Issue

Vol. 8 No. 2 (2016)

A Review on Graphene-Based Gas/Vapor Sensors with Unique Properties and Potential Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0073-1
Tao Wang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Da Huang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Zhi Yang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Shusheng Xu
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Guili He
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Xiaolin Li
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Nantao Hu
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Guilin Yin
National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
Dannong He
National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
Liying Zhang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Liying Zhang

liyingzhang@sjtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 8 No. 2 (2016), Article Number: 95-119

Abstract

Graphene-based gas/vapor sensors have attracted much attention in recent years due to their variety of structures, unique sensing performances, room-temperature working conditions, and tremendous application prospects, etc. Herein, we summarize recent advantages in graphene preparation, sensor construction, and sensing properties of various graphene-based gas/vapor sensors, such as NH3, NO2, H2, CO, SO2, H2S, as well as vapor of volatile organic compounds. The detection mechanisms pertaining to various gases are also discussed. In conclusion part, some existing problems which may hinder the sensor applications are presented. Several possible methods to solve these problems are proposed, for example, conceived solutions, hybrid nanostructures, multiple sensor arrays, and new recognition algorithm.

Keywords

Graphene Gas/Vapor sensor Chemiresistor Detection mechanism
Wang, Tao, Da Huang, Zhi Yang, Shusheng Xu, Guili He, Xiaolin Li, Nantao Hu, Guilin Yin, Dannong He, and Liying Zhang. 2015. “A Review on Graphene-Based Gas/Vapor Sensors With Unique Properties and Potential Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 8 (2):95-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0073-1.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. J.G. Stevens, L.H. Bowen, K.M. Whatley, Moessbauer spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 62(12), 125R–139R (1990). doi:10.1021/ac00211a003
  2. J. Janata, Chemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 64(12), 196–219 (1992). doi:10.1021/ac00036a012
  3. J. Janata, M. Josowicz, D.M. DeVaney, Chemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 66(12), 207R–228R (1994). doi:10.1021/ac00084a010
  4. J. Janata, M. Josowicz, P. Vanýsek, D.M. DeVaney, Chemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 70(12), 179–208 (1998). doi:10.1021/a1980010w
  5. F. Zee, J.W. Judy, Micromachined polymer-based chemical gas sensor array. Sens. Actuators B 72(2), 120–128 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00638-9
  6. Y. Itagaki, K. Deki, S. Nakashima, Y. Sadaoka, Toxic gas detection using porphyrin dispersed polymer composites. Sens. Actuators B 108(1–2), 393–397 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2004.10.055
  7. H.K. Imad, H.A. Hassan, Q.N. Abdullah, Hydrogen gas sensor based on nanocrystalline SnO2 thin film grown on bare Si substrates. Nano-Micro Lett. 7(2), 97–120 (2015). doi:10.1007/s40820-015-0057-1
  8. H. Bai, L. Zhao, C.H. Lu, C. Li, G.Q. Shi, Composite nanofibers of conducting polymers and hydrophobic insulating polymers: preparation and sensing applications. Polymer 50(14), 3292–3301 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.066
  9. M.R. Mohammadi, D.J. Fray, Development of nanocrystalline TiO2-Er2O3 and TiO2-Ta2O5 thin film gas sensors: controlling the physical and sensing properties. Sens. Actuators B 141(1), 76–84 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.05.026
  10. J.S. Lee, O.S. Kwon, S.J. Park, E.Y. Park, S.A. You, H. Yoon, J. Jang, Fabrication of ultrafine metal-oxide-decorated carbon nanofibers for DMMP sensor application. ACS Nano 5(10), 7992–8001 (2011). doi:10.1021/nn202471f
  11. C. Li, G. Shi, Three-dimensional graphene architectures. Nanoscale 4(18), 5549–5563 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2nr31467c
  12. D. Wang, A. Chen, A.K. Jen, Reducing cross-sensitivity of TiO2-(B) nanowires to humidity using ultraviolet illumination for trace explosive detection. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15(14), 5017–5021 (2013). doi:10.1039/c3cp43454k
  13. G. Yang, C. Lee, J. Kim, F. Ren, S.J. Pearton, Flexible graphene-based chemical sensors on paper substrates. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15(6), 1798–1801 (2013). doi:10.1039/c2cp43717a
  14. Z. Chen, J. Appenzeller, J. Knoch, Y.M. Lin, P. Avouris, The role of metal-nanotube contact in the performance of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Nano Lett. 5(7), 1497–1502 (2005). doi:10.1021/Nl0508624
  15. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004). doi:10.1126/science.1102896
  16. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M.I. Katsnelson, I.V. Grigorieva, S.V. Dubonos, A.A. Firsov, Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438(7065), 197–200 (2005). doi:10.1038/nature04233
  17. Y. Zhang, Y.W. Tan, H.L. Stormer, P. Kim, Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 438(7065), 201–204 (2005). doi:10.1038/nature04235
  18. C. Berger, Z. Song, X. Li, X. Wu, N. Brown et al., Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene. Science 312(5777), 1191–1196 (2006). doi:10.1126/science.1125925
  19. A.C. Ferrari, J.C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri et al., Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(18), 187401 (2006). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401
  20. Y.W. Son, M.L. Cohen, S.G. Louie, Energy gaps in graphene nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(21), 216803 (2006). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.216803
  21. S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, G.H. Dommett, K.M. Kohlhaas, E.J. Zimney, E.A. Stach, R.D. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442(7100), 282–286 (2006). doi:10.1038/nature04969
  22. A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007). doi:10.1038/nmat1849
  23. M.Y. Han, B. Ozyilmaz, Y. Zhang, P. Kim, Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(20), 206805 (2007). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.206805
