, X. Li, E. Gao, M. Jian, K. Xia et al., Carbonized silk fabric for ultrastretchable, highly sensitive, and wearable strain sensors. Adv. Mater. 28(31), 6640–6648 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601572
  189. X.C. Tan, J.M. Jian, Y.C. Qiao, T. Hirtz, G.H. Dun et al., Skin-mimicking, stretchable photodetector for skin-customized ultraviolet dosimetry. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7(8), 2101348 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101348
  190. W. Wang, Y. Ma, T. Wang, K. Ding, W. Zhao et al., Double-layered conductive network design of flexible strain sensors for high sensitivity and wide working range. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(32), 36611–36621 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c08285
  191. Z. Jia, Z. Li, S. Ma, W. Zhang, Y. Chen et al., Constructing conductive titanium carbide nanosheet (MXene) network on polyurethane/polyacrylonitrile fibre framework for flexible strain sensor. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 584, 1–10 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.035
  192. Y. Wang, W. Li, C. Li, B. Zhou, Y. Zhou et al., Fabrication of ultra-high working range strain sensor using carboxyl CNTs coated electrospun TPU assisted with dopamine. Appl. Surf. Sci. 566, 150705 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150705
  193. W. Wang, M.O.G. Nayeem, H. Wang, C. Wang, J.J. Kim et al., Gas-permeable highly sensitive nanomesh humidity sensor for continuous measurement of skin humidity. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7(12), 2200479 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202200479
  194. S.M. Taromsari, H.H. Shi, Z. Saadatnia, C.B. Park, H.E. Naguib, Design and development of ultra-sensitive, dynamically stable, multi-modal GnP@MXene nanohybrid electrospun strain sensors. Chem. Eng. J. 442, 136138 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136138
  195. B. Zhou, Z. Liu, C. Li, M. Liu, L. Jiang et al., A highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on dopamine modified electrospun SEBS fibers and MWCNTs with carboxylation. Adv. Electron. Mater. 7(8), 2100233 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202100233
  196. G. Yang, X. Tang, G. Zhao, Y. Li, C. Ma et al., Highly sensitive, direction-aware, and transparent strain sensor based on oriented electrospun nanofibers for wearable electronic applications. Chem. Eng. J. 435, 135004 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135004
  197. Y. Jia, X. Yue, Y. Wang, C. Yan, G. Zheng et al., Multifunctional stretchable strain sensor based on polydopamine/reduced graphene oxide/electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane fibrous mats for human motion detection and environment monitoring. Compos. B Eng. 183, 107696 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107696
  198. J. Gao, B. Li, X. Huang, L. Wang, L. Lin et al., Electrically conductive and fluorine free superhydrophobic strain sensors based on SiO2/graphene-decorated electrospun nanofibers for human motion monitoring. Chem. Eng. J. 373, 298–306 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.045
  199. W. Zhai, C. Wang, S. Wang, J. Li, Y. Zhao et al., Ultra-stretchable and multifunctional wearable electronics for superior electromagnetic interference shielding, electrical therapy and biomotion monitoring. J. Mater. Chem. A 9(11), 7238–7247 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA10991F
  200. Y. Li, J. Jia, H. Yu, S. Wang, Z.Y. Jin et al., Macromolecule relaxation directed 3D nanofiber architecture in stretchable fibrous mats for wearable multifunctional sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(13), 15678–15686 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c02090
  201. K. Yang, F. Yin, D. Xia, H. Peng, J. Yang et al., A highly flexible and multifunctional strain sensor based on a network-structured MXene/polyurethane mat with ultra-high sensitivity and a broad sensing range. Nanoscale 11(20), 9949–9957 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR00488B
  202. Y. Li, S. Wang, Z. Xiao, Y. Yang, B. Deng et al., Flexible TPU strain sensors with tunable sensitivity and stretchability by coupling AgNWs with rGO. J. Mater. Chem. C 8(12), 4040–4048 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC00029A
  203. Y. Zhou, P. Zhan, M. Ren, G. Zheng, K. Dai et al., Significant stretchability enhancement of a crack-based strain sensor combined with high sensitivity and superior durability for motion monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(7), 7405–7414 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b20768
  204. Y. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Yang, J.D. Gu, K. Ke et al., Aligned wave-like elastomer fibers with robust conductive layers via electroless deposition for stretchable electrode applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 9(42), 8801–8808 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TB01441B
  205. J. Huang, D. Li, M. Zhao, A. Mensah, P. Lv et al., Highly sensitive and stretchable CNT-bridged AgNP strain sensor based on TPU electrospun membrane for human motion detection. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5(6), 1900241 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900241
