Issue

Vol. 14 (2022)

Functionalized Fiber-Based Strain Sensors: Pathway to Next-Generation Wearable Electronics

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8
Zekun Liu
Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Tianxue Zhu
College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
Junru Wang
Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Zijian Zheng
Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Yi Li
Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Jiashen Li
Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Yuekun Lai
College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China

Corresponding Author: Yuekun Lai

yklai@fzu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 14 (2022), Article Number: 61

Abstract

Wearable strain sensors are arousing increasing research interests in recent years on account of their potentials in motion detection, personal and public healthcare, future entertainment, man–machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and so forth. Much research has focused on fiber-based sensors due to the appealing performance of fibers, including processing flexibility, wearing comfortability, outstanding lifetime and serviceability, low-cost and large-scale capacity. Herein, we review the latest advances in functionalization and device fabrication of fiber materials toward applications in fiber-based wearable strain sensors. We describe the approaches for preparing conductive fibers such as spinning, surface modification, and structural transformation. We also introduce the fabrication and sensing mechanisms of state-of-the-art sensors and analyze their merits and demerits. The applications toward motion detection, healthcare, man–machine interaction, future entertainment, and multifunctional sensing are summarized with typical examples. We finally critically analyze tough challenges and future remarks of fiber-based strain sensors, aiming to implement them in real applications.


Highlights:


1 General principles for fiber functionalization and strain sensor fabrication are briefly reviewed.
2 Future application potentials of wearable strain sensors are summarized and evaluated.
3 Challenges and perspectives of fiber-based wearable strain sensors are critically discussed.

Keywords

Wearable strain sensor Fiber functionalization Wearability Flexible electronics Conductive materials
Liu, Zekun, Tianxue Zhu, Junru Wang, Zijian Zheng, Yi Li, Jiashen Li, and Yuekun Lai. 2022. “Functionalized Fiber-Based Strain Sensors: Pathway to Next-Generation Wearable Electronics”. Nano-Micro Letters 14 (February):61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. C. Tan, Z. Dong, Y. Li, H. Zhao, X. Huang et al., A high performance wearable strain sensor with advanced thermal management for motion monitoring. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 3530 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17301-6
  2. T. Yamada, Y. Hayamizu, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Yomogida, A. Najafabadi et al., A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection. Nat. Nanotech. 6(5), 296–301 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.36
  3. C.M. Boutry, Y. Kaizawa, B.C. Schroeder, A. Chortos, A. Legrand et al., A stretchable and biodegradable strain and pressure sensor for orthopaedic application. Nat. Electron. 1(5), 314–321 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0071-7
  4. C. Pang, G.Y. Lee, T.I. Kim, S.M. Kim, H.N. Kim et al., A stretchable and biodegradable strain and pressure sensor for orthopaedic application. Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3380
  5. R. Yin, D. Wang, S. Zhao, Z. Lou, G. Shen, Wearable sensors-enabled human-machine interaction systems: from design to application. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(11), 2008936 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008936
  6. Z. Liu, Y. Zheng, L. Jin, K. Chen, H. Zhai et al., Highly breathable and stretchable strain sensors with insensitive response to pressure and bending. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(14), 2007622 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202007622
  7. M. Chao, Y. Wang, D. Ma, X. Wu, W. Zhang et al., Wearable MXene nanocomposites-based strain sensor with tile-like stacked hierarchical microstructure for broad-range ultrasensitive sensing. Nano Energy 78, 105187 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105187
  8. K. Wang, L. Yap, S. Gong, R. Wang, S. Wang et al., Nanowire-based soft wearable human-machine interfaces for future virtual and augmented reality applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(39), 2008347 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008347
  9. D. Son, J. Kang, O. Vardoulis, Y. Kim, N. Matsuhisa et al., An integrated self-healable electronic skin system fabricated via dynamic reconstruction of a nanostructured conducting network. Nat. Nanotech. 13(11), 1057–1065 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0244-6
  10. J. Xiong, J. Chen, P.S. Lee, Functional fibers and fabrics for soft robotics, wearables, and human-robot interface. Adv. Mater. 33(19), 2002640 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002640
  11. C. Ning, K. Dong, R. Cheng, J. Yi, C. Ye et al., Flexible and stretchable fiber-shaped triboelectric nanogenerators for biomechanical monitoring and human-interactive sensing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(4), 2006679 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006679
  12. C. Li, S. Cong, Z. Tian, Y. Song, L. Yu et al., Flexible perovskite solar cell-driven photo-rechargeable lithium-ion capacitor for self-powered wearable strain sensors. Nano Energy 60, 247–256 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006679
  13. D. Maurya, S. Khaleghian, R. Sriramdas, P. Kumar, R.A. Kishore et al., 3D printed graphene-based self-powered strain sensors for smart tires in autonomous vehicles. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 5392 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19088-y
  14. M. Dukic, M. Winhold, C.H. Schwalb, J.D. Adams, V. Stavrov et al., Direct-write nanoscale printing of nanogranular tunnelling strain sensors for sub-micrometre cantilevers. Nat. Commun. 7(1), 12487 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12487
  15. A. Qiu, P. Li, Z. Yang, Y. Yao, I. Lee et al., A path beyond metal and silicon: polymer/nanomaterial composites for stretchable strain sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(17), 1806306 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806306
  16. S. Bauer, S. Gogonea, I. Graz, M. Kaltenbrunner, C. Keplinger et al., 25th anniversary article: a soft future: from robots and sensor skin to energy harvesters. Adv. Mater. 26(1), 149–162 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201303349
  17. M. Lin, N.G. Gutierrez, S. Xu, Soft sensors form a network. Nat. Electron. 2(8), 327–328 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0291-5
  18. Y. Liu, K. He, G. Chen, W.R. Leow, X. Chen, Nature-inspired structural materials for flexible electronic devices. Chem. Rev. 117(20), 12893–12941 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405027
  19. M.J. Cima, Next-generation wearable electronics. Nat. Biotechnol. 32(7), 642–643 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2952
  20. M. Melzer, J.I. Mönch, D. Makarov, Y. Zabila, G.S. Bermúdez et al., Wearable magnetic field sensors for flexible electronics. Adv. Mater. 27(7), 1274–1280 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405027
  21. X. Wang, Z. Liu, T. Zhang, Flexible sensing electronics for wearable/attachable health monitoring. Small 13(25), 1602790 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201602790
  22. S. Han, H. Peng, Q. Sun, S. Venkatesh, K.S. Chung et al., An overview of the development of flexible sensors. Adv. Mater. 29(33), 1700375 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700375
  23. Y. Liu, C. Yiu, H. Jia, T. Wong, K. Yao et al., Thin, soft, garment-integrated triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and human machine interfaces. EcoMat 3(4), e12123 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12123
  24. C. Sun, X. Wang, M. Auwalu, S. Cheng, W. Hu, Organic thin film transistors-based biosensors. