Growth and Formation Mechanism of Branched Carbon Nanotubes by Pyrolysis of Iron(II) Phthalocyanine
Corresponding Author: Shaoming Huang
Nano-Micro Letters,
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2013), Article Number: 124-128
Abstract
In this letter, a route for synthesizing vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with branched nanotubes in large area was reported. The branched MWCNTs up to about 30% can be generated by the pyrolysis of iron(II) phthalocyanine in presence of thiol under Ar/H2 at 800∼900°C. The growth mechanism of the branched nanotubes was proposed and the possible reason that thiol enhanced branched nanotubes growth is discussed. The as-prepared samples provide a suitable candidate to investigate the special electrical or thermal properties of CNTs with branched structures further.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- S. Iijima, “Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon”, Nature 354, 56–58 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354056a0
- T. W. Ebbesen and P. M. Ajayan, “Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes”, Nature 358, 220–222 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358220a0
- D. Ugarte, “Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation”, Nature 359, 707–709 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359707a0
- S. Seraphin, S. Wang, D. Zhou et al., “Strings of spherical carbon clusters grown in a catalytic arc discharge”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 228(6), 506–512 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(94)00973-2
- Y. Saito, “Nanoparticles and filled nanocapsules”, Carbon 33(7), 979–988 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00026-A
- R. L. Jacoben and M. Monthioux, “Carbon beads with protruding cones”, Nature 385, 211–212 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/385211b0
- J. Liu, H. J. Dai, J. H. Hafner et al., “Fullerene ‘crop circles”’, Nature 385, 780–781 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/385780b0
- Y. Saito and T. Matsumoto, “Carbon nano-cages created as cubes”, Nature 392, 237 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/32555
- S. Bandow, “Interlayer spacing anomaly of singlewall carbon nanohorn aggregate”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 321(5–6), 514–519 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00353-5
- D. Zhou and S. Seraphin, “Complex branching phenomena in the growth of carbon nanotubes”, Chem. Phy. Lett. 238(4–6), 286–289 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(95)00406-T
- J. C. Li, C. Papadopoulos and J. Xu, “Nanoelectronics: growing Y-junction carbon nanotubes”, Nature 402, 253–254 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/46214
- N. Gothard, C. Daraio, J. Gaillard et al., “Controlled growth of Y-Junction nanotubes using Ti-doped vapor catalyst”, Nano Lett. 4(2), 213–217 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0349294
- C. Luo, L. Liu, K. Jinag, L. Zhang, Q. Li and S. Fan, “Growth mechanism of Y-junctions and related carbon nanotube junctions synthesized by Au-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition”, Carbon 46(3), 440–444 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.12.003
- D. C. Wei and Y. Liu, “The intramolecular junctions of carbon nanotubes”, Adv. Mater. 20(15), 2815–2841 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200800589
- Y. C. Choi and W. Choi, “Synthesis of Y-junction single-wall carbon nanotubes”, Carbon 43(13), 2737–2741 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.05.020
- O. T. Heyning, P. Bernier and M. Glerup, “A low cost method for the direct synthesis of highly Y-branched nanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 409(1–3), 43–47 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.097
- G. K. Goswami, Ravi Nandan and K. K. Nanda, “Growth of branched carbon nanotubes with doped/un-doped intratubular junctions by one-step co-pyrolysis”, Carbon 56, 97–102 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.12.079
- G. Treboux, P. Lapstun and K. Silverbrook, “Conductance in nanotube Y-junctions”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 306(5–6), 402–406 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(99)00445-5
- A. N. Andriotis, M. Menon, D. Srivastava and L. Chernozatonskiiet, “Rectification properties of carbon nanotube ‘Y-Junctions”’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(6), 66802–66805 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.066802
- P. R. Bandaru, C. Daraio, S. Jin and A. M. Rao, “Novel electrical switching behaviour and logic in carbon nanotube Y-junctions”, Nat. Mater. 4, 633–637 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1450
- P. Hu, K. Xiao, Y. Liu, G. Yu, X. Wang, L. Fu et al. “Multiwall nanotubes with intramolecular junctions (CNx/C): preparation, rectification, logic gates, and application”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(24), 4932–4935 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760212
- C. Papadopoulos, A. Rakitin, J. Li, A. S. Vedeneev and J. M. Xu, “Electronic transport in Y-Junction carbon nanotubes”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(16), 3476–3470 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3476
- K. Xiao, Y. Liu, P. Hu, G. Yu, L. Fu, D. Zhu, “High performance field-effect transistors made of a multiwall CNx/C nanotube intramolecular junction”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(23), 4824–4826 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1633015
- S. Huang, L. Dai and A. W. H. Mau, “Patterned growth and contact transfer of well-aligned carbon nanotube films”, J. Phys. Chem. B 103(21), 4223–4227 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp990342v
- W. In-Hwang, X. Chen, T. K. Kuzuya and S. Motojima, “Effect of external electromagnetic field and bias voltage on the vapor growth, morphology and properties of carbon micro coils”, Carbon 38(4), 565–571 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00145-1