  206. S. Cheng, Z. Wu, Microfluidic stretchable RF electronics. Lab Chip 10(23), 3227–3234 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/c005159d
  207. S. Cheng, Z. Wu, A microfluidic, reversibly stretchable, large-area wireless strain sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(12), 2282–2290 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002508
  208. S.H. Jeong, S. Chen, J. Huo, E.K. Gamstedt, J. Liu et al., Mechanically stretchable and electrically insulating thermal elastomer composite by liquid alloy droplet embedment. Sci. Rep. 5, 18257 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18257
  209. B. Wang, J. Gao, J. Jiang, Z. Hu, K. Hjort et al., Liquid metal microscale deposition enabled high resolution and density epidermal microheater for localized ectopic expression in drosophila. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7(3), 2100903 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202100903
  210. B. Wang, K. Wu, K. Hjort, C. Guo, Z. Wu, High-performance liquid alloy patterning of epidermal strain sensors for local fine skin movement monitoring. Soft Robot. 6(3), 414–421 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2018.0008
  211. E.J. Markvicka, M.D. Bartlett, X. Huang, C. Majidi, An autonomously electrically self-healing liquid metal-elastomer composite for robust soft-matter robotics and electronics. Nat. Mater. 17(7), 618–624 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0084-7
  212. D. Liu, L. Su, J. Liao, B. Reeja-Jayan, C. Majidi, Rechargeable soft-matter EGaIn-MnO2 battery for stretchable electronics. Adv. Energy Mater. 9(46), 1902798 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902798
  213. M. Kim, D.K. Brown, O. Brand, Nanofabrication for all-soft and high-density electronic devices based on liquid metal. Nat. Commun. 11, 1002 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14814-y
  214. Z.J. Farrell, C. Tabor, Control of gallium oxide growth on liquid metal eutectic gallium/indium nanops via thiolation. Langmuir 34(1), 234–240 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03384
  215. S.H. Jeong, K. Hjort, Z. Wu, Tape transfer atomization patterning of liquid alloys for microfluidic stretchable wireless power transfer. Sci. Rep. 5, 8419 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08419
  216. H.J. Kim, C. Son, B. Ziaie, A multiaxial stretchable interconnect using liquid-alloy-filled elastomeric microchannels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(1), 011904 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2829595
  217. M. Tavakoli, M.H. Malakooti, H. Paisana, Y. Ohm, D.G. Marques et al., EGaIn-assisted room-temperature sintering of silver nanops for stretchable, inkjet-printed, thin-film electronics. Adv. Mater. 30(29), 1801852 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801852
  218. C. Ladd, J.H. So, J. Muth, M.D. Dickey, 3D printing of free standing liquid metal microstructures. Adv. Mater. 25(36), 5081–5085 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301400
  219. R.K. Kramer, C. Majidi, R.J. Wood, Masked deposition of gallium-indium alloys for liquid-embedded elastomer conductors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(42), 5292–5296 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201203589
  220. Q. Wang, Y. Yu, J. Yang, J. Liu, Fast fabrication of flexible functional circuits based on liquid metal dual-trans printing. Adv. Mater. 27(44), 7109–7116 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201502200
  221. S. Zhang, B. Wang, J. Jiang, K. Wu, C.F. Guo et al., High-fidelity conformal printing of 3D liquid alloy circuits for soft electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(7), 7148–7156 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b20595
  222. R. Zhao, R. Guo, X. Xu, J. Liu, A fast and cost-effective transfer printing of liquid metal inks for three-dimensional wiring in flexible electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(32), 36723–36730 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08931
  223. P.U. Unschuld, H. Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. (Univ. California Press, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520948181
  224. L. Xu, Z. Huang, Z. Deng, Z. Du, T.L. Sun et al., A transparent, highly stretchable, solvent-resistant, recyclable multifunctional ionogel with underwater self-healing and adhesion for reliable strain sensors. Adv. Mater. 33(51), 2105306 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105306
  225. Y. Su, C. Chen, H. Pan, Y. Yang, G. Chen et al., Muscle fibers inspired high-performance piezoelectric textiles for wearable physiological monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(19), 2010962 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202010962
  226. Q. Wu, Y. Qiao, R. Guo, S. Naveed, T. Hirtz et al., Triode-mimicking graphene pressure sensor with positive resistance variation for physiology and motion monitoring. ACS Nano 14(8), 10104–10114 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03294