  24. F. Schedin, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, E.W. Hill, P. Blake, M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(9), 652–655 (2007). doi:10.1038/nmat1967
  25. S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K.A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45(7), 1558–1565 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034
  26. A.A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao, C.N. Lau, Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 8(3), 902–907 (2008). doi:10.1021/nl0731872
  27. K.I. Bolotin, K.J. Sikes, Z. Jiang, M. Klima, G. Fudenberg, J. Hone, P. Kim, H.L. Stormer, Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun. 146(9–10), 351–355 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024
  28. D. Li, M.B. Muller, S. Gilje, R.B. Kaner, G.G. Wallace, Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(2), 101–105 (2008). doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.451
  29. X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, H. Dai, Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors. Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008). doi:10.1126/science.1150878
  30. R.R. Nair, P. Blake, A.N. Grigorenko, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth, T. Stauber, N.M. Peres, A.K. Geim, Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008). doi:10.1126/science.1156965
  31. M.D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett. 8(10), 3498–3502 (2008). doi:10.1021/nl802558y
  32. X. Wang, L. Zhi, K. Mullen, Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 8(1), 323–327 (2008). doi:10.1021/nl072838r
  33. A.H. Castro Neto, N.M.R. Peres, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009). doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109
  34. A.K. Geim, Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324(5934), 1530–1534 (2009). doi:10.1126/science.1158877
  35. K.S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S.Y. Lee, J.M. Kim et al., Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 457(7230), 706–710 (2009). doi:10.1038/nature07719
  36. X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah et al., Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324(5932), 1312–1314 (2009). doi:10.1126/science.1171245
  37. A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son, V. Bulovic, M.S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong, Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 9(1), 30–35 (2009). doi:10.1021/nl801827v
  38. S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.S. Park et al., Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(8), 574–578 (2010). doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.132
  39. D.R. Dreyer, S. Park, C.W. Bielawski, R.S. Ruoff, The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39(1), 228–240 (2010). doi:10.1039/b917103g
  40. R. Bogue, Nanomaterials for gas sensing: a review of recent research. Sensor Rev. 34(1), 1–8 (2014). doi:10.1108/Sr-03-2013-637
  41. L. Al-Mashat, K. Shin, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.D. Plessis, S.H. Han et al., Graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite for hydrogen sensing. J. Phys. Chem. C 114(39), 16168–16173 (2010). doi:10.1021/Jp103134u
  42. X.Q. An, J.C. Yu, Y. Wang, Y.M. Hu, X.L. Yu, G.J. Zhang, WO3 nanorods/graphene nanocomposites for high-efficiency visible-light-driven photocatalysis and NO2 gas sensing. J. Mater. Chem. 22(17), 8525–8531 (2012). doi:10.1039/C2jm16709c
  43. Y. Dan, Y. Lu, N.J. Kybert, Z. Luo, A.T. Johnson, Intrinsic response of graphene vapor sensors. Nano Lett. 9(4), 1472–1475 (2009). doi:10.1021/nl8033637
  44. M. Malekalaie, M. Jahangiri, A.M. Rashidi, A. Haghighiasl, N. Izadi, Selective hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sensors based on molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticle decorated reduced graphene oxide. Mater. Sci. Semicon. Process. 38, 93–100 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2015.03.034
  45. J.D. Fowler, M.J. Allen, V.C. Tung, Y. Yang, R.B. Kaner, B.H. Weiller, Practical chemical sensors from chemically derived graphene. ACS Nano 3(2), 301–306 (2009). doi:10.1021/nn800593m
  46. Q. Ji, I. Honma, S.M. Paek, M. Akada, J.P. Hill, A. Vinu, K. Ariga, Layer-by-layer films of graphene and ionic liquids for highly selective gas sensing. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49(50), 9737–9979 (2010). doi:10.1002/anie.201004929
  47. M.M. Alaie, M. Jahangiri, A.M. Rashidi, A.H. Asl, N. Izadi, A novel selective H2S sensor using dodecylamine and ethylenediamine functionalized graphene oxide. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 29, 97–103 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.021
  48. S.M.J. Khadem, Y. Abdi, S. Darbari, F. Ostovari, Investigating the effect of gas absorption on the electromechanical and electrochemical behavior of graphene/ZnO structure, suitable for highly selective and sensitive gas sensors. Curr. Appl. Phys. 14(11), 1498–1503 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.cap.2014.07.020
  49. G. Lu, L.E. Ocola, J. Chen, Reduced graphene oxide for room-temperature gas sensors. Nanotechnology 20(44), 445502 (2009). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/44/445502
  50. G. Lu, S. Park, K. Yu, R.S. Ruoff, L.E. Ocola, D. Rosenmann, J. Chen, Toward practical gas sensing with highly reduced graphene oxide: a new signal processing method to circumvent run-to-run and device-to-device variations. ACS Nano 5(2), 1154–1164 (2011). doi:10.1021/nn102803q
  51. S. Rumyantsev, G. Liu, M.S. Shur, R.A. Potyrailo, A.A. Balandin, Selective gas sensing with a single pristine graphene transistor. Nano Lett. 12(5), 2294–2298 (2012). doi:10.1021/nl3001293
  52. H.J. Song, L.C. Zhang, C.L. He, Y. Qu, Y.F. Tian, Y. Lv, Graphene sheets decorated with SnO2 nanoparticles: in situ synthesis and highly efficient materials for cataluminescence gas sensors. J. Mater. Chem. 21(16), 5972–5977 (2011). doi:10.1039/C0jm04331a
  53. J. Yi, W. Park II, Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods and graphene hybrid architectures for high-sensitive flexible gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 155(1), 264–269 (2011). doi:10.1039/C0jm04331a
  54. E. Akbari, V.K. Arora, A. Enzevaee, M.T. Ahmadi, M. Khaledian, R. Yusof, Gas concentration effects on the sensing properties of bilayer graphene. Plasmonics 9(4), 987–992 (2014). doi:10.1007/s11468-014-9705-4
