Issue

Vol. 13 (2021)

Recent Progress in Emerging Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00710-7
Tianchen Qin
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
Zegao Wang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
Yuqing Wang
Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Flemming Besenbacher
Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Michal Otyepka
Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
Mingdong Dong
Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark

Corresponding Author: Mingdong Dong

dong@inano.au.dk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 13 (2021), Article Number: 183

Abstract

As a new member in two-dimensional materials family, transition metal carbides (TMCs) have many excellent properties, such as chemical stability, in-plane anisotropy, high conductivity and flexibility, and remarkable energy conversation efficiency, which predispose them for promising applications as transparent electrode, flexible electronics, broadband photodetectors and battery electrodes. However, up to now, their device applications are in the early stage, especially because their controllable synthesis is still a great challenge. This review systematically summarized the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly developing field with particular focus on structure, property, synthesis and applicability of TMCs. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are outlined for the application of 2D TMCs.


Highlights:


1 The phase diagram of transition metal carbides (TMCs) is discussed.
2 The physical and chemical property of TMCs is systematically summarized.
3 The potential application and controllable synthesis of TMCs is discussed.
4 A summary is provided to afford the principle to further investigation.

Keywords

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides Phase diagram Superconductivity Energy conversation and storage Large-scale synthesis
Qin, Tianchen, Zegao Wang, Yuqing Wang, Flemming Besenbacher, Michal Otyepka, and Mingdong Dong. 2021. “Recent Progress in Emerging Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides”. Nano-Micro Letters 13 (August):183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00710-7.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. V. Nicolosi, M. Chhowalla, M.G. Kanatzidis, M.S. Strano, J.N. Coleman, Liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 340, 1226419 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226419
  2. A.K.G.K.S. Novoselov, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos et al., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666–669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
  3. L. Lin, B. Deng, J. Sun, H. Peng, Z. Liu, Bridging the gap between reality and ideal in chemical vapor deposition growth of graphene. Chem. Rev. 118, 9281–9343 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00325
  4. Z.-G. Wang, Y.-F. Chen, P.-J. Li, X. Hao, J.-B. Liu et al., Flexible graphene-based electroluminescent devices. ACS Nano 5, 7149–7154 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2018649
  5. X. Wang, A. Jones, K. Seyler, V. Tran, Y. Jia et al., Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. Nat. Nanotech. 10, 517–521 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.71
  6. Z.W. Seh, K.D. Fredrickson, B. Anasori, J. Kibsgaard, A.L. Strickler et al., Two-dimensional molybdenum Carbide (MXene) as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 589–594 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00247
  7. W. Yuan, L. Cheng, Y. An, H. Wu, N. Yao et al., MXene nanofibers as highly active catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 8976–8982 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01348
  8. P. Zhang, F. Wang, M. Yu, X. Zhuang, X. Feng, Two-dimensional materials for miniaturized energy storage devices: from individual devices to smart integrated systems. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 7426–7451 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00561C
  9. P. Miró, M. Audiffred, T. Heine, An atlas of two-dimensional materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 6537–6554 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00102H
  10. Z. Wang, J. Liu, X. Hao, Y. Wang, Y. Chen et al., Investigating the stability of molecule doped graphene field effect transistors. New J. Chem. 43, 15275–15279 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ03537K
  11. Z. Wang, X. Xiong, J. Li, M. Dong, Screening fermi-level pinning effect through van der waals contacts to monolayer MoS2. Mater. Today Phys. 16, 100290 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2020.100290
  12. A. Ayari, E. Cobas, O. Ogundadegbe, M.S. Fuhrer, Realization and electrical characterization of ultrathin crystals of layered transition-metal dichalcogenides. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 014507 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2407388
  13. L.H. Li, Y. Chen, G. Behan, H. Zhang, M. Petravic et al., Large-scale mechanical peeling of boron nitride nanosheets by low-energy ball milling. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 11862–11866 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM11192B
  14. M. Özdemir, C. Çekil, Ö. Atasever, B. Ozdemir, Z. Yarar et al., Electron transport properties of silicene: Intrinsic and dirty cases with screening effects. J. Mol. Struct. 1199, 126878 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126878
  15. Z. Wang, Q. Li, F. Besenbacher, M. Dong, Facile synthesis of single crystal PtSe2 nanosheets for nanoscale electronics. Adv. Mater. 28, 10224–10229 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602889
  16. M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu et al., Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Adv. Mater. 23, 4248–4253 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102306
  17. R.B. Levy, M. Boudart, Platinum-like behavior of tungsten carbide in surface catalysis. Science 181, 547 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.181.4099.547
  18. J. Claridge, A. York, A. Brungs, C. Márquez-Alvarez, J. Sloan et al., New catalysts for the conversion of methane to synthesis gas: molybdenum and tungsten carbide. J. Catal. 180, 85–100 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1998.2260
  19. J. Kitchin, J. Nørskov, M. Barteau, J. Chen, Trends in the chemical properties of early transition metal carbide surfaces: A density functional study. Catal. Today 105, 66–73 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.04.008
  20. N.C. Frey, A. Bandyopadhyay, H. Kumar, B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi et al., Surface-engineered MXenes: Electric field control of magnetism and enhanced magnetic anisotropy. ACS Nano 13, 2831–2839 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b09201
  21. M. Ashton, K. Mathew, R.G. Hennig, S.B. Sinnott, Predicted surface composition and thermodynamic stability of mxenes in solution. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 3550–3556 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11887