  227. J. Chen, H. Liu, W. Wang, N. Nabulsi, W. Zhao et al., High durable, biocompatible, and flexible piezoelectric pulse sensor using single-crystalline III-N thin film. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(37), 1903162 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903162
  228. C.M. Boutry, L. Beker, Y. Kaizawa, C. Vassos, H. Tran et al., Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3(1), 47–57 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-018-0336-5
  229. D.Y. Park, D.J. Joe, D.H. Kim, H. Park, J.H. Han et al., Self-powered real-time arterial pulse monitoring using ultrathin epidermal piezoelectric sensors. Adv. Mater. 29(37), 1702308 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702308
  230. Z. He, W. Chen, B. Liang, C. Liu, L. Yang et al., Capacitive pressure sensor with high sensitivity and fast response to dynamic interaction based on graphene and porous nylon networks. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(15), 12816–12823 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01050
  231. H. Kim, G. Kim, T. Kim, S. Lee, D. Kang et al., Transparent, flexible, conformal capacitive pressure sensors with nanops. Small 14(8), 1703432 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703432
  232. Y. Ming, Y. Yang, R.P. Fu, C. Lu, L. Zhao et al., IPMC sensor integrated smart glove for pulse diagnosis, braille recognition, and human-computer interaction. Adv. Mater. Technol. 3(12), 1800257 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800257
  233. Y. Qiao, Y. Wang, H. Tian, M. Li, J. Jian et al., Multilayer graphene epidermal electronic skin. ACS Nano 12(9), 8839–8846 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b02162
  234. Y.H. Kwak, W. Kim, K.B. Park, K. Kim, S. Seo, Flexible heartbeat sensor for wearable device. Biosens. Bioelectron. 94, 250–255 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.016
  235. Y.R. Jeong, H. Park, S.W. Jin, S.Y. Hong, S.S. Lee et al., Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors using fragmentized graphene foam. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(27), 4228–4236 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201501000
  236. Y. Pang, Z. Yang, X. Han, J. Jian, Y. Li et al., Multifunctional mechanical sensors for versatile physiological signal detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(50), 44173–44182 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b16237
  237. Y. Liu, L. Zhao, R. Avila, C. Yiu, T. Wong et al., Epidermal electronics for respiration monitoring via thermo-sensitive measuring. Mater. Today Phys. 13, 100199 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2020.100199
  238. S. Wang, Y. Jiang, H. Tai, B. Liu, Z. Duan et al., An integrated flexible self-powered wearable respiration sensor. Nano Energy 63, 103829 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.06.025
  239. X. Huang, B. Li, L. Wang, X. Lai, H. Xue et al., Superhydrophilic, underwater superoleophobic, and highly stretchable humidity and chemical vapor sensors for human breath detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(27), 24533–24543 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b04304
  240. L. Chen, M. Lu, H. Yang, J.R.S. Avila, B. Shi et al., Textile based capacitive sensor for physical rehabilitation via surface topological modification. ACS Nano 14(7), 8191–8201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01643
  241. B. Li, G. Xiao, F. Liu, Y. Qiao, C.M. Li et al., A flexible humidity sensor based on silk fabrics for human respiration monitoring. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(16), 4549–4554 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC00238J
  242. H. Xue, Q. Yang, D. Wang, W. Luo, W. Wang et al., A wearable pyroelectric nanogenerator and self-powered breathing sensor. Nano Energy 38, 147–154 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.056
  243. S. Wang, H. Tai, B. Liu, Z. Duan, Z. Yuan et al., A facile respiration-driven triboelectric nanogenerator for multifunctional respiratory monitoring. Nano Energy 58, 312–321 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.01.042
  244. M. Capecci, C. Serpicelli, L. Fiorentini, G. Censi, M. Ferretti et al., Postural rehabilitation and kinesio taping for axial postural disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 95(6), 1067–1075 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.020
  245. L. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Yang, X. Tao, Y. Zi et al., Solvent-free adhesive ionic elastomer for multifunctional stretchable electronics. Nano Energy 91, 106611 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106611
  246. S. Xu, Z. Fan, S. Yang, Y. Zhao, L. Pan, Flexible, self-powered and multi-functional strain sensors comprising a hybrid of carbon nanocoils and conducting polymers. Chem. Eng. J. 404, 126064 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126064
  247. Y. Cao, Y. Guo, Z. Chen, W. Yang, K. Li et al., Highly sensitive self-powered pressure and strain sensor based on crumpled MXene film for wireless human motion detection. Nano Energy 92, 106689 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106689