  55. A. Omidvar, A. Mohajeri, Edge-functionalized graphene nanoflakes as selective gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 202, 622–630 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.05.136
  56. E. Akbari, V.K. Arora, A. Enzevaee, M.T. Ahmadi, M. Saeidmanesh, M. Khaledian, H. Karimi, R. Yusof, An analytical approach to evaluate the performance of graphene and carbon nanotubes for NH3 gas sensor applications. Beilstein J. Nanotech. 5, 726–734 (2014). doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.85
  57. R. Bogue, Graphene sensors: a review of recent developments. Sensor Rev. 34(3), 233–238 (2014). doi:10.1108/Sr-03-2014-631
  58. W.J. Yuan, G.Q. Shi, Graphene-based gas sensors. J. Mater. Chem. A 1(35), 10078–10091 (2013). doi:10.1039/C3ta11774j
  59. T. Seiyama, A. Kato, K. Fujiishi, M. Nagatani, A new detector for gaseous components using semiconductive thin films. Anal. Chem. 34(11), 1502–1503 (1962). doi:10.1021/ac60191a001
  60. P.J. Shaver, Activated tungsten oxide gas detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 11(8), 255 (1967). doi:10.1063/1.1755123
  61. Z.Q. Wu, X.D. Chen, S.B. Zhu, Z.W. Zhou, Y. Yao, W. Quan, B. Liu, Enhanced sensitivity of ammonia sensor using graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite. Sens. Actuators B 178, 485–493 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.014
  62. E. Akbari, R. Yusof, M.T. Ahmadi, A. Enzevaee, M.J. Kiani, H. Karimi, M. Rahmani, Bilayer graphene application on NO2 sensor modelling. J. Nanomater. 2014, 1–7 (2014). doi:10.1155/2014/534105
  63. N.T. Hu, Y.Y. Wang, J. Chai, R.G. Gao, Z. Yang, E.S.W. Kong, Y.F. Zhang, Gas sensor based on p-phenylenediamine reduced graphene oxide. Sens. Actuators B 163(1), 107–114 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.01.016
  64. K.S. Subrahmanyam, L.S. Panchakarla, A. Govindaraj, C.N.R. Rao, Simple method of preparing graphene flakes by an arc-discharge method. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(11), 4257–4259 (2009). doi:10.1021/Jp900791y
  65. K.S. Subrahmanyam, S.R.C. Vivekchand, A. Govindaraj, C.N.R. Rao, A study of graphenes prepared by different methods: characterization, properties and solubilization. J. Mater. Chem. 18(13), 1517–1523 (2008). doi:10.1039/B716536f
  66. R. Paola, H. Anming, C. Giuseppe, Synthesis, properties and potential applications of porous graphene: a review. Nano-Micro Lett. 5(4), 260–273 (2013). doi:10.5101/nml.v5i4.p260-273
  67. Z. Yang, R.G. Gao, N.T. Hu, J. Chai, Y.W. Cheng, L.Y. Zhang, H. Wei, E.S.W. Kong, Y.F. Zhang, The prospective two-dimensional graphene nanosheets: preparation, functionalization, and applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 4(1), 1–9 (2012). doi:10.3786/nml.v4i1.p1-9
  68. C. Berger, Z.M. Song, T.B. Li, X.B. Li, A.Y. Ogbazghi et al., Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. J. Phys. Chem. B 108(52), 19912–19916 (2004). doi:10.1021/Jp040650f
  69. T.A. Land, T. Michely, R.J. Behm, J.C. Hemminger, G. Comsa, STM investigation of single layer graphite structures produced on Pt(111) by hydrocarbon decomposition. Surf. Sci. 264(3), 261–270 (1992). doi:10.1016/0039-6028(92)90183-7
  70. S. Marchini, S. Gunther, J. Wintterlin, Scanning tunneling microscopy of graphene on Ru(0001). Phys. Rev. B 76, 075429 (2007). doi:10.1103/Physrevb.76.075429
  71. J. Coraux, A.T. N’Diaye, C. Busse, T. Michely, Structural coherency of graphene on Ir(111). Nano Lett. 8(2), 565–570 (2008). doi:10.1021/nl0728874
  72. V.C. Tung, M.J. Allen, Y. Yang, R.B. Kaner, High-throughput solution processing of large-scale graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(1), 25–29 (2009). doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.329
  73. B.C. Brodie, On the atomic weight of graphite. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 149, 249–259 (1859). doi:10.1098/rstl.1859.0013
  74. L. Staudenmaier, Verfahren zur darstellung der graphitsäure. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 31(2), 1481–1487 (1898). doi:10.1002/cber.18980310237
  75. W.S. Hummers, R.E. Offeman, Preparation of graphitic oxide. JACS 80(6), 1339–1339 (1958). doi:10.1021/ja01539a017
  76. J.Y. Cao, L.Z. Song, J.L. Tang, J. Xu, W.C. Wang, Z.D. Chen, Enhanced activity of Pd nanoparticles supported on Vulcan XC72R carbon pretreated via a modified Hummers method for formic acid electrooxidation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 274, 138–143 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.02.133
  77. C. Botas, P. Alvarez, P. Blanco, M. Granda, C. Blanco et al., Graphene materials with different structures prepared from the same graphite by the Hummers and Brodie methods. Carbon 65, 156–164 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.009
  78. T. Chen, B. Zeng, J.L. Liu, J.H. Dong, X.Q. Liu, Z. Wu, X.Z. Yang, Z.M. Li, High throughput exfoliation of graphene oxide from expanded graphite with assistance of strong oxidant in modified hummers method. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 188, 012051 (2009). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/188/1/012051
  79. C.I. Chang, K.H. Chang, H.H. Shen, C.C. Hu, A unique two-step Hummers method for fabricating low-defect graphene oxide nanoribbons through exfoliating multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. E 45(5), 2762–2769 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2014.05.030
  80. H.C. Schniepp, J.L. Li, M.J. McAllister, H. Sai, M. Herrera-Alonso et al., Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. J. Phys. Chem. B 110(17), 8535–8539 (2006). doi:10.1021/jp060936f
  81. X. Fan, W. Peng, Y. Li, X. Li, S. Wang, G. Zhang, F. Zhang, Deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide under alkaline conditions: a green route to graphene preparation. Adv. Mater. 20(23), 4490–4493 (2008). doi:10.1002/adma.200801306
  82. G. Wang, J. Yang, J. Park, X. Gou, B. Wang, H. Liu, J. Yao, Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(22), 8192–8195 (2008). doi:10.1021/jp710931h
  83. H.-J. Shin, K.K. Kim, A. Benayad, S.-M. Yoon, H.K. Park et al., Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(12), 1987–1992 (2009). doi:10.1002/adfm.200900167
  84. M. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Zhai, J. Zhai, W. Ren, F. Wang, S. Dong, Controlled synthesis of large-area and patterned electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films. Chemistry15(25), 6116–6120 (2009). doi:10.1002/chem.200900596