  22. Z. Kan, M. Wen, Q. Meng, C. Hu, X. Li et al., Effects of substrate bias voltage on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behavior of reactive sputtered niobium carbide films. Surf. Coat. Tech. 212, 185–191 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.09.046
  23. N. Nedfors, O. Tengstrand, E. Lewin, A. Furlan, P. Eklund et al., Structural, mechanical and electrical-contact properties of nanocrystalline-NbC/amorphous-C coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering. Surf. Coat. Tech. 206, 354–359 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.021
  24. E.V. Pechen, S.I. Krasnosvobodtsev, N.P. Shabanova, E.V. Ekimov, A.V. Varlashkin et al., Tunneling and critical-magnetic-field study of superconducting NbC thin films. Physica C 235–240, 2511–2512 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(94)92476-7
  25. M.G. Kostenko, A.V. Lukoyanov, A.A. Valeeva, Vacancy ordered structures in a nonstoichiometric niobium carbide NbC0.83. Mendeleev Commun. 29, 707–709 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mencom.2019.11.037
  26. J. Smith, O. Carlson, R. de Avillez, ChemInform abstract: The niobium-carbon system. ChemInform (1987). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198736371
  27. M. Cuppari, S. Santos, Physical properties of the NbC carbide. Metals 6, 250 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/met6100250
  28. V. Lipatnikov, W. Lengauer, P. Ettmayer, E. Keil, G. Groboth et al., Effects of vacancy ordering on structure and properties of vanadium carbide. J. Alloys Compounds 261, 192–197 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(97)00224-7
  29. L.W. Shacklette, W.S. Williams, Influence of order–disorder on the electrical resistivity of vanadium carbide. Phys. Rev. B (1973). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.7.5041
  30. X. Chong, Y. Jiang, R. Zhou, J. Feng, Electronic structure, mechanical and thermal properties of V-C binary compounds. RSC Adv. 4, 44959–44971 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA07543A
  31. V.N. Lipatnikov, A.I. Gusev, P. Ettmayer, W. Lengauer, Phase transformations in non-stoichiometric vanadium carbide. J. Phys. Condensed Matter 11, 163–184 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/11/1/014
  32. X.S. Fan, Z. Yang, Z. Yuduo, H. Che, Evaluation of vanadium carbide coatings on AISI H13 obtained by thermo-reactive deposition/diffusion technique. Surf. Coat. Tech. 205, 641–646 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.065
  33. Y. Zhong, X. Xia, F. Shi, J. Zhan, J. Tu et al., Transition metal carbides and nitrides in energy storage and conversion. Adv. Sci. 3, 1500286 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500286
  34. X. Zhao, W. Sun, D. Geng, W. Fu, J. Dan et al., Edge segregated polymorphism in 2D molybdenum carbide. Adv. Mater. 31, 1808343 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808343
  35. C. Dai, Y. Chen, X. Jing, L. Xiang, D. Yang et al., Two-dimensional tantalum carbide (MXenes) composite nanosheets for multiple imaging-guided photothermal tumor ablation. ACS Nano 11, 12696–12712 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07241
  36. H. Liu, J. Zhu, Z. Lai, R. Zhao, D. He, A first-principles study on structural and electronic properties of Mo2C. Scripta Mater. 60, 949–952 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.02.010
  37. M. Tuo, C. Xu, H. Mu, X. Bao, Y. Wang et al., Ultrathin 2D Transition metal carbides for ultrafast pulsed fiber lasers. ACS Photonics 5, 1808–1816 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01428
  38. J. Jeon, H. Choi, S. Choi, J.-H. Park, B.H. Lee et al., Hybrid photodetectors: transition-metal-carbide (Mo2C) multiperiod gratings for realization of high-sensitivity and broad-spectrum photodetection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1970329 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201970329
  39. H.W. Hugosson, O. Eriksson, U. Jansson, B. Johansson, Phase stabilities and homogeneity ranges in 4d-transition-metal carbides: A theoretical study. Phys. Rev. B 63, 134108 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.134108
  40. V.N. Lipatnikov, A.A. Rempel, A.I. Gusev, Atomic ordering and hardness of nonstoichiometric titanium carbide. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 15, 61–64 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-4368(96)00020-0
  41. X.J. Li, L.L. He, Y.S. Li, Q. Yang, A. Hirose, Strain-induced ordered structure of titanium carbide during depositing diamond on Ti alloy substrate. Mater. Charact. 123, 227–232 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.11.035
  42. B. Yu, A. Huang, D. Chen, K. Srinivas, X. Zhang et al., In situ construction of Mo2C quantum dots-decorated cnt networks as a multifunctional electrocatalyst for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries. Small 17, 2100460 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202100460
  43. H. Goretzki, Neutron diffraction studies on titanium-carbon and zirconium-carbon alloys. Phys. Status Solidi B 20, K141–K143 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.19670200260
  44. B. Ji, S. Fan, X. Ma, K. Hu, L. Wang et al., Electromagnetic shielding behavior of heat-treated Ti3C2TX MXene accompanied by structural and phase changes. Carbon 165, 150–162 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.04.041
  45. N.V. Dzhalabadze, B.G. Éristavi, N.I. Maisuradze, K.K. Tskhovrebashvili, É.R. Kuteliya, Structural transformations in titanium carbide during diamond grinding. Powder Metall. Metal Ceram. 38, 292–296 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02675778
  46. A.D. Dillon, M.J. Ghidiu, A.L. Krick, J. Griggs, S.J. May et al., Highly conductive optical quality solution-processed films of 2D titanium carbide. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 4162–4168 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201600357
  47. M. Khazaei, A. Ranjbar, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, S. Yunoki, Electronic properties and applications of MXenes: a theoretical review. J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 2488–2503 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC00140A
  48. M. Kuang, W. Huang, C. Hegde, W. Fang, X. Tan et al., Interface engineering in transition metal carbides for electrocatalytic hydrogen generation and nitrogen fixation. Mater. Horizons 7, 32–53 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9MH01094G
  49. G. Fiori, F. Bonaccorso, G. Iannaccone, T. Palacios, D. Neumaier et al., Electronics based on two-dimensional materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 768–779 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.207
  50. S. Zada, W. Dai, Z. Kai, H. Lu, X. Meng et al., Algae extraction controllable delamination of vanadium carbide nanosheets with enhanced near-infrared photothermal performance. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59, 6601–6606 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201916748
  51. A. Jastrzebska, A. Szuplewska, A. Rozmysłowska-Wojciechowska, J. Mitrzak, T. Wojciechowski et al., Juggling surface charges of 2D niobium carbide MXenes for a reactive oxygen species scavenging and effective targeting of the malignant melanoma cell cycle into programmed cell death. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 7942–7951 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01609
  52. J.A. Klug, T. Proslier, J.W. Elam, R.E. Cook, J.M. Hiller et al., Atomic layer deposition of amorphous niobium carbide-based thin film superconductors. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 25063–25071 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp207612r
  53. S. Pisana, P.M. Braganca, E.E. Marinero, B.A. Gurney, Tunable nanoscale graphene magnetometers. Nano Lett. 10, 341–346 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl903690y
  54. A.P.M. Barboza, H. Chacham, C.K. Oliveira, T.F.D. Fernandes, E.H.M. Ferreira et al., Dynamic negative compressibility of few-layer graphene, h-BN, and MoS2. Nano Lett. 12, 2313–2317 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl300183e
  55. J. Yang, M. Naguib, M. Ghidiu, L.-M. Pan, J. Gu et al., Two-dimensional nb-based M4C3 solid solutions (MXenes). J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99, 660–666 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13922
  56. L. Verger, C. Xu, V. Natu, H.-M. Cheng, W. Ren et al., Overview of the synthesis of MXenes and other ultrathin 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides. Curr. Opin. Solid St. Mater. Sci. 23, 149–163 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2019.02.001
  57. M.R. Lukatskaya, O. Mashtalir, C.E. Ren, Y. Dall’Agnese, P. Rozier et al., Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide. Science 341, 1502 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241488
  58. A. Ren, J. Zou, H. Lai, Y. Huang, L. Yuan et al., Direct laser-patterned MXene–perovskite image sensor arrays for visible-near infrared photodetection. Mater. Horiz. 7, 1901–1911 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MH00537A
  59. C. Zhang, B. Anasori, A. Seral-Ascaso, S.-H. Park, N. McEvoy et al., Transparent, Flexible, and conductive 2d titanium carbide (MXene) films with high volumetric capacitance. Adv. Mater. 29, 1702678 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702678
  60. M. Radovic, M. Barsoum, M.A.X. Phases, Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 92, 20–27 (2013)
  61. S. Yang, P. Zhang, F. Wang, A.G. Ricciardulli, M.R. Lohe et al., Fluoride-free synthesis of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) using a binary aqueous system. Angew. Chem. Inter. Ed. 57, 15491–15495 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201809662
  62. J. Zhou, X. Zha, F.Y. Chen, Q. Ye, P. Eklund et al., A two-dimensional zirconium carbide by selective etching of Al3C3 from nanolaminated Zr3Al3C5. Angew. Chem. Inter. Ed. 55, 5008–5013 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201510432
  63. M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Two-dimensional materials: 25th anniversary article: MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials. Adv. Mater. 26, 982–982 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201470041
  64. M. Ghidiu, M. Lukatskaya, M.-Q. Zhao, Y. Gogotsi, M. Barsoum, Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance. Nature 516, 78–81 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13970
  65. F. Liu, A. Zhou, J. Chen, J. Jia, W. Zhou et al., Preparation of Ti3C2 and Ti2C MXenes by fluoride salts etching and methane adsorptive properties. Appl. Surf. Sci. 416, 781–789 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.239
  66. F. Liu, J. Zhou, S. Wang, B. Wang, C. Shen et al., Preparation of high-purity V2C MXene and electrochemical properties as Li-Ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164, A709–A713 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0641704jes
  67. J. Halim, M.R. Lukatskaya, K.M. Cook, J. Lu, C.R. Smith et al., Transparent conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide epitaxial thin films. Chem. Mater. 26, 2374–2381 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm500641a
  68. M. Alhabeb, K. Maleski, B. Anasori, P. Lelyukh, L. Clark et al., Guidelines for synthesis and processing of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene). Chem. Mater. 29, 7633–7644 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02847
  69. A. Lipatov, M. Alhabeb, M.R. Lukatskaya, A. Boson, Y. Gogotsi et al., MXene materials: effect of synthesis on quality, electronic properties and environmental stability of individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene flakes. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2, 1600255 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201670068
  70. J. Yi, J. Li, S. Huang, L. Hu, L. Miao et al., Ti2CTx MXene-based all-optical modulator. InfoMat 2, 601–609 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12052
  71. C. Zhang, L. Cui, S. Abdolhosseinzadeh, J. Heier, Two-dimensional MXenes for lithium-sulfur batteries. InfoMat 2, 613–638 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12080
  72. Q.X. He, B. Wang, L. Wang, Q. Hu, A. Zhou, Two-dimensional vanadium carbide (V2CTx) MXene as supercapacitor electrode in seawater electrolyte. Chin. Chem. Lett. 31, 984–987 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.08.025
  73. E. Pomerantseva, Y. Gogotsi, Two-dimensional heterostructures for energy storage. Nat. Energy 2, 17089 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.89
  74. Y. Guan, S. Jiang, Y. Cong, J. Wang, Z. Dong et al., A hydrofluoric acid-free synthesis of 2D vanadium carbide (V2C) MXene for supercapacitor electrodes. 2D Mater. 7, 025010 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab6706
  75. Y. Xin, Y.-X. Yu, Possibility of bare and functionalized niobium carbide MXenes for electrode materials of supercapacitors and field emitters. Mater. Design 130, 512–520 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.052
  76. Z. Wang, Q. Li, Y. Chen, B. Cui, Y. Li et al., The ambipolar transport behavior of WSe2 transistors and its analogue circuits. NPG Asia Mater. 10, 703–712 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-018-0062-1
  77. S.-Y. Pang, W.-F. Io, L.-W. Wong, J. Zhao, J. Hao, Efficient energy conversion and storage based on robust fluoride-free self-assembled 1D niobium carbide in 3D nanowire network. Adv. Sci. 7, 1903680 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201903680
  78. D. Pinto, B. Anasori, H. Avireddy, C.E. Shuck, K. Hantanasirisakul et al., Synthesis and electrochemical properties of 2D molybdenum vanadium carbides – solid solution MXenes. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 8957–8968 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA01798A
  79. D. Bloom, N. Grant, The system chromium-carbon. JOM 2, 41–46 (1950). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03398977
  80. M. Naguib, MXenes: A new family of two-dimensional materials and its application as electrodes for Li-ion batteries. Dissertations Theses Gradworks 45, 787–799 (2015)
  81. C. Wan, Y.N. Regmi, B.M. Leonard, Multiple phases of molybdenum carbide as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 6407–6410 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201402998
  82. J. Luo, E. Matios, H. Wang, X. Tao, W. Li, Interfacial structure design of MXene-based nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. InfoMat 2, 1057–1076 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12118
  83. O. Mashtalir, M. Naguib, V. Mochalin, Y. Dall’Agnese, M. Heon et al., Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides. Nat. Commun. 4, 1716 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2664
  84. B. Anasori, Y. Xie, M. Beidaghi, J. Lu, B.C. Hosler et al., Two-dimensional, ordered, double transition metals carbides (MXenes). ACS Nano 9, 9507–9516 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03591
  85. Y. Omomo, T. Sasaki, L. Wang, M. Watanabe, Redoxable nanosheet crystallites of MnO2 derived via delamination of a layered manganese oxide. ChemInform (2003). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200324215
  86. M. Naguib, R. Unocic, B. Armstrong, J. Nanda, Large-scale delamination of multi-layers transition metal carbides and carbonitrides “MXenes.” Dalton Trans. 44, 9353 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5DT01247C
  87. O. Mashtalir, M.R. Lukatskaya, M.-Q. Zhao, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Amine-assisted delamination of Nb2C MXene for Li-Ion energy storage devices. Adv. Mater. 27, 3501–3506 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500604
  88. A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son et al., Few-Layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 9, 30–35 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl901829a
  89. X. Wang, H. Feng, Y. Wu, L. Jiao, Controlled synthesis of highly crystalline MoS2 flakes by chemical vapor deposition. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 5304–5307 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4013485
  90. C. Xu, L. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Chen, J. Guo et al., Large-area high-quality 2D ultrathin Mo2C superconducting crystals. Nat. Mater. 14, 1135–1141 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4374
  91. C. Xu, L. Chen, Z. Liu, H.-M. Cheng, W. Ren, Bottom-Up synthesis of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides. 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) (2019), pp. 89–109
  92. D. Geng, X. Zhao, Z. Chen, W. Sun, W. Fu et al., Direct synthesis of large-area 2D Mo2C on In situ grown graphene. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700072 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700072
  93. D. Geng, X. Zhao, L. Li, P. Song, B. Tian et al., Controlled growth of ultrathin Mo2C superconducting crystals on liquid Cu surface. 2D Mater. 4, 011012 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa51b7
  94. C. Zhang, Z. Wang, R. Tu, M. Dong, J. Li et al., Growth of self-aligned single-crystal vanadium carbide nanosheets with a controllable thickness on a unique staked metal substrate. Appl. Surf. Sci. 499, 143998 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143998
  95. C. Xu, S. Song, Z. Liu, L. Chen, L. Wang et al., Strongly coupled high-quality graphene/2D superconducting Mo2C vertical heterostructures with aligned orientation. ACS Nano 11, 5906–5914 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01638
  96. C. Zhang, Z. Wang, R. Tu, M. Dong, J. Li et al., Growth of self-aligned single-crystal vanadium carbide nanosheets with a controllable thickness on a unique staked metal substrate. Appl. Surf. Sci. 499, 143998 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143998
  97. T. Ikenoue, T. Yoshida, M. Miyake, R. Kasada, T. Hirato, Fabrication and mechanical properties of tungsten carbide thin films via mist chemical vapor deposition. J. Alloys Compounds 829, 154567 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154567
  98. H.E. Rebenne, D.G. Bhat, Review of CVD TiN coatings for wear-resistant applications: deposition processes, properties and performance. Surf. Coat. Tech. 63, 1–13 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(05)80002-7
  99. L. Volpe, M. Boudart, Compounds of molybdenum and tungsten with high specific surface area: I. Nitrides. J. Solid State Chem. 59, 332–347 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(85)90301-9
  100. J.B. Claridge, A.P.E. York, A.J. Brungs, M.L.H. Green, Study of the temperature-programmed reaction synthesis of early transition metal carbide and nitride catalyst materials from oxide precursors. Chem. Mater. 12, 132–142 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm9911060
  101. A.T. Peters, Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry: vols A5–A7. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, FRG, 1986. vols A5 (ISBN 3-527-20105-X; xv + 556 pp). Dyes Pigm. 9, 165–166 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-7208(88)80015-9
  102. V.L.S. Teixeira da Silva, E.I. Ko, M. Schmal, S.T. Oyama, Synthesis of niobium carbide from niobium oxide aerogels. Chem. Mater. 7, 179–184 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00049a027
  103. V.L.S. Teixeira da Silva, M. Schmal, S.T. Oyama, Niobium carbide synthesis from niobium oxide: study of the synthesis conditions, kinetics, and solid-state transformation mechanism. J. Solid State Chem. 123, 168–182 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1996.0165
  104. R. Kapoor, S.T. Oyama, Synthesis of high surface area vanadium nitride. J. Solid State Chem. 99, 303–312 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(92)90318-P
  105. J.G. Choi, H.G. Oh, Y.S. Baek, Tantalum carbide hydrodenitrogenation catalysts. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 4, 94–98 (1998)
  106. L. Fei, X. Gan, S.M. Ng, H. Wang, M. Xu et al., Observable two-step nucleation mechanism in solid-state formation of tungsten carbide. ACS Nano 13, 681–688 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b07864
  107. S. Biira, T. Thabethe, H. Bissett, T. Ntsoane, J.B. Malherbe, Investigating the thermal stability of the chemical vapour deposited zirconium carbide layers. J. Alloys Compounds 834, 155003 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155003
  108. W. Sun, X. Kuang, H. Liang, X. Xia, Z. Zhang et al., Mechanical properties of tantalum carbide from high-pressure/high-temperature synthesis and first-principles calculations. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22, 5018–5023 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP06819H
  109. G. Zou, H. Wang, N. Mara, H. Luo, N. Li et al., Chemical solution deposition of epitaxial carbide films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 2516–2517 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9102315
  110. R.E. Jilek, E. Bauer, A.K. Burrell, T.M. McCleskey, Q. Jia et al., Preparation of epitaxial uranium dicarbide thin films by polymer-assisted deposition. Chem. Mater. 25, 4373–4377 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm402655p
  111. M. Backhaus-Ricoult, Oxidation behavior of SiC-whisker-reinforced alumina-zirconia composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74, 1793–1802 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07790.x
  112. E. Lewin, M. Råsander, M. Klintenberg, A. Bergman, O. Eriksson et al., Design of the lattice parameter of embedded nanoparticles. Chem. Phys. Lett. 496, 95–99 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2010.07.013
  113. D.V. Shtansky, E.A. Levashov, A.N. Sheveiko, J.J. Moore, Synthesis and characterization of Ti-Si-C-N films. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 30, 2439–2447 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-999-0252-0
  114. Z. Kan, M. Wena, G. Chengb, X. Lia, Q. Meng et al., Reactive magnetron sputtering deposition and characterization of niobium carbide films. Vacuum 99, 233–241 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2013.06.012
  115. S.A. Shiryaev, M. Atamanov, M. Guseva, Y. Martynenko, A. Mitin et al., Production and properties of metal-carbon composite coatings with a nanocrystalline structure. Tech. Phys. 47, 238–243 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1451974
  116. D. Yang, Z. Su, Y. Chen, K. Srinivas, J. Gao et al., Electronic modulation of hierarchical spongy nanosheets toward efficient and stable water electrolysis. Small 17, 2006881 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202006881
  117. J. Wang, S. Liu, Y. Wang, T. Wang, S. Shang et al., Magnetron-sputtering deposited molybdenum carbide MXene thin films as a saturable absorber for passively Q-switched lasers. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 1608–1613 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC06117G
  118. R.W. Chorley, P.W. Lednor, Synthetic routes to high surface area non-oxide materials. Adv. Mater. 3, 474–485 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19910031004
  119. T.P. Nguyen, D.M. Tuan Nguyen, D.L. Tran, H.K. Le, D.-V.N. Vo et al., MXenes: Applications in electrocatalytic, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction and CO2 reduction. Mol. Catal. 486, 110850 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110850
  120. Z. Wang, H.-H. Wu, Q. Li, F. Besenbacher, Y. Li et al., Reversing interfacial catalysis of ambipolar WSe2 single crystal. Adv. Sci. 7, 1901382 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901382
  121. Z. Wang, Q. Li, H. Xu, C. Dahl-Petersen, Q. Yang et al., Controllable etching of MoS2 basal planes for enhanced hydrogen evolution through the formation of active edge sites. Nano Energy 49, 634–643 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.04.067
  122. G. Gao, A.P. O’Mullane, A. Du, 2D MXenes: A new family of promising catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Catal. 7, 494–500 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b02754
  123. J. Wan, C. Wang, T. Qian, X. Gu, M. He, First-principles study of vanadium carbides as electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. RSC Adv. 9, 37467–37473 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06539c
  124. L. Tian, S. Min, F. Wang, Z. Zhang, Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution on TiO2 employing vanadium carbide as an efficient and stable cocatalyst. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 1878–1889 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.094
  125. Z. Hu, C. Chen, H. Meng, R. Wang, P. Shen et al., Oxygen reduction electrocatalysis enhanced by nanosized cubic vanadium carbide. Electrochem. Commun. 13, 763–765 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2011.03.004
  126. L. Guo, Y. Liu, X. Teng, Y. Niu, S. Gong et al., Self-supported vanadium carbide by an electropolymerization-assisted method for efficient hydrogen production. Chemsuschem 13, 3671–3678 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202000769
  127. Y. Yoon, A.P. Tiwari, M. Choi, T.G. Novak, W. Song et al., Precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for activation of hydrogen evolution with nonmetallic electron donor: chemical composition controllable phosphorous doped vanadium carbide MXene. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1903443 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903443
  128. C.-F. Du, X. Sun, H. Yu, W. Fang, Y. Jing et al., V4C3Tx MXene: A promising active substrate for reactive surface modification and the enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution activity. InfoMat 2, 950–959 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12078
  129. U. Jansson, E. Lewin, Sputter deposition of transition-metal carbide films — a critical review from a chemical perspective. Thin Solid Films 536, 1–24 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.02.019
  130. W.-F. Chen, C.-H. Wang, K. Sasaki, N. Marinkovic, W. Xu et al., Highly active, durable, and nanostructured molybdenum carbide electrocatalysts for hydrogen production. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 943 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE23891H
  131. Z. Chen, T. Guo, Z. Wu, D. Wang, Boron triggers the phase transformation of MoxC (α-MoC1-x/β-Mo2C) for enhanced hydrogen production. Nanotechnology. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab5a25
  132. N. Han, K.R. Yang, Z. Lu, Y. Li, W. Xu et al., Nitrogen-doped tungsten carbide nanoarray as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting in acid. Nat. Commun. 9, 924 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03429-z
  133. L. Lin, M. Chen, L. Wu, Synthesis of molybdenum–tungsten bimetallic carbide hollow spheres as pH-Universal electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1801302 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801302
  134. J. Chen, B. Ren, H. Cui, C. Wang, Constructing pure phase tungsten-based bimetallic carbide nanosheet as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. Small 16, 1907556 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201907556
  135. L. Wang, Z. Liu, S. Zhu, M. Shao, B. Yang et al., Tungsten carbide and cobalt modified nickel nanoparticles supported on multiwall carbon nanotubes as highly efficient electrocatalysts for urea oxidation in alkaline electrolyte. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 41338–41343 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b14397
  136. K. Kui, K. Xi, Z. Pu, S. Mu, Constructing carbon-cohered high-index (222) faceted tantalum carbide nanocrystals as a robust hydrogen evolution catalyst. Nano Energy 36, 374–380 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.057
  137. W. Huang, H. Meng, Y. Gao, J. Wang, C. Yang et al., Metallic tungsten carbide nanoparticles as a near-infrared-driven photocatalyst. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 18538–18546 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA03151K
  138. S. Li, P. Tuo, J. Xie, X. Zhang, J. Xu et al., Ultrathin MXene nanosheets with rich fluorine termination groups realizing efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 47, 512–518 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.022
  139. C. Wang, S. Wei, S. Chen, D. Cao, L. Song, Delaminating vanadium carbides for Zinc-ion storage: hydrate precipitation and H+/Zn2+ Co-action mechanism. Small Methods 3, 1900495 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900495
  140. L. Liao, S. Wang, J. Xiao, X. Bian, Y. Zhang et al., A nanoporous molybdenum carbide nanowire as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 387–392 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42441C
  141. L. Ma, L.R.L. Ting, V. Molinari, C. Giordano, B.S. Yeo, Efficient hydrogen evolution reaction catalyzed by molybdenum carbide and molybdenum nitride nanocatalysts synthesized via the urea glass route. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 8361–8368 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA00139K
  142. A.D. Handoko, K.D. Fredrickson, B. Anasori, K.W. Convey, L.R. Johnson et al., Tuning the basal plane functionalization of two-dimensional metal carbides (MXenes) to control hydrogen evolution activity. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1, 173–180 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.7b00054
  143. Z. Kou, K. Xi, Z. Pu, S. Mu, Constructing carbon-cohered high-index (222) faceted tantalum carbide nanocrystals as a robust hydrogen evolution catalyst. Nano Energy 36, 374–380 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.057
  144. D.P. Valencia, L. Yate, W. Aperador, Y. Li, E. Coy, High electrocatalytic response of ultra-refractory ternary alloys of Ta-Hf-C carbide toward hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic media. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 25433–25440 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b08123
  145. L. Qiao, A. Zhu, W. Zeng, R. Dong, P. Tan et al., Achieving electronic structure reconfiguration in metallic carbides for robust electrochemical water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 2453–2462 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA10682K
  146. C.-F. Du, K.N. Dinh, Q. Liang, Y. Zheng, Y. Luo et al., Self-assemble and in situ formation of Ni1−xFexPS3 nanomosaic-decorated MXene hybrids for overall water splitting. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1801127 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801127
  147. D. Das, S. Santra, K.K. Nanda, In situ fabrication of a Nickel/Molybdenum carbide-anchored N-doped graphene/CNT hybrid: an efficient (pre)catalyst for OER and HER. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 10, 35025–35038 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09941
  148. H. Fan, H. Yu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zheng, Y. Luo et al., Fe-doped Ni3C nanodots in N-doped carbon nanosheets for efficient hydrogen-evolution and oxygen-evolution electrocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 12566–12570 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201706610
  149. L. Zhao, B. Dong, S. Li, L. Zhou, L. Lai et al., Interdiffusion reaction-assisted hybridization of two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks and Ti3C2Tx nanosheets for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. ACS Nano 11, 5800–5807 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01409
  150. S. Gao, H. Chen, Y. Liu, G.-D. Li, R. Gao et al., Surface-clean, phase-pure multi-metallic carbides for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Inorg. Chem. Front. 6, 940–947 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8QI01360H
  151. Y. Yoon, A.P. Tiwari, M. Lee, M. Choi, W. Song et al., Enhanced electrocatalytic activity by chemical nitridation of two-dimensional titanium carbide MXene for hydrogen evolution. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 20869–20877 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA08197B
  152. X. Zang, W. Chen, X. Zou, J.N. Hohman, L. Yang et al., Self-assembly of large-area 2D polycrystalline transition metal carbides for hydrogen electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 30, 1805188 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805188
  153. A. Mondal, K. Sinha, A. Paul, D.N. Srivastava, A.B. Panda, Large scale synthesis of Mo2C nanoparticle incorporated carbon nanosheet (Mo2C–C) for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 18623–18634 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.051
  154. Y. Jiang, T. Sun, X. Xie, W. Jiang, J. Li et al., Oxygen-functionalized ultrathin Ti3C2Tx MXene for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chemsuschem 12, 1368–1373 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201803032
  155. Y. Zhou, R. Ma, P. Li, Y. Chen, Q. Liu et al., Ditungsten carbide nanoparticles encapsulated by ultrathin graphitic layers with excellent hydrogen-evolution electrocatalytic properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 8204–8210 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA01601D
  156. L. Wang, Z. Li, K. Wang, Q. Dai, C. Lei et al., Tuning d-band center of tungsten carbide via Mo doping for efficient hydrogen evolution and Zn–H2O cell over a wide pH range. Nano Energy 74, 104850 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104850
  157. D.B. Burueva, A.A. Smirnov, O.A. Bulavchenko, I.P. Prosvirin, E.Y. Gerasimov et al., Pairwise parahydrogen addition over molybdenum carbide catalysts. Top. Catal. 63, 2–11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-019-01211-z
  158. T. Xiao, A. York, V. Williams, H. Almegren, A. Hanif et al., Preparation of molybdenum carbides using butane and their catalytic performance. Chem. Mater. (2000). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm001157t
  159. E.B. Deeva, A. Kurlov, P.M. Abdala, D. Lebedev, S.M. Kim et al., In Situ XANES/XRD study of the structural stability of two-dimensional molybdenum carbide Mo2CTx: implications for the catalytic activity in the water–gas shift reaction. Chem. Mater. 31, 4505–4513 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01105
  160. A. Pajares, H. Prats, A. Romero, F. Viñes, P.R. de la Piscina et al., Critical effect of carbon vacancies on the reverse water gas shift reaction over vanadium carbide catalysts. App. Catal. B-Environ. 267, 118719 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118719
  161. E. Lee, A. VahidMohammadi, Y.S. Yoon, M. Beidaghi, D.-J. Kim, Two-dimensional vanadium carbide MXene for gas sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity toward nonpolar gases. ACS Sensors 4, 1603–1611 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b00303
  162. L. Zhao, K. Wang, W. Wei, L. Wang, W. Han, High-performance flexible sensing devices based on polyaniline/MXene nanocomposites. InfoMat 1, 407–416 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12032
  163. S. Sun, M. Wang, X. Chang, Y. Jiang, D. Zhang et al., W18O49/Ti3C2Tx Mxene nanocomposites for highly sensitive acetone gas sensor with low detection limit. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 304, 127274 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127274
  164. W. Li, Y. Yang, G. Zhang, Y.-W. Zhang, Ultrafast and directional diffusion of lithium in phosphorene for high-performance lithium-ion battery. Nano Lett. 15, 1691–1697 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl504336h
  165. H. Jin, S. Xin, C. Chuang, W. Li, H. Wang et al., Black phosphorus composites with engineered interfaces for high-rate high-capacity lithium storage. Science 370, 192 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5842
  166. P. Ma, D. Fang, Y. Liu, Y. Shang, Y. Shi et al., MXene-Based materials for electrochemical sodium-ion storage. Adv. Sci. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202003185
  167. M. Naguib, J. Halim, J. Lu, K.M. Cook, L. Hultman et al., New two-dimensional niobium and vanadium carbides as promising materials for Li-Ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 15966–15969 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405735d
  168. Z. Lin, P. Rozier, B. Duployer, P.-L. Taberna, B. Anasori et al., Electrochemical and In-situ X-ray diffraction Studies of Ti3C2Tx MXene in Ionic liquid Electrolyte. Electrochem. Commun. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2016.08.023
  169. J. Zhou, S. Lin, Y. Huang, P. Tong, B. Zhao et al., Synthesis and lithium ion storage performance of two-dimensional V4C3 MXene. Chem. Eng. J. 373, 203–212 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.037
  170. J. Zhao, J. Wen, L. Bai, J. Xiao, R. Zheng et al., One-step synthesis of few-layer niobium carbide MXene as a promising anode material for high-rate lithium ion batteries. Dalton Trans. 48, 14433–14439 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9DT03260F
  171. S. Shen, X. Xia, Y. Zhong, S. Deng, D. Xie et al., Implanting niobium carbide into trichoderma spore carbon: a new advanced host for sulfur cathodes. Adv. Mater. 31, 1900009 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900009
  172. C. Wenlong, G. Li, K. Zhang, G. Xiao, C. Wang et al., Conductive nanocrystalline niobium carbide as high-efficiency polysulfides tamer for lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1704865 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201704865
  173. A. VahidMohammadi, A. Hadjikhani, S. Shahbazmohamadi, M. Beidaghi, Two-dimensional vanadium carbide (MXene) as a high-capacity cathode material for rechargeable aluminum batteries. ACS Nano 11, 11135–11144 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05350
  174. J. Yu, M. Li, X. Wang, Z. Yang, Promising high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials from MnO2 Nanosheets@Bamboo leaf carbon. ACS Omega 5, 16299–16306 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02169
  175. Y. Zhao, Q. Fang, X. Zhu, L. Xue, M. Ni et al., Structure reinforced birnessite with an extended potential window for supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 8969–8978 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA01480J
  176. Z. Wang, J. Liu, X. Hao, Y. Wang, Y. Chen et al., Enhanced power density of a supercapacitor by introducing 3D-interfacial graphene. New J. Chem. 44, 13377–13381 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ02105A
  177. J. Xiao, H. Zhan, X. Wang, Z.-Q. Xu, Z. Xiong et al., Electrolyte gating in graphene-based supercapacitors and its use for probing nanoconfined charging dynamics. Nat. Nanotech. 15, 683–689 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0704-7
  178. H. Dong, P. Xiao, N. Jin, B. Wang, Y. Liu et al., Molten salt derived Nb2CTx MXene anode for Li-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 8, 957–962 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100142
  179. Y. Li, H. Shao, Z. Lin, J. Lu, L. Liu et al., A general Lewis acidic etching route for preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte. Nat. Mater. 19, 894–899 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0657-0
  180. Q. Shan, X. Mu, M. Alhabeb, C.E. Shuck, D. Pang et al., Two-dimensional vanadium carbide (V2C) MXene as electrode for supercapacitors with aqueous electrolytes. Electrochem. Commun. 96, 103–107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.012
  181. G. Lv, J. Wang, Z. Shi, L. Fan, Intercalation and delamination of two-dimensional MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and application in sodium-ion batteries. Mater. Lett. 219, 45–50 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.02.016
  182. S. Nam, S. Umrao, S. Oh, K.H. Shin, H.S. Park et al., Sonochemical self-growth of functionalized titanium carbide nanorods on Ti3C2 nanosheets for high capacity anode for lithium-ion batteries. Compos. Part B-Eng. 181, 107583 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107583
  183. C.E. Ren, M.-Q. Zhao, T. Makaryan, J. Halim, M. Boota et al., Porous two-dimensional transition metal carbide (MXene) flakes for high-performance Li-Ion storage. ChemElectroChem 3, 689–693 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600059
  184. S. Zhao, X. Meng, K. Zhu, F. Du, G. Chen et al., Li-ion uptake and increase in interlayer spacing of Nb4C3 MXene. Energy Storage Mater. 8, 42–48 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.03.012
  185. L. Ma, T. Chen, G. Zhu, Y. Hu, H. Lu et al., Pitaya-like microspheres derived from Prussian blue analogues as ultralong-life anodes for lithium storage. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 15041–15048 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA06692E
  186. Y.-T. Liu, P. Zhang, N. Sun, B. Anasori, Q.-Z. Zhu et al., Self-Assembly of Transition metal oxide nanostructures on MXene nanosheets for fast and stable lithium storage. Adv. Mater. 30, 1707334 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201707334
  187. C. Zhang, S.J. Kim, M. Ghidiu, M.-Q. Zhao, M.W. Barsoum et al., Layered orthorhombic Nb2O5@Nb4C3Tx and TiO2@Ti3C2Tx hierarchical composites for high performance Li-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 4143–4151 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201600682
  188. H. Zhang, H. Cui, J. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Yang et al., Frogspawn inspired hollow Fe3C@N–C as an efficient sulfur host for high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries. Nanoscale 11, 21532–21541 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR07388D
  189. F. Zhou, Z. Li, X. Luo, T. Wu, B. Jiang et al., Low cost metal carbide nanocrystals as binding and electrocatalytic sites for high performance Li–S batteries. Nano Lett. 18, 1035–1043 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04505
  190. T. Chen, M. Li, S. Song, P. Kim, J. Bae, Biotemplate preparation of multilayered TiC nanoflakes for high performance symmetric supercapacitor. Nano Energy 71, 104549 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104549
  191. X. Zhao, Z. Wang, J. Dong, T. Huang, Q. Zhang et al., Annealing modification of MXene films with mechanically strong structures and high electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications. J. Power Sources 470, 228356 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228356
  192. H. Zhang, J. Liu, Z. Tian, Y. Ye, Y. Cai et al., A general strategy toward transition metal carbide/carbon core/shell nanospheres and their application for supercapacitor electrode. Carbon 100, 590–599 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.047
  193. X. Wang, H. Li, H. Li, S. Lin, W. Ding et al., 2D/2D 1T-MoS2/Ti3C2 MXene heterostructure with excellent supercapacitor performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 0190302 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910302
  194. M. Shi, L. Zhao, X. Song, J. Liu, P. Zhang et al., Highly conductive Mo2C nanofibers encapsulated in ultrathin MnO2 nanosheets as a self-supported electrode for high-performance capacitive energy storage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 8, 32460–32467 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10637
  195. J. Chen, Z. Li, F. Ni, W. Ouyang, X. Fang, Bio-inspired transparent MXene electrodes for flexible UV photodetectors. Mater. Horizons 7, 1828–1833 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MH00394H
  196. K. Montazeri, M. Currie, L. Verger, P. Dianat, M.W. Barsoum et al., Beyond gold: Spin-Coated Ti3C2-based MXene photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 31, 1903271 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903271
  197. Y. Yang, J. Jeon, J.-H. Park, M.S. Jeong, B.H. Lee et al., Plasmonic transition metal carbide electrodes for high-performance inse photodetectors. ACS Nano 13, 8804–8810 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b01941
  198. A. Ren, J. Zou, H. Lai, Y. Huang, L. Yuan et al., Direct laser-patterned MXene–perovskite image sensor arrays for visible-near infrared photodetection. Mater. Horizons 7, 1901–1911 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MH00537A
  199. Z. Kang, Y. Ma, X. Tan, M. Zhu, Z. Zheng et al., MXene–Silicon van der waals heterostructures for high-speed self-driven photodetectors. Adv. Electron. Mater. 3, 1700165 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700165
  200. L. Gao, H. Chen, F. Zhang, S. Mei, Y. Zhang et al., Ultrafast relaxation dynamics and nonlinear response of few-layer niobium carbide MXene. Small Methods (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202000250
  201. J. Jeon, H. Choi, S. Choi, J.-H. Park, B.H. Lee et al., Transition-metal-carbide (Mo2C) multiperiod gratings for realization of high-sensitivity and broad-spectrum photodetection. Adv. Electron. Mater. 29, 1905384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905384
  202. L. Hao, Y. Du, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, H. Xu et al., Wafer-size growth of 2D layered SnSe films for UV-Visible-NIR photodetector arrays with high responsitivity. Nanoscale 12, 7358–7365 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR00319K
  203. H. Xu, L. Hao, H. Liu, S. Dong, Y. Wu et al., Flexible SnSe Photodetectors with ultrabroad spectral response up to 10.6 μm enabled by photobolometric effect. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 35250–35258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c09561
  204. H. Lin, S. Gao, C. Dai, Y. Chen, J. Shi, A two-dimensional biodegradable niobium carbide (MXene) for photothermal tumor eradication in NIR-I and NIR-II biowindows. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 16235–16247 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b07818
  205. X. Ren, M. Huo, M. Wang, H. Lin, X. Zhang et al., Highly catalytic niobium carbide (MXene) promotes hematopoietic recovery after radiation by free radical scavenging. ACS Nano 13, 6438–6454 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b09327
  206. H. Lin, Y. Wang, S. Gao, Y. Chen, J. Shi, Theranostic 2D tantalum carbide (MXene). Adv. Mater. 30, 1703284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703284
  207. W. Ren, Z. Liu, C. Xu, C. Wang, S. Song et al., Grain boundaries and tilt angle-dependent transport properties of 2D Mo2C superconductor. Nano Lett. 19, 857–865 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04065
  208. S. Jin, T. Su, Q. Hu, A. Zhou, Thermal conductivity and electrical transport properties of double-A-layer MAX phase Mo2Ga2C. Mater. Res. Lett. 8, 158–164 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2020.1724204
  209. F. Porrati, S. Barth, R. Sachser, O.V. Dobrovolskiy, A. Seybert et al., Crystalline niobium carbide superconducting nanowires prepared by focused ion beam direct writing. ACS Nano 13, 6287–6296 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00059
  210. Z. Wang, H.-H. Wu, Q. Li, F. Besenbacher, X.C. Zeng et al., Self-scrolling MoS2 metallic wires. Nanoscale 10, 18178–18185 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR04611E
  211. M. Hao, C. Xu, Z. Liu, C. Wang, Z. Liu et al., Transport through a network of two-dimensional NbC superconducting crystals connected via weak links. Phys. Rev. B 101, 115422 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.115422
  212. Y. Cheng, X. Wu, Z. Zhang, Y. Sun, Y. Zhao et al., Thermo-mechanical correlation in two-dimensional materials. Nanoscale 13, 1425–1442 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR06824A
  213. G. Zhang, Y.-W. Zhang, Thermal properties of two-dimensional materials. Chin. Phys. B 26, 034401 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/3/034401
  214. X. Lu, Q. Zhang, J. Liao, H. Chen, Y. Fan et al., High-efficiency thermoelectric power generation enabled by homogeneous incorporation of MXene in (Bi, Sb)2Te3 Matrix. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1902986 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902986
  215. S. Hong, G. Zou, H. Kim, D. Huang, P. Wang et al., Photothermoelectric response of Ti3C2Tx MXene confined ion channels. ACS Nano 14, 9042–9049 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04099
  216. J.H. Kim, G.S. Park, Y.-J. Kim, E. Choi, J. Kang et al., Large-area Ti3C2Tx-MXene coating: toward industrial-scale fabrication and molecular separation. ACS Nano 15, 8860–8869 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01448
  217. J. Wang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhu, M. Tian, S. Zheng et al., Ion sieving by a two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx alginate lamellar membrane with stable interlayer spacing. Nat. Commun. 11, 3540 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17373-4
  218. D. Xu, X. Zhu, X. Luo, Y. Guo, Y. Liu et al., MXene nanosheet templated nanofiltration membranes toward ultrahigh water transport. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 1270–1278 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06835
  219. K. Rajavel, X. Yu, P. Zhu, Y. Hu, R. Sun et al., Exfoliation and defect control of two-dimensional few-layer MXene Ti3C2Tx for electromagnetic interference shielding coatings. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 49737–49747 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c12835
  220. B. Aïssa, A. Sinopoli, A. Ali, Y. Zakaria, A. Zekri et al., Nanoelectromagnetic of a highly conductive 2D transition metal carbide (MXene)/Graphene nanoplatelets composite in the EHF M-band frequency. Carbon 173, 528–539 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.11.024
  221. S. Liu, J. Liu, X. Liu, J. Shang, L. Xu et al., Hydrogen storage in incompletely etched multilayer Ti2CTx at room temperature. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 331–336 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-00818-8
  222. T.H. Phuong Doan, W.G. Hong, J.-S. Noh, Palladium nanoparticle-decorated multi-layer Ti3C2Tx dual-functioning as a highly sensitive hydrogen gas sensor and hydrogen storage. RSC Adv. 11, 7492–7501 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA10879K
  223. W. Zhu, S. Panda, C. Lu, Z. Ma, D. Khan et al., Using a self-assembled two-dimensional MXene-based catalyst (2D-Ni@Ti3C2) to enhance hydrogen storage properties of MgH2. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 50333–50343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c12767
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 8367 Download : 6321

Most read articles by the same author(s)