  248. Y. Tian, D.Y. Wang, Y.T. Li, H. Tian, Y. Yang et al., Highly sensitive, wide-range, and flexible pressure sensor based on honeycomb-like graphene network. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 67(5), 2153–2156 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2020.2982998
  249. A.M. Tahir, M.E. Chowdhury, A. Khandakar, S. Al-Hamouz, M. Abdalla et al., A systematic approach to the design and characterization of a smart insole for detecting vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) in gait analysis. Sensors 20(4), 957 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20040957
  250. W. Tao, T. Liu, R. Zheng, H. Feng, Gait analysis using wearable sensors. Sensors 12(2), 2255–2283 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/s120202255
  251. G. Fang, X. Yang, Q. Wang, A. Zhang, B. Tang, Hydrogels-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems for treatment of ocular diseases. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 127, 112212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112212
  252. X. Zhao, X. Chen, H. Yuk, S. Lin, X. Liu et al., Soft materials by design: unconventional polymer networks give extreme properties. Chem. Rev. 121(8), 4309–4372 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01088
  253. N.M. Farandos, A.K. Yetisen, M.J. Monteiro, C.R. Lowe, S.H. Yun, Contact lens sensors in ocular diagnostics. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4(6), 792–810 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201400504
  254. J. Kim, J. Kim, M. Ku, E. Cha, S. Ju et al., Intraocular pressure monitoring following islet transplantation to the anterior chamber of the eye. Nano Lett. 20(3), 1517–1525 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03605
  255. H. An, L. Chen, X. Liu, B. Zhao, H. Zhang et al., Microfluidic contact lenses for unpowered, continuous and non-invasive intraocular pressure monitoring. Sens. Actuators A 295, 177–187 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.04.050
  256. Y. Wei, Y. Qiao, G. Jiang, Y. Wang, F. Wang et al., A wearable skinlike ultra-sensitive artificial graphene throat. ACS Nano 13(8), 8639–8647 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b03218
  257. Q. Liu, J. Chen, Y. Li, G. Shi, High-performance strain sensors with fish-scale-like graphene-sensing layers for full-range detection of human motions. ACS Nano 10(8), 7901–7906 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b03813
  258. W. Tang, R. Liu, Y. Shi, C. Hu, S. Bai et al., From finger friction to brain activation: tactile perception of the roughness of gratings. J. Adv. Res. 21, 129–139 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2019.11.001
  259. S.N. Flesher, J.E. Downey, J.M. Weiss, C.L. Hughes, A.J. Herrera et al., A brain-computer interface that evokes tactile sensations improves robotic arm control. Science 372(6544), 831–836 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd0380
  260. S. Chun, J.S. Kim, Y. Yoo, Y. Choi, S.J. Jung et al., An artificial neural tactile sensing system. Nat. Electron. 4(6), 429–438 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00585-x
  261. Z. Song, J. Yin, Z. Wang, C. Lu, Z. Yang et al., A flexible triboelectric tactile sensor for simultaneous material and texture recognition. Nano Energy 93, 106798 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106798
  262. Y.W. Cai, X.N. Zhang, G.G. Wang, G.Z. Li, D.Q. Zhao et al., A flexible ultra-sensitive triboelectric tactile sensor of wrinkled PDMS/MXene composite films for e-skin. Nano Energy 81, 105663 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105663
  263. M. Zhu, M. Lou, J. Yu, Z. Li, B. Ding, Energy autonomous hybrid electronic skin with multi-modal sensing capabilities. Nano Energy 78, 105208 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105208
  264. W. Lin, B. Wang, G. Peng, Y. Shan, H. Hu et al., Skin-inspired piezoelectric tactile sensor array with crosstalk-free row+column electrodes for spatiotemporally distinguishing diverse stimuli. Adv. Sci. 8(3), 2002817 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202002817
  265. K. Kim, M. Sim, S.H. Lim, D. Kim, D. Lee et al., Tactile avatar: tactile sensing system mimicking human tactile cognition. Adv. Sci. 8(7), 2002362 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202002362
  266. H. Wang, Y. Cen, X. Zeng, Highly sensitive flexible tactile sensor mimicking the microstructure perception behavior of human skin. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(24), 28538–28545 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c04079
  267. S. Luo, X. Zhou, X. Tang, J. Li, D. Wei et al., Microconformal electrode-dielectric integration for flexible ultrasensitive robotic tactile sensing. Nano Energy 80, 105580 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105580
  268. S.H. Lee, Y.S. Kim, W.H. Yeo, Advances in microsensors and wearable bioelectronics for digital stethoscopes in health monitoring and disease diagnosis. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 10(22), 2101400 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202101400