  85. Y. Zhou, Q. Bao, L.A.L. Tang, Y. Zhong, K.P. Loh, Hydrothermal dehydration for the “green” reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide to graphene and demonstration of tunable optical limiting properties. Chem. Mater. 21(13), 2950–2956 (2009). doi:10.1021/cm9006603
  86. W. Chen, L. Yan, P.R. Bangal, Preparation of graphene by the rapid and mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide induced by microwaves. Carbon 48(4), 1146–1152 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.11.037
  87. Z. Fan, K. Wang, T. Wei, J. Yan, L. Song, B. Shao, An environmentally friendly and efficient route for the reduction of graphene oxide by aluminum powder. Carbon 48(5), 1686–1689 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.12.063
  88. M.J. Fernandez-Merino, L. Guardia, J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, P. Solis-Fernandez, A. Martinez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascon, Vitamin C is an ideal substitute for hydrazine in the reduction of graphene oxide suspensions. J. Phys. Chem. C 114(14), 6426–6432 (2010). doi:10.1021/jp100603h
  89. X. Gao, J. Jang, S. Nagase, Hydrazine and thermal reduction of graphene oxide: reaction mechanisms, product structures, and reaction design. J. Phys. Chem. C 114(2), 832–842 (2010). doi:10.1021/jp909284g
  90. S. Mao, G. Lu, K. Yu, Z. Bo, J. Chen, Specific protein detection using thermally reduced graphene oxide sheet decorated with gold nanoparticle-antibody conjugates. Adv. Mater. 22(32), 3521–3526 (2010). doi:10.1002/adma.201000520
  91. S. Pei, J. Zhao, J. Du, W. Ren, H.-M. Cheng, Direct reduction of graphene oxide films into highly conductive and flexible graphene films by hydrohalic acids. Carbon 48(15), 4466–4474 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.08.006
  92. V.H. Pham, T.V. Cuong, T.-D. Nguyen-Phan, H.D. Pham, E.J. Kim, S.H. Hur, E.W. Shin, S. Kim, J.S. Chung, One-step synthesis of superior dispersion of chemically converted graphene in organic solvents. Chem. Commun. 46(24), 4375–4377 (2010). doi:10.1039/c0cc00363h
  93. J. Zhang, H. Yang, G. Shen, P. Cheng, J. Zhang, S. Guo, Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid. Chem. Commun. 46(7), 1112–1114 (2010). doi:10.1039/b917705a
  94. J. Zhao, S. Pei, W. Ren, L. Gao, H.-M. Cheng, Efficient preparation of large-area graphene oxide sheets for transparent conductive films. ACS Nano 4(9), 5245–5252 (2010). doi:10.1021/nn1015506
  95. C. Zhu, S. Guo, Y. Fang, S. Dong, Reducing Sugar: New functional molecules for the green synthesis of graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano 4(4), 2429–2437 (2010). doi:10.1021/nn1002387
  96. Z.-J. Fan, W. Kai, J. Yan, T. Wei, L.-J. Zhi, J. Feng, Y.-M. Ren, L.-P. Song, F. Wei, Facile synthesis of graphene nanosheets via Fe reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. ACS Nano 5(1), 191–198 (2011). doi:10.1021/nn102339t
  97. Y. Guo, B. Wu, H. Liu, Y. Ma, Y. Yang, J. Zheng, G. Yu, Y. Liu, Electrical assembly and reduction of graphene oxide in a single solution step for use in flexible sensors. Adv. Mater. 23(40), 4626–4630 (2011). doi:10.1002/adma.201103120
  98. D. Luo, G. Zhang, J. Liu, X. Sun, Evaluation criteria for reduced graphene oxide. J. Phys. Chem. C 115(23), 11327–11335 (2011). doi:10.1021/jp110001y
  99. P. Sungjin, A. Jinho, J.R. Potts, A. Velamakanni, S. Murali, R.S. Ruoff, Hydrazine-reduction of graphite- and graphene oxide. Carbon 49(9), 3019–3023 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.071
  100. O. Akhavan, M. Kalaee, Z.S. Alavi, S.M.A. Ghiasi, A. Esfandiar, Increasing the antioxidant activity of green tea polyphenols in the presence of iron for the reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 50(8), 3015–3025 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.02.087
  101. A. Ambrosi, C.K. Chua, A. Bonanni, M. Pumera, Lithium aluminum hydride as reducing agent for chemically reduced graphene oxides. Chem. Mater. 24(12), 2292–2298 (2012). doi:10.1021/cm300382b
  102. Y. Shen, T. Jing, W. Ren, J. Zhang, Z.-G. Jiang, Z.-Z. Yu, A. Dasari, Chemical and thermal reduction of graphene oxide and its electrically conductive polylactic acid nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 72(12), 1430–1435 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.05.018
  103. P. Solis-Fernandez, R. Rozada, J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, M.J. Fernandez-Merino, L. Guardia, A. Martinez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascon, Chemical and microscopic analysis of graphene prepared by different reduction degrees of graphene oxide. J. Alloys Compd. 536, S532–S537 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.01.102
  104. D. Thanh Truong, P. Viet Hung, V. Bao Khanh, S.H. Hur, E.W. Shin, E.J. Kim, J.S. Chung, J.M.D. Tascon, Clean and effective catalytic reduction of graphene oxide using atomic hydrogen spillover on Pt/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. Mater. Lett. 86, 161–164 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.07.063
  105. C.K. Chua, M. Pumera, Reduction of graphene oxide with substituted borohydrides. J. Mater. Chem. A 1(5), 1892–1898 (2013). doi:10.1039/c2ta00665k
  106. P. Liu, Y. Huang, L. Wang, A facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide with Zn powder under acidic condition. Mater. Lett. 91, 125–128 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.09.085
  107. X.L. Huang, N.T. Hu, Y.Y. Wang, Y.F. Zhang, Ammonia gas sensor based on aniline reduced graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. Res. 669, 79–84 (2013). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.669.79
  108. X.L. Huang, N.T. Hu, L.L. Zhang, L.M. Wei, H. Wei, Y.F. Zhang, The NH3 sensing properties of gas sensors based on aniline reduced graphene oxide. Synth. Met. 185, 25–30 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.09.034
  109. Y.L. Dong, X.F. Zhang, X.L. Cheng, Y.M. Xu, S. Gao, H. Zhao, L.H. Huo, Highly selective NO2 sensor at room temperature based on nanocomposites of hierarchical nanosphere-like alpha-Fe2O3 and reduced graphene oxide. RSC Adv. 4(101), 57493–57500 (2014). doi:10.1039/C4ra10136g
  110. C. Xiangfeng, H. Tao, G. Feng, D. Yongping, S. Wenqi, B. Linshan, Gas sensing properties of graphene-WO3 composites prepared by hydrothermal method. Mat. Sci. Eng. B 193, 97–104 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2014.11.011