- H. M. Cheng, F. Li, G. Su, H. Y. Pan, L. L. He, X. Sun and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Large-scale and lowcost synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(25), 3282–3285 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121624
- D. C. Li, Dai L, Huang S. et al. “Structure and growth of aligned carbon nanotube films by pyrolysis”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 316(5–6), 349–355 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(99)01334-2
References
S. Iijima, “Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon”, Nature 354, 56–58 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354056a0
T. W. Ebbesen and P. M. Ajayan, “Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes”, Nature 358, 220–222 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358220a0
D. Ugarte, “Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation”, Nature 359, 707–709 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359707a0
S. Seraphin, S. Wang, D. Zhou et al., “Strings of spherical carbon clusters grown in a catalytic arc discharge”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 228(6), 506–512 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(94)00973-2
Y. Saito, “Nanoparticles and filled nanocapsules”, Carbon 33(7), 979–988 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00026-A
R. L. Jacoben and M. Monthioux, “Carbon beads with protruding cones”, Nature 385, 211–212 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/385211b0
J. Liu, H. J. Dai, J. H. Hafner et al., “Fullerene ‘crop circles”’, Nature 385, 780–781 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/385780b0
Y. Saito and T. Matsumoto, “Carbon nano-cages created as cubes”, Nature 392, 237 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/32555
S. Bandow, “Interlayer spacing anomaly of singlewall carbon nanohorn aggregate”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 321(5–6), 514–519 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00353-5
D. Zhou and S. Seraphin, “Complex branching phenomena in the growth of carbon nanotubes”, Chem. Phy. Lett. 238(4–6), 286–289 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(95)00406-T
J. C. Li, C. Papadopoulos and J. Xu, “Nanoelectronics: growing Y-junction carbon nanotubes”, Nature 402, 253–254 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/46214
N. Gothard, C. Daraio, J. Gaillard et al., “Controlled growth of Y-Junction nanotubes using Ti-doped vapor catalyst”, Nano Lett. 4(2), 213–217 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0349294
C. Luo, L. Liu, K. Jinag, L. Zhang, Q. Li and S. Fan, “Growth mechanism of Y-junctions and related carbon nanotube junctions synthesized by Au-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition”, Carbon 46(3), 440–444 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.12.003
D. C. Wei and Y. Liu, “The intramolecular junctions of carbon nanotubes”, Adv. Mater. 20(15), 2815–2841 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200800589
Y. C. Choi and W. Choi, “Synthesis of Y-junction single-wall carbon nanotubes”, Carbon 43(13), 2737–2741 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.05.020
O. T. Heyning, P. Bernier and M. Glerup, “A low cost method for the direct synthesis of highly Y-branched nanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 409(1–3), 43–47 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.097
G. K. Goswami, Ravi Nandan and K. K. Nanda, “Growth of branched carbon nanotubes with doped/un-doped intratubular junctions by one-step co-pyrolysis”, Carbon 56, 97–102 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.12.079
G. Treboux, P. Lapstun and K. Silverbrook, “Conductance in nanotube Y-junctions”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 306(5–6), 402–406 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(99)00445-5
A. N. Andriotis, M. Menon, D. Srivastava and L. Chernozatonskiiet, “Rectification properties of carbon nanotube ‘Y-Junctions”’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(6), 66802–66805 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.066802
P. R. Bandaru, C. Daraio, S. Jin and A. M. Rao, “Novel electrical switching behaviour and logic in carbon nanotube Y-junctions”, Nat. Mater. 4, 633–637 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1450
P. Hu, K. Xiao, Y. Liu, G. Yu, X. Wang, L. Fu et al. “Multiwall nanotubes with intramolecular junctions (CNx/C): preparation, rectification, logic gates, and application”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(24), 4932–4935 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760212
C. Papadopoulos, A. Rakitin, J. Li, A. S. Vedeneev and J. M. Xu, “Electronic transport in Y-Junction carbon nanotubes”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(16), 3476–3470 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3476
K. Xiao, Y. Liu, P. Hu, G. Yu, L. Fu, D. Zhu, “High performance field-effect transistors made of a multiwall CNx/C nanotube intramolecular junction”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(23), 4824–4826 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1633015
S. Huang, L. Dai and A. W. H. Mau, “Patterned growth and contact transfer of well-aligned carbon nanotube films”, J. Phys. Chem. B 103(21), 4223–4227 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp990342v
W. In-Hwang, X. Chen, T. K. Kuzuya and S. Motojima, “Effect of external electromagnetic field and bias voltage on the vapor growth, morphology and properties of carbon micro coils”, Carbon 38(4), 565–571 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00145-1
H. M. Cheng, F. Li, G. Su, H. Y. Pan, L. L. He, X. Sun and M. S. Dresselhaus, “Large-scale and lowcost synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(25), 3282–3285 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121624
D. C. Li, Dai L, Huang S. et al. “Structure and growth of aligned carbon nanotube films by pyrolysis”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 316(5–6), 349–355 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(99)01334-2