  269. T.R. Reed, N.E. Reed, P. Fritzson, Heart sound analysis for symptom detection and computer-aided diagnosis. Simul. Model Pract. Theory 12(2), 129–146 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2003.11.005
  270. M. Wang, B. Guo, Y. Hu, Z. Zhao, C. Liu et al., Transfer learning models for detecting six categories of phonocardiogram recordings. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 9(3), 86 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9030086
  271. S. Mangione, L.Z. Nieman, Cardiac auscultatory skills of internal medicine and family practice trainees: a comparison of diagnostic proficiency. JAMA 278(9), 717–722 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550090041030
  272. Y. Hu, Y. Xu, An ultra-sensitive wearable accelerometer for continuous heart and lung sound monitoring. In: 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Diego, CA, USA, pp 694–697 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346026
  273. H. Chen, S. Yu, H. Liu, J. Liu, Y. Xiao et al., A two-stage amplified PZT sensor for monitoring lung and heart sounds in discharged pneumonia patients. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 7, 55 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-021-00274-x
  274. Y. Cotur, M. Kasimatis, M. Kaisti, S. Olenik, C. Georgiou et al., Stretchable composite acoustic transducer for wearable monitoring of vital signs. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(16), 1910288 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910288
  275. E. Andreozzi, G.D. Gargiulo, D. Esposito, P. Bifulco, A novel broadband forcecardiography sensor for simultaneous monitoring of respiration, infrasonic cardiac vibrations and heart sounds. Front. Physiol. 12, 725716 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.725716
  276. P. Gupta, M.J. Moghimi, Y. Jeong, D. Gupta, O.T. Inan et al., Precision wearable accelerometer contact microphones for longitudinal monitoring of mechano-acoustic cardiopulmonary signals. NPJ Digit. Med. 3, 19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0225-7
  277. M.O.G. Nayeem, S. Lee, H. Jin, N. Matsuhisa, H. Jinno et al., All-nanofiber-based, ultrasensitive, gas-permeable mechanoacoustic sensors for continuous long-term heart monitoring. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117(13), 7063–7070 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920911117
  278. S.J. Jung, H.S. Shin, W.Y. Chung, Driver fatigue and drowsiness monitoring system with embedded electrocardiogram sensor on steering wheel. IET Intell. Transp. Syst. 8(1), 43–50 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2012.0032
  279. I.P. Martins, M. Westerfield, M. Lopes, C. Maruta, R. Gil-da-Costa, Brain state monitoring for the future prediction of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 40(3), 255–265 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419877660
  280. T.B. Alakus, M. Gonen, I. Turkoglu, Database for an emotion recognition system based on EEG signals and various computer games-GAMEEMO. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 60, 101951 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101951
  281. J. Jeppesen, A. Fuglsang-Frederiksen, P. Johansen, J. Christensen, S. Wüstenhagen et al., Seizure detection based on heart rate variability using a wearable electrocardiography device. Epilepsia 60(10), 2105–2113 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16343
  282. R. Asif, S. Saleem, S.A. Hassan, S.A. Alharbi, A.M. Kamboh, Epileptic seizure detection with a reduced montage: a way forward for ambulatory EEG devices. IEEE Access 8, 65880–65890 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2983917
  283. Z. Cao, C.T. Lin, W. Ding, M.H. Chen, C.T. Li et al., Identifying ketamine responses in treatment-resistant depression using a wearable forehead EEG. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 66(6), 1668–1679 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2018.2877651
  284. M.L.B. Freitas, J.J.A. Mendes, D.P. Campos, S.L. Stevan, Hand gestures classification using multichannel sEMG armband. XXVI Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering, 239–246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2517-5_37
  285. S. Maragliulo, P.F.A. Lopes, L.B. Osório, A.T. Almeida, M. Tavakoli, Foot gesture recognition through dual channel wearable EMG system. IEEE Sens. J. 19(22), 10187–10197 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2931715
  286. H. Liu, W. Dong, Y. Li, F. Li, J. Geng et al., An epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch as a new human-machine interface for patients with loss of voice. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 6, 16 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-019-0127-5
  287. J.W. Jeong, W.H. Yeo, A. Akhtar, J.J. Norton, Y.J. Kwack et al., Materials and optimized designs for human-machine interfaces via epidermal electronics. Adv. Mater. 25(47), 6839–6846 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301921
  288. B. Xu, A. Akhtar, Y. Liu, H. Chen, W.H. Yeo et al., An epidermal s
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 6628 Download : 5026

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>