  111. S. Deng, V. Tjoa, H.M. Fan, H.R. Tan, D.C. Sayle, M. Olivo, S. Mhaisalkar, J. Wei, C.H. Sow, Reduced graphene oxide conjugated Cu2O nanowire mesocrystals for high-performance NO2 gas sensor. JACS 134(10), 4905–4917 (2012). doi:10.1021/ja211683m
  112. M. Gautam, A.H. Jayatissa, Ammonia gas sensing behavior of graphene surface decorated with gold nanoparticles. Solid-State Electron. 78, 159–165 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.sse.2012.05.059
  113. F. Yavari, E. Castillo, H. Gullapalli, P.M. Ajayan, N. Koratkar, High sensitivity detection of NO2 and NH3 in air using chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 203120 (2012). doi:10.1063/1.4720074
  114. Y. Seekaew, S. Lokavee, D. Phokharatkul, A. Wisitsoraat, T. Kerdcharoen, C. Wongchoosuk, Low-cost and flexible printed graphene-PEDOT:PSS gas sensor for ammonia detection. Org. Electron. 15(11), 2971–2981 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2014.08.044
  115. X. Huang, N. Hu, R. Gao, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, E. Siu-Wai Kong, H. Wei, Y. Zhang, Reduced graphene oxide-polyaniline hybrid: Preparation, characterization and its applications for ammonia gas sensing. J. Mater. Chem. 22(42), 22488 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2jm34340a
  116. N. Hu, Z. Yang, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Huang, H. Wei, L. Wei, Y. Zhang, Ultrafast and sensitive room temperature NH3 gas sensors based on chemically reduced graphene oxide. Nanotechnology 25(2), 025502 (2014). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/25/2/025502
  117. Y. Wang, L. Zhang, N. Hu, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhou, Y. Liu, S. Shen, C. Peng, Ammonia gas sensors based on chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets self-assembled on Au electrodes. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9(1), 251 (2014). doi:10.1186/1556-276X-9-251
  118. M. Gautam, A.H. Jayatissa, Graphene based field effect transistor for the detection of ammonia. J. Appl. Phys. 112, 064304 (2012). doi:10.1063/1.4752272
  119. Z. Ben Aziza, Q. Zhang, D. Baillargeat, Graphene/mica based ammonia gas sensors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 254102 (2014). doi:10.1063/1.4905039
  120. A. Inaba, K. Yoo, Y. Takei, K. Matsumoto, I. Shimoyama, Ammonia gas sensing using a graphene field-effect transistor gated by ionic liquid. Sens. Actuators B 195, 15–21 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.118
  121. Z.B. Ye, Y.D. Jiang, H.L. Tai, Z. Yuan, The investigation of reduced graphene oxide/P3HT composite films for ammonia detection. Integr. Ferroelectr. 154(1), 73–81 (2014). doi:10.1080/10584587.2014.904148
  122. S. Yoo, X. Li, Y. Wu, W.H. Liu, X.L. Wang, W.H. Yi, Ammonia gas detection by tannic acid functionalized and reduced graphene oxide at room temperature. J. Nanomater. 2014, 1–6 (2014). doi:10.1155/2014/497384
  123. H. Meng, W. Yang, K. Ding, L. Feng, Y.F. Guan, Cu2O nanorods modified by reduced graphene oxide for NH3 sensing at room temperature. J. Mater. Chem. A 3(3), 1174–1181 (2015). doi:10.1039/C4ta06024e
  124. H. Choi, H.Y. Jeong, D.S. Lee, C.G. Choi, S.Y. Choi, Flexible NO2 gas sensor using multilayer graphene films by chemical vapor deposition. Carbon Lett. 14(3), 186–189 (2013). doi:10.5714/Cl.2013.14.3.186
  125. L.T. Hoa, H.N. Tien, V.H. Luan, J.S. Chung, S.H. Hur, Fabrication of a novel 2D-graphene/2D-NiO nanosheet-based hybrid nanostructure and its use in highly sensitive NO2 sensors. Sens. Actuators B 185, 701–705 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.050
  126. L. Huang, Z. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Pu, Y. Lin, S. Xu, L. Shen, Q. Chen, W. Shi, Fully printed, rapid-response sensors based on chemically modified graphene for detecting NO2 at room temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interface 6(10), 7426–7433 (2014). doi:10.1021/am500843p
  127. Y. Ju Yun, W.G. Hong, N.-J. Choi, B. Hoon Kim, Y. Jun, H.-K. Lee, Ultrasensitive and highly selective graphene-based single yarn for use in wearable gas sensor. Sci. Rep. 5, 10904–10904 (2015). doi:10.1038/srep10904
  128. R. Pearce, T. Iakimov, M. Andersson, L. Hultman, A.L. Spetz, R. Yakimova, Epitaxially grown graphene based gas sensors for ultra sensitive NO2 detection. Sens. Actuators B 155(2), 451–455 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.12.046
  129. M.G. Chung, D.H. Kim, H.M. Lee, T. Kim, J.H. Choi, D.K. Seo, J.B. Yoo, S.H. Hong, T.J. Kang, Y.H. Kim, Highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor based on ozone treated graphene. Sens. Actuators B 166, 172–176 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.02.036
  130. C. Lee, J. Ahn, K.B. Lee, D. Kim, J. Kim, Graphene-based flexible NO2 chemical sensors. Thin Solid Films 520(16), 5459–5462 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2012.03.095
  131. S. Srivastava, K. Jain, V.N. Singh, S. Singh, N. Vijayan, N. Dilawar, G. Gupta, T.D. Senguttuvan, Faster response of NO(2) sensing in graphene-WO(3) nanocomposites. Nanotechnology 23(20), 205501 (2012). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/20/205501
  132. J.L. Huang, G.Z. Xie, Y. Zhou, T. Xie, H.L. Tai, G.J. Yang, Polyvinylpyrrolidone/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites thin films coated on quartz crystal microbalance for NO2 detection at room temperature. Proc. SPIE 9285, 92850B–92851B (2014). doi:10.1117/12.2069492
  133. S. Liu, B. Yu, H. Zhang, T. Fei, T. Zhang, Enhancing NO2 gas sensing performances at room temperature based on reduced graphene oxide-ZnO nanoparticles hybrids. Sens. Actuators B 202, 272–278 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.05.086
  134. X. Liu, J.S. Cui, J.B. Sun, X.T. Zhang, 3D graphene aerogel-supported SnO2 nanoparticles for efficient detection of NO2. RSC Adv. 4(43), 22601–22605 (2014). doi:10.1039/C4ra02453b
  135. C. Piloto, M. Notarianni, M. Shafiei, E. Taran, D. Galpaya, C. Yan, N. Motta, Highly NO2 sensitive caesium doped graphene oxide conductometric sensors. Beilstein. J. Nanotechnol. 5, 1073–1081 (2014). doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.120
  136. P.G. Su, H.C. Shieh, Flexible NO2 sensors fabricated by layer-by-layer covalent anchoring and in situ reduction of graphene oxide. Sens. Actuators B 190, 865–872 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.09.078
