Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Diamond-Like Carbon Depositing on the Surface of Polylactide Membrane for Prevention of Adhesion Formation During Tendon Repair

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01392-7
Yao Xiao
Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
Zaijin Tao
Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
Yufeng Ju
Shanghai Tongji Hospital, 389 Xincun Rd, Shanghai 200065, People’s Republic of China
Xiaolu Huang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Xinshu Zhang
Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
Xiaonan Liu
Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
Pavel A. Volotovski
Orthopedic Trauma Department, Belarus Republic Scientific and Practical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kizhevatova str., 60/4, 220024 Minsk, Belarus
Chao Huang
Shanghai Haohai Biological Technology Limited Liability Company, 1386 Hongqiao Rd, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
Hongqi Chen
Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
Yaozhong Zhang
Shanghai Key Laboratory for High Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Shen Liu
Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Shen Liu

liushensjtu@sjtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 186

Abstract

Post-traumatic peritendinous adhesion presents a significant challenge in clinical medicine. This study proposes the use of diamond-like carbon (DLC) deposited on polylactic acid (PLA) membranes as a biophysical mechanism for anti-adhesion barrier to encase ruptured tendons in tendon-injured rats. The results indicate that PLA/DLC composite membrane exhibits more efficient anti-adhesion effect than PLA membrane, with histological score decreasing from 3.12 ± 0.27 to 2.20 ± 0.22 and anti-adhesion effectiveness increasing from 21.61% to 44.72%. Mechanistically, the abundant C=O bond functional groups on the surface of DLC can reduce reactive oxygen species level effectively; thus, the phosphorylation of NF-κB and M1 polarization of macrophages are inhibited. Consequently, excessive inflammatory response augmented by M1 macrophage-originated cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is largely reduced. For biocompatibility evaluation, PLA/DLC membrane is slowly absorbed within tissue and displays prolonged barrier effects compared to traditional PLA membranes. Further studies show the DLC depositing decelerates the release of degradation product lactic acid and its induction of macrophage M2 polarization by interfering esterase and PLA ester bonds, which further delays the fibrosis process. It was found that the PLA/DLC membrane possess an efficient biophysical mechanism for treatment of peritendinous adhesion.


Highlights:
1 The anti-adhesion effect of polylactic acid (PLA) membrane with diamond-like carbon (DLC) depositing is 44.72%, enhanced by 23.11% compared to PLA.
2 DLC deposited on PLA membranes has been shown to effectively reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species, leading to a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines within peritendinous adhesion tissue.
3 DLC decelerates PLA biodegradation and lactic production, which reduces the number of CD68+CD206+ macrophages within peritendinous adhesion tissue.

Keywords

Diamond-like carbon Reactive oxygen species scavenging Foreign body reaction Biodegradation Antioxidant Peritendinous adhesion
Xiao, Yao, Zaijin Tao, Yufeng Ju, Xiaolu Huang, Xinshu Zhang, Xiaonan Liu, Pavel A. Volotovski, Chao Huang, Hongqi Chen, Yaozhong Zhang, and Shen Liu. 2024. “Diamond-Like Carbon Depositing on the Surface of Polylactide Membrane for Prevention of Adhesion Formation During Tendon Repair”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (April):186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01392-7.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. M. Lu, S. Wang, H. Wang, T. Xue, C. Cai et al., Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-loaded electrospun membranes for peritendinous anti-adhesion through inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Acta Biomater. 155, 333–346 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.004
  2. X. Rong, Y. Tang, S. Cao, S. Xiao, H. Wang et al., An extracellular vesicle-cloaked multifaceted biocatalyst for ultrasound-augmented tendon matrix reconstruction and immune microenvironment regulation. ACS Nano 17, 16501–16516 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c00911
  3. B. Kheilnezhad, A. Hadjizadeh, A review: progress in preventing tissue adhesions from a biomaterial perspective. Biomater. Sci. 9, 2850–2873 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0bm02023k
  4. Y. Li, C. Hu, B. Hu, J. Tian, G. Zhao et al., Sustained release of dicumarol via novel grafted polymer in electrospun nanofiber membrane for treatment of peritendinous adhesion. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 12, e2203078 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202203078
  5. Y. Dogramaci, A. Kalac, E. Atik, E. Esen, M.E. Altuğ et al., Effects of a single application of extractum cepae on the peritendinous adhesion. Ann. Plast. Surg. 64, 338–341 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e3181afa428
  6. P.S. Wiggenhauser, N. Wachtel, K.C. Koban, R.E. Giunta, A. Frick et al., Prevention of postoperative peritendinous adhesions with bioresorbable suprathel barrier membrane. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open 10, e4370 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000004370
  7. C.J. Dy, A. Hernandez-Soria, Y. Ma, T.R. Roberts, A. Daluiski, Complications after flexor tendon repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hand Surg. 37, 543-551.e1 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.11.006
  8. M.J. Fatemi, S. Shirani, R. Sobhani, A.H. Lebaschi, M.J. Gharegozlou et al., Prevention of peritendinous adhesion formation after the flexor tendon surgery in rabbits. Ann. Plast. Surg. 80, 171–175 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000001169
  9. M. Tao, F. Liang, J. He, W. Ye, R. Javed et al., Decellularized tendon matrix membranes prevent post-surgical tendon adhesion and promote functional repair. Acta Biomater. 134, 160–176 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.038
  10. H. Capella-Monsonís, M.A. Tilbury, J.G. Wall, D.I. Zeugolis, Porcine mesothelium matrix as a biomaterial for wound healing applications. Mater. Today Bio 7, 100057 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100057
  11. S. Wang, M. Lu, Y. Cao, Z. Tao, Z. Sun et al., Degradative polylactide nanofibers promote M2 macrophage polarization via STAT6 pathway in peritendinous adhesion. Compos. Part B Eng. 253, 110520 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110520
  12. L. Wang, J. Ma, T. Guo, F. Zhang, A. Dong et al., Control of surface wrinkles on shape memory PLA/PPDO micro-nanofibers and their applications in drug release and anti-scarring. Adv. Fiber Mater. 5, 632–649 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00249-1
  13. B. Tyler, D. Gullotti, A. Mangraviti, T. Utsuki, H. Brem, Polylactic acid (PLA) controlled delivery carriers for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 107, 163–175 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.018
  14. A.J. Vegas, O. Veiseh, J.C. Doloff, M. Ma, H.H. Tam et al., Combinatorial hydrogel library enables identification of materials that mitigate the foreign body response in Primates. Nat. Biotechnol. 34, 345–352 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3462
  15. O. Veiseh, J.C. Doloff, M. Ma, A.J. Vegas, H.H. Tam et al., Size- and shape-dependent foreign body immune response to materials implanted in rodents and non-human Primates. Nat. Mater. 14, 643–651 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4290
  16. N.G. Welch, D.A. Winkler, H. Thissen, Antifibrotic strategies for medical devices. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 167, 109–120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.008
  17. S. Wang, M. Lu, W. Wang, S. Yu, R. Yu et al., Macrophage polarization modulated by NF-κB in polylactide membranes-treated peritendinous adhesion. Small 18, e2104112 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202104112
  18. S. Liu, H. Chen, T. Wu, G. Pan, C. Fan et al., Macrophage infiltration of electrospun polyester fibers. Biomater. Sci. 5, 1579–1587 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6bm00958a
  19. S. Nishio, S. Takeda, K. Kosuga, M. Okada, E. Kyo et al., Decade of histological follow-up for a fully biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid coronary stent (Igaki-Tamai stent) in humans: are bioresorbable scaffolds the answer? Circulation 129, 534–535 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003769
  20. Z. Hou, W. Yan, T. Li, W. Wu, Y. Cui et al., Lactic acid-mediated endothelial to mesenchymal transition through TGF-β1 contributes to in-stent stenosis in poly-L-lactic acid stent. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 155, 1589–1598 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.136
  21. C.K. Sen, Human wound and its burden: updated 2020 compendium of estimates. Adv. Wound Care 10, 281–292 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2021.0026
  22. R. Yu, H. Zhang, B. Guo, Conductive biomaterials as bioactive wound dressing for wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00751-y
  23. Q. Gao, F. Sun, Y. Li, L. Li, M. Liu et al., Biological tissue-inspired ultrasoft, ultrathin, and mechanically enhanced microfiber composite hydrogel for flexible bioelectronics. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 139 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01096-4
  24. Y. Xie, S. Xiao, L. Huang, J. Guo, M. Bai et al., Cascade and ultrafast artificial antioxidases alleviate inflammation and bone resorption in periodontitis. ACS Nano 17, 15097–15112 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04328
  25. Y. Deng, Y. Gao, T. Li, S. Xiao, M. Adeli et al., Amorphizing metal selenides-based ROS biocatalysts at surface nanolayer toward ultrafast inflammatory diabetic wound healing. ACS Nano 17, 2943–2957 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c11448
  26. S. Singh, A. Young, C.-E. McNaught, The physiology of wound healing. Surg. Oxf. 35, 473–477 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.06.004
  27. Z. Wu, Y. Sun, S. Mu, M. Bai, Q. Li et al., Manganese-based antioxidase-inspired biocatalysts with axial Mn-N5 sites and 2D d-π-conjugated networks for rescuing stem cell fate. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202302329 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202302329
  28. Y. Sun, S. Mu, Z. Xing, J. Guo, Z. Wu et al., Catalase-mimetic artificial biocatalysts with Ru catalytic centers for ROS elimination and stem-cell protection. Adv. Mater. 34, e2206208 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206208
  29. S. Cao, Z. Zhao, Y. Zheng, Z. Wu, T. Ma et al., A library of ROS-catalytic metalloenzyme mimics with atomic metal centers. Adv. Mater. 34, e2200255 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202200255
  30. J. Guo, Z. Xing, L. Liu, Y. Sun, H. Zhou et al., Antioxidase-like nanobiocatalysts with ultrafast and reversible redox-centers to secure stem cells and periodontal tissues. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(15), 2211778 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211778
  31. J. Lee, H. Liao, Q. Wang, J. Han, J.H. Han et al., Exploration of nanozymes in viral diagnosis and therapy. Exploration (Beijing) 2, 20210086 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20210086
  32. P. Gong, L. Ren, X. Gao, J. Long, W. Tian et al., A novel barrier membrane with long-term ROS scavenging function for complete prevention of postoperative adhesion. Mater. Des. 238, 112691 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2024.112691
  33. J. Zhao, J.-Y. Fu, F. Jia, J. Li, B. Yu et al., Precise regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress by ROS-responsive prodrug coated balloon for preventing vascular restenosis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2213993 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202213993
  34. I.A. Darby, T.D. Hewitson, Hypoxia in tissue repair and fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res. 365, 553–562 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-016-2461-3
  35. S. Van Linthout, K. Miteva, C. Tschöpe, Crosstalk between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Cardiovasc. Res. 102, 258–269 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvu062
  36. P. Li, H. Zhou, T. Tu, H. Lu, Dynamic exacerbation in inflammation and oxidative stress during the formation of peritendinous adhesion resulted from acute tendon injury. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 16, 293 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-021-02445-y
  37. R. An, X. Wang, L. Yang, J. Zhang, N. Wang et al., Polystyrene microplastics cause granulosa cells apoptosis and fibrosis in ovary through oxidative stress in rats. Toxicology 449, 152665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2020.152665
  38. J.C. Jha, C. Banal, B.S.M. Chow, M.E. Cooper, K. Jandeleit-Dahm, Diabetes and kidney disease: role of oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 657–684 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2016.6664
  39. C. Estornut, J. Milara, M.A. Bayarri, N. Belhadj, J. Cortijo, Targeting oxidative stress as a therapeutic approach for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 794997 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.794997
  40. Y. Liang, K. Xu, P. Zhang, J. Zhang, P. Chen et al., Quercetin reduces tendon adhesion in rat through suppression of oxidative stress. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 21, 608 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03618-2
  41. T.-H. Kim, S.-Y. Heo, G.-W. Oh, W.S. Park, I.-W. Choi et al., A phlorotannins-loaded homogeneous acellular matrix film modulates post-implantation inflammatory responses. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 16, 51–62 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/term.3258
  42. A. Carnicer-Lombarte, S.-T. Chen, G.G. Malliaras, D.G. Barone, Foreign body reaction to implanted biomaterials and its impact in nerve neuroprosthetics. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9, 622524 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.622524
  43. A. Boruah, K. Roy, A. Thakur, S. Haldar, R. Konwar et al., Biocompatible nanodiamonds derived from coal washery rejects: antioxidant, antiviral, and phytotoxic applications. ACS Omega 8, 11151–11160 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c07981
  44. Y. Zhu, J. Li, W. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Yang et al., The biocompatibility of nanodiamonds and their application in drug delivery systems. Theranostics 2, 302–312 (2012). https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.3627
  45. N. Gibson, O. Shenderova, T.J.M. Luo, S. Moseenkov, V. Bondar et al., Colloidal stability of modified nanodiamond ps. Diam. Relat. Mater. 18, 620–626 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2008.10.049
  46. S. Chauhan, N. Jain, U. Nagaich, Nanodiamonds with powerful ability for drug delivery and biomedical applications: recent updates on invivo study and patents. J. Pharm. Anal. 10, 1–12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2019.09.003
  47. Q. Lin, R.H.J. Xu Xu, N. Yang, A.A. Karim, X.J. Loh et al., UV protection and antioxidant activity of nanodiamonds and fullerenes for sunscreen formulations. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2, 7604–7616 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b01698
  48. D.G. Lim, K.H. Kim, E. Kang, S.H. Lim, J. Ricci et al., Comprehensive evaluation of carboxylated nanodiamond as a topical drug delivery system. Int. J. Nanomed. 11, 2381–2395 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S104859
  49. I.V. Shugalei, A.S. Borovikova, A.P. Voznyakovskii, M.A. Ilyushin, Detonation nanodiamonds as antioxidants in various test systems. J. Superhard Mater. 39, 326–335 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3103/s1063457617050045
  50. M.-S. Wu, D.-S. Sun, Y.-C. Lin, C.-L. Cheng, S.-C. Hung et al., Nanodiamonds protect skin from ultraviolet B-induced damage in mice. J. Nanobiotechnol. 13, 35 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-015-0094-4
  51. V. Thomas, B.A. Halloran, N. Ambalavanan, S.A. Catledge, Y.K. Vohra, In vitro studies on the effect of p size on macrophage responses to nanodiamond wear debris. Acta Biomater. 8, 1939–1947 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.033
  52. S.H. Alawdi, E.S. El-Denshary, M.M. Safar, H. Eidi, M.-O. David et al., Neuroprotective effect of nanodiamond in Alzheimer’s disease rat model: a pivotal role for modulating NF-κB and STAT3 signaling. Mol. Neurobiol. 54, 1906–1918 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-9762-0
  53. H. Yuan, Y. Zhang, Y. Su, N. Hu, J. Yang et al., A novel BiVO4/DLC heterojunction for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem. Eng. J. 459, 141637 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141637
  54. C. Zhang, R. Yan, M. Bai, Y. Sun, X. Han et al., Pt-clusters-equipped antioxidase-like biocatalysts as efficient ROS scavengers for treating periodontitis. Small (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202306966