  137. H. Zhang, J.C. Feng, T. Fei, S. Liu, T. Zhang, SnO2 nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for NO2 sensing at low operating temperature. Sens. Actuators B 190, 472–478 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.08.067
  138. P.-G. Su, S.-L. Peng, Fabrication and NO2 gas-sensing properties of reduced graphene oxide/WO3 nanocomposite films. Talanta 132, 398–405 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.Talanta2014.09.034
  139. F. Gu, R. Nie, D. Han, Z. Wang, In2O3-graphene nanocomposite based gas sensor for selective detection of NO2 at room temperature. Sens. Actuators B 219, 94–99 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.04.119
  140. J.L. Johnson, A. Behnam, S.J. Pearton, A. Ural, Hydrogen sensing using pd-functionalized multi-layer graphene nanoribbon networks. Adv. Mater. 22(43), 4877–4880 (2010). doi:10.1002/adma.201001798
  141. B.H. Chu, C.F. Lo, J. Nicolosi, C.Y. Chang, V. Chen, W. Strupinski, S.J. Pearton, F. Ren, Hydrogen detection using platinum coated graphene grown on SiC. Sens. Actuators B 157(2), 500–503 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2011.05.007
  142. B.H. Chu, J. Nicolosi, C.F. Lo, W. Strupinski, S.J. Pearton, F. Ren, Effect of coated platinum thickness on hydrogen detection sensitivity of graphene-based sensors. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 14(7), K43–K45 (2011). doi:10.1149/1.3589250
  143. R. Kumar, D. Varandani, B.R. Mehta, V.N. Singh, Z. Wen, X. Feng, K. Muellen, Fast response and recovery of hydrogen sensing in Pd-Pt nanoparticle-graphene composite layers. Nanotechnology 22(27), 275719 (2011). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275719
  144. Q.G. Jiang, Z.M. Ao, W.T. Zheng, S. Li, Q. Jiang, Enhanced hydrogen sensing properties of graphene by introducing a mono-atom-vacancy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15(48), 21016–21022 (2013). doi:10.1039/c3cp52976b
  145. A. Kaniyoor, R.I. Jafri, T. Arockiadoss, S. Ramaprabhu, Nanostructured Pt decorated graphene and multi walled carbon nanotube based room temperature hydrogen gas sensor. Nanoscale 1(3), 382–386 (2009). doi:10.1039/b9nr00015a
  146. M. Shafiei, P.G. Spizzirri, R. Arsat, J. Yu, J. du Plessis, S. Dubin, R.B. Kaner, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, W. Wlodarski, Platinum/graphene nanosheet/SiC contacts and their application for hydrogen gas sensing. J. Phys. Chem. C 114(32), 13796–13801 (2010). doi:10.1021/jp104459s
  147. U. Lange, T. Hirsch, V.M. Mirsky, O.S. Wolfbeis, Hydrogen sensor based on a graphene: palladium nanocomposite. Electrochimi. Acta 56(10), 3707–3712 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.078
  148. M.G. Chung, D.-H. Kim, D.K. Seo, T. Kim, H.U. Im, H.M. Lee, J.-B. Yoo, S.-H. Hong, T.J. Kang, Y.H. Kim, Flexible hydrogen sensors using graphene with palladium nanoparticle decoration. Sens. Actuators B 169, 387–392 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.05.031
  149. R.C. Ehemann, P.S. Krstic, J. Dadras, P.R.C. Kent, J. Jakowski, Detection of hydrogen using graphene. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7, 1–14 (2012). doi:10.1186/1556-276x-7-198
  150. A. Esfandiar, S. Ghasemi, A. Irajizad, O. Akhavan, M.R. Gholami, The decoration of TiO2/reduced graphene oxide by Pd and Pt nanoparticles for hydrogen gas sensing. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 37(20), 15423–15432 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.08.011
  151. P.A. Russo, N. Donato, S.G. Leonardi, S. Baek, D.E. Conte, G. Neri, N. Pinna, Room-temperature hydrogen sensing with heteronanostructures based on reduced graphene oxide and tin oxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51(44), 11053–11057 (2012). doi:10.1002/anie.201204373
  152. X. Chen, F.M. Yasin, P.K. Eggers, R.A. Boulos, X. Duan, R.N. Lamb, K.S. Iyer, C.L. Raston, Non-covalently modified graphene supported ultrafine nanoparticles of palladium for hydrogen gas sensing. RSC Adv. 3(10), 3213–3217 (2013). doi:10.1039/c3ra22986f
  153. D.-T. Phan, G.-S. Chung, Characteristics of resistivity-type hydrogen sensing based on palladium-graphene nanocomposites. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 39(1), 620–629 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.107
  154. B. Singh, J. Wang, S. Rathi, G.-H. Kim, Alignment of graphene oxide nanostructures between microgap electrodes via dielectrophoresis for hydrogen gas sensing applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 203106 (2015). doi:10.1063/1.4921524
  155. J. Hong, S. Lee, J. Seo, S. Pyo, J. Kim, T. Lee, A highly sensitive hydrogen sensor with gas selectivity using a PMMA membrane-coated Pd nanoparticle/single-layer graphene hybrid. ACS Appl. Mater. Interface 7(6), 3554–3561 (2015). doi:10.1021/am5073645
  156. Z. Zhang, X. Zou, L. Xu, L. Liao, W. Liu, J. Ho, X. Xiao, C. Jiang, J. Li, Hydrogen gas sensor based on metal oxide nanoparticles decorated graphene transistor. Nanoscale 7(22), 10078–10084 (2015). doi:10.1039/c5nr01924a
  157. Y. Zheng, D. Lee, H.Y. Koo, S. Maeng, Chemically modified graphene/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite films for hydrogen gas sensing. Carbon 81, 54–62 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.09.023
  158. K.R. Nemade, S.A. Waghuley, Chemiresistive gas sensing by few-layered graphene. J. Electron. Mater. 42(10), 2857–2866 (2013). doi:10.1007/s11664-013-2699-4
  159. K.R. Nemade, A. Waghuley, Carbon dioxide gas sensing application of graphene/Y2O3 quantum dots composite. Int. J. Mod. Phys. 22, 380–384 (2013). doi:10.1142/s2010194513010404
  160. K.R. Nemade, S.A. Waghuley, Role of defects concentration on optical and carbon dioxide gas sensing properties of Sb2O3/graphene composites. Opt. Mater. 36(3), 712–716 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2013.11.024
  161. K.R. Nemade, S.A. Waghuley, Highly responsive carbon dioxide sensing by graphene/Al2O3 quantum dots composites at low operable temperature. Indian J. Phys. 88(6), 577–583 (2014). doi:10.1007/s12648-014-0454-1
  162. C.-S. Liu, R. Jia, X.-J. Ye, Z. Zeng, Non-hexagonal symmetry-induced functional T graphene for the detection of carbon monoxide. J. Chem. Phys. 139(3), 034704 (2013). doi:10.1063/1.4813528
  163. Z. Wu, X. Chen, S. Zhu, Z. Zhou, Y. Yao, W. Quan, B. Liu, Room temperature methane sensor based on graphene nanosheets/polyaniline nanocomposite thin film. IEEE Sens. J. 13(2), 777–782 (2013). doi:10.1109/jsen.2012.2227597
  164. H.J. Yoon, D.H. Jun, J.H. Yang, Z.X. Zhou, S.S. Yang, M.M.-C. Cheng, Carbon dioxide gas sensor using a graphene sheet. Sens. Actuators B 157(1), 310–313 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2011.03.035
  165. S.M. Hafiz, R. Ritikos, T.J. Whitcher, N.M. Razib, D.C.S. Bien et al., A practical carbon dioxide gas sensor using room-temperature hydrogen plasma reduced graphene oxide. Sens. Actuators B 193, 692–700 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.017
  166. F. Shen, D. Wang, R. Liu, X. Pei, T. Zhang, J. Jin, Edge-tailored graphene oxide nanosheet-based field effect transistors for fast and reversible electronic detection of sulfur dioxide. Nanoscale 5(2), 537–540 (2013). doi:10.1039/c2nr32752j
  167. X.-Y. Liu, J.-M. Zhang, K.-W. Xu, V. Ji, Improving SO2 gas sensing properties of graphene by introducing dopant and defect: a first-principles study. Appl. Surf. Sci. 313, 405–410 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.223
  168. L. Shao, G. Chen, H. Ye, H. Niu, Y. Wu, Y. Zhu, B. Ding, Sulfur dioxide molecule sensors based on zigzag graphene nanoribbons with and without Cr dopant. Phys. Lett. A 378(7–8), 667–671 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2013.12.042
  169. Q. Xian, M. Qingyuan, F. Yuan, Ping, Strain effects on enhanced hydrogen sulphide detection capability of Ag-decorated defective graphene. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 26(25), 1250166 (2012). doi:10.1142/s0217984912501667
  170. L. Zhou, F. Shen, X. Tian, D. Wang, T. Zhang, W. Chen, Stable Cu2O nanocrystals grown on functionalized graphene sheets and room temperature H2S gas sensing with ultrahigh sensitivity. Nanoscale 5(4), 1564–1569 (2013). doi:10.1039/c2nr33164k
  171. Z. Jiang, J. Li, H. Aslan, Q. Li, Y. Li et al., A high efficiency H2S gas sensor material: paper like Fe2O3/graphene nanosheets and structural alignment dependency of device efficiency. J. Mater. Chem. A 2(19), 6714–6717 (2014). doi:10.1039/c3ta15180h
  172. Y. Ren, C. Zhu, W. Cai, H. Li, H. Ji, I. Kholmanov, Y. Wu, R.D. Piner, R.S. Ruoff, Detection of sulfur dioxide gas with graphene field effect transistor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 163114 (2012). doi:10.1063/1.4704803
  173. Q. Xian, M. Qing, Yuan, G. Yu Fei, Ag supported Si-doped graphene for hydrogen sulphide detection: a first-principles investigation. Adv. Mater. Res. 602–604, 37–40 (2013). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.602-604.37
  174. Y.-H. Zhang, L.-F. Han, Y.-H. Xiao, D.-Z. Jia, Z.-H. Guo, F. Li, Understanding dopant and defect effect on H2S sensing performances of graphene: a first-principles study. Comp. Mater. Sci. 69, 222–228 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.11.048
  175. S. Cho, J.S. Lee, J. Jun, S.G. Kim, J. Jang, Fabrication of water-dispersible and highly conductive PSS-doped PANI/graphene nanocomposites using a high-molecular weight PSS dopant and their application in H2S detection. Nanoscale 6(24), 15181–15195 (2014). doi:10.1039/c4nr04413d
  176. S.-J. Choi, B.-H. Jang, S.-J. Lee, B.K. Min, A. Rothschild, I.-D. Kim, Selective detection of acetone and hydrogen sulfide for the diagnosis of diabetes and halitosis using SnO2 nanofibers functionalized with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. ACS Appl. Mater. Interface 6(4), 2588–2597 (2014). doi:10.1021/am405088q
  177. S.-J. Choi, C. Choi, S.-J. Kim, H.-J. Cho, M. Hakim, S. Jeon, I.-D. Kim, Highly efficient electronic sensitization of non-oxidized graphene flakes on controlled pore-loaded WO3 nanofibers for selective detection of H2S molecules. Sci. Rep. 5, 8067 (2015). doi:10.1038/srep08067
  178. M. Berahman, M.H. Sheikhi, Hydrogen sulfide gas sensor based on decorated zigzag graphene nanoribbon with copper. Sens. Actuators B 219, 338–345 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.04.114
  179. S.A. Tawfik, X.Y. Cui, D.J. Carter, S.P. Ringer, C. Stampfl, Sensing sulfur-containing gases using titanium and tin decorated zigzag graphene nanoribbons from first-principles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17(10), 6925–6932 (2015). doi:10.1039/c4cp05919k
  180. V. Dua, S.P. Surwade, S. Ammu, S.R. Agnihotra, S. Jain, K.E. Roberts, S. Park, R.S. Ruoff, S.K. Manohar, All-organic vapor sensor using inkjet-printed reduced graphene oxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49(12), 2154–2157 (2010). doi:10.1002/anie.200905089
  181. Z. Jiang, J. Wang, L. Meng, Y. Huang, L. Liu, A highly efficient chemical sensor material for ethanol: Al2O3/Graphene nanocomposites fabricated from graphene oxide. Chem. Commun. 47(22), 6350–6352 (2011). doi:10.1039/c1cc11711d
  182. H. Zhang, A. Kulkarni, H. Kim, D. Woo, Y.-J. Kim, B.H. Hong, J.-B. Choi, T. Kim, Detection of acetone vapor using graphene on polymer optical fiber. J. Nanosci. Nanotechno. 11(7), 5939–5943 (2011). doi:10.1166/jnn.2011.4408
  183. M. Gautam, A.H. Jayatissa, Detection of organic vapors by graphene films functionalized with metallic nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 112, 114326 (2012). doi:10.1063/1.4768724
  184. L. Tang, H. Feng, J. Cheng, J. Li, Uniform and rich-wrinkled electrophoretic deposited graphene film: a robust electrochemical platform for TNT sensing. Chem. Commun. 46(32), 5882–5884 (2010). doi:10.1039/c0cc01212b
  185. L. Fan, Y. Hu, X. Wang, L. Zhang, F. Li, D. Han, Z. Li, Q. Zhang, Z. Wang, L. Niu, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer quenching at the surface of graphene quantum dots for ultrasensitive detection of TNT. Talanta 101, 192–197 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.Talanta2012.08.048
  186. M. Liu, W. Chen, Graphene nanosheets-supported Ag nanoparticles for ultrasensitive detection of TNT by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 46, 68–73 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.073
  187. V.V. Singh, A.K. Nigam, S.S. Yadav, B.K. Tripathi, A. Srivastava, M. Boopathi, B. Singh, Graphene oxide as carboelectrocatalyst for in situ electrochemical oxidation and sensing of chemical warfare agent simulant. Sens. Actuators B 188, 1218–1224 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.08.013
  188. M.D. Ganji, Z. Dalirandeh, A. Khosravi, A. Fereidoon, Aluminum nitride graphene for DMMP nerve agent adsorption and detection. Mater. Chem. Phys. 145(1–2), 260–267 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.02.021
  189. B. Chen, H. Liu, X. Li, C. Lu, Y. Ding, B. Lu, Fabrication of a graphene field effect transistor array on microchannels for ethanol sensing. Appl. Surf. Sci. 258(6), 1971–1975 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.05.101
  190. L. Zhang, C. Li, A. Liu, G. Shi, Electrosynthesis of graphene oxide/polypyrene composite films and their applications for sensing organic vapors. J. Mater. Chem. 22(17), 8438–8443 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2jm16552j
  191. P. Sun, Y. Cai, S. Du, X. Xu, L. You, J. Ma, F. Liu, X. Liang, Y. Sun, G. Lu, Hierarchical alpha-Fe2O3/SnO2 semiconductor composites: hydrothermal synthesis and gas sensing properties. Sens. Actuators B 182, 336–343 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.03.019
  192. F. Liu, X. Chu, Y. Dong, W. Zhang, W. Sun, L. Shen, Acetone gas sensors based on graphene-ZnFe2O4 composite prepared by solvothermal method. Sens. Actuators B 188, 469–474 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.06.065
  193. M. Moradi, M. Noei, A.A. Peyghan, DFT studies of Si- and Al-doping effects on the acetone sensing properties of BC3 graphene. Mol. Phys. 111(21), 3320–3326 (2013). doi:10.1080/00268976.2013.783720
  194. X. Wang, X. Sun, P.A. Hu, J. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Feng, S. Lei, B. Yang, W. Cao, Colorimetric sensor based on self-assembled polydiacetylene/graphene-stacked composite film for vapor-phase volatile organic compounds. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(48), 6044–6050 (2013). doi:10.1002/adfm.201301044
  195. S.-J. Choi, W.-H. Ryu, S.-J. Kim, H.-J. Cho, I.-D. Kim, Bi-functional co-sensitization of graphene oxide sheets and Ir nanoparticles on p-type Co3O4 nanofibers for selective acetone detection. J. Mater. Chem. B 2(41), 7160–7167 (2014). doi:10.1039/c4tb00767k
  196. T. Kavinkumar, D. Sastikumar, S. Manivannan, Reduced graphene oxide coated optical fiber for methanol and ethanol vapor detection at room temperature. Proceedings of SPIE 9270, Optoel. Dev. Integr. V, 92700U (2014). doi:10.1117/12.2071841
  197. A. Aziz, H.N. Lim, S.H. Girei, M.H. Yaacob, M.A. Mandi, N.M. Huang, A. Pandikumar, Silver/graphene nanocomposite-modified optical fiber sensor platform for ethanol detection in water medium. Sens. Actuators B 206, 119–125 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.09.035
  198. A.S.M.I. Uddin, P. Duy-Thach, G.-S. Chung, Low temperature acetylene gas sensor based on Ag nanoparticles-loaded ZnO-reduced graphene oxide hybrid. Sens. Actuators B 207, 362–369 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.091
  199. A.S.M.I. Uddin, K.-W. Lee, G.-S. Chung, Acetylene gas sensing properties of an Ag-loaded hierarchical ZnO nanostructure-decorated reduced graphene oxide hybrid. Sens. Actuators B 216, 33–40 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.04.028
  200. X. Chaonan, J. Tamaki, N. Miura, N. Yamazoe, Grain size effects on gas sensitivity of porous SnO2-based elements. Sens. Actuators B 3(2), 147–155 (1991). doi:10.1016/0925-4005(91)80207-Z
  201. A. Rothschild, Y. Komem, The effect of grain size on the sensitivity of nanocrystalline metal-oxide gas sensors. J. Appl. Phys. 95(11), 6374–6380 (2004). doi:10.1063/1.1728314
  202. J.-H. Lee, Gas sensors using hierarchical and hollow oxide nanostructures: overview. Sens. Actuators B 140(1), 319–336 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.04.026
  203. L. Sang-Zi, C. Gugang, A.R. Harutyunyan, J.O. Sofo, Screening of charged impurities as a possible mechanism for conductance change in graphene gas sensing. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 90(11), 115410 (2014). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.115410
  204. N.J. Dayan, S.R. Sainkar, R.N. Karekar, R.C. Aiyer, Formulation and characterization of ZnO: Sb thick-film gas sensors. Thin Solid Films 325(1–2), 254–258 (1998). doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(98)00501-x
  205. N. Yamazoe, G. Sakai, K. Shimanoe, Oxide semiconductor gas sensors. Catal. Surv. Asia 7(1), 63–75 (2003). doi:10.1023/a:1023436725457
  206. N. Yamazoe, New approaches for improving semiconductor gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 5(1–4), 7–19 (1991). doi:10.1016/0925-4005(91)80213-4
  207. M. Egashira, Y. Shimizu, Y. Takao, S. Sako, Variations in I–V characteristics of oxide semiconductors induced by oxidizing gases. Sens. Actuators B 35(1–3), 62–67 (1996). doi:10.1016/s0925-4005(96)02015-1
  208. Y. Zhou, Y.D. Jiang, T. Xie, H.L. Tai, G.Z. Xie, A novel sensing mechanism for resistive gas sensors based on layered reduced graphene oxide thin films at room temperature. Sens. Actuators B 203, 135–142 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.06.105
  209. M. Zhu, X. Li, S. Chung, L. Zhao, X. Li, X. Zang, K. Wang, J. Wei, M. Zhong, K. Zhou, D. Xie, H. Zhu, Photo-induced selective gas detection based on reduced graphene oxide/Si Schottky diode. Carbon 84, 138–145 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.008
  210. R.-C. Wang, Y.-M. Chang, Switch of p-n electricity of reduced-graphene-oxide-flake stacked films enabling room-temperature gas sensing from ultrasensitive to insensitive. Carbon 91, 416–422 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.012
  211. F. Yavari, Z.P. Chen, A.V. Thomas, W.C. Ren, H.M. Cheng, N. Koratkar, High sensitivity gas detection using a macroscopic three-dimensional graphene foam network. Sci. Rep. 1, 166 (2011). doi:10.1038/srep00166
  212. S. Yi, S.Q. Tian, D.W. Zeng, K. Xu, S.P. Zhang, C.S. Xie, An In2O3 nanowire-like network fabricated on coplanar sensor surface by sacrificial CNTs for enhanced gas sensing performance. Sens. Actuators B 185, 345–353 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.007
  213. X. Huang, J. Lin, Z. Pi, Z. Yu, Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues using temperature modulated SnO(2) gas sensor. Talanta 64, 538–545 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.Talanta.2004.03.022
  214. X.J. Huang, L.C. Wang, Y.F. Sun, F.L. Meng, J.H. Liu, Quantitative analysis of pesticide residue based on the dynamic response of a single SnO2 gas sensor. Sens. Actuators B 99(2–3), 330–335 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2003.11.032
  215. X.J. Huang, J.H. Liu, D.L. Shao, Z.X. Pi, Z.L. Yu, Rectangular mode of operation for detecting pesticide residue by using a single SnO2-based gas sensor. Sens. Actuators B 96(3), 630–635 (2003). doi:10.1016/j.snb.2003.07.006
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 6235 Download : 4747

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>