  55. X. Li, L. Wang, H. Liu, J. Fu, L. Zhen et al., C60 fullerenes suppress reactive oxygen species toxicity damage in boar sperm. Nano-Micro Lett. 11, 104 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0334-5
  56. Y. Xiao, K. Li, J. Bian, Y. Zhang, J. Li et al., Urolithin A protects neuronal cells against stress damage and apoptosis by Atp2a3 inhibition. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 67, 2300146 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202300146
  57. T. Kisseleva, D.A. Brenner, Mechanisms of fibrogenesis. Exp. Biol. Med. 233, 109–122 (2008). https://doi.org/10.3181/0707-mr-190
  58. L.-K. Hung, S.-C. Fu, Y.-W. Lee, T.-Y. Mok, K.-M. Chan, Local vitamin-C injection reduced tendon adhesion in a chicken model of flexor digitorum profundus tendon injury. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 95, e41 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.k.00988
  59. T.M. Chen, X.M. Tian, L. Huang, J. Xiao, G.W. Yang, Nanodiamonds as pH-switchable oxidation and reduction catalysts with enzyme-like activities for immunoassay and antioxidant applications. Nanoscale 9, 15673–15684 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr05629j
  60. Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, Z. Miao, K. Zhou et al., Antibacterial property of oxygen-terminated carbon bonds. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2200447 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202200447
  61. D. Zhu, L. Zhang, R.E. Ruther, R.J. Hamers, Photo-illuminated diamond as a solid-state sourceof solvated electrons in water for nitrogenreduction. Nat. Mater. 12, 836–841 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3696
  62. X. Dai, Q. Xu, Y. Li, L. Yang, Y. Zhang et al., Salen-manganese complex-based nanozyme with enhanced superoxide- and catalase-like activity for wound disinfection and anti-inflammation. Chem. Engin. J. 471, 144694 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144694
  63. V.N. Mochalin, O. Shenderova, D. Ho, Y. Gogotsi, The properties and applications of nanodiamonds. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 11–23 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.209
  64. J. Whitlow, S. Pacelli, A. Paul, Multifunctional nanodiamonds in regenerative medicine: recent advances and future directions. J. Control. Release 261, 62–86 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.033
  65. J.K.F. Wong, Y.H. Lui, Z. Kapacee, K.E. Kadler, M.W.J. Ferguson et al., The cellular biology of flexor tendon adhesion formation. Am. J. Pathol. 175, 1938–1951 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.090380
  66. M. Hedl, J. Yan, H. Witt, C. Abraham, IRF5 is required for bacterial clearance in human M1-polarized macrophages, and IRF5 immune-mediated disease risk variants modulate this outcome. J. Immunol. 202, 920–930 (2019). https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1800226
  67. Y. Li, X. Wang, B. Hu, Q. Sun, M. Wan et al., Neutralization of excessive levels of active TGF-β1 reduces MSC recruitment and differentiation to mitigate peritendinous adhesion. Bone Res. 11, 24 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41413-023-00252-1
  68. J. Braune, U. Weyer, C. Hobusch, J. Mauer, J.C. Brüning et al., IL-6 regulates M2 polarization and local proliferation of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity. J. Immunol. 198, 2927–2934 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1600476
  69. S. Oishi, R. Takano, S. Tamura, S. Tani, M. Iwaizumi et al., M2 polarization of murine peritoneal macrophages induces regulatory cytokine production and suppresses T-cell proliferation. Immunology 149, 320–328 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12647
  70. P.A. Revell, The combined role of wear ps, macrophages and lymphocytes in the loosening of total joint prostheses. J. R. Soc. Interface. 5, 1263–1278 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0142
  71. Y. Xie, J. Zhou, Q. Wei, Z.M. Yu, H. Luo et al., Improving the long-term stability of Ti6Al4V abutment screw by coating micro/nano-crystalline diamond films. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 63, 174–182 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.06.018
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Statistic
Read Counter : 1753 Download : 1273

Most read articles by the same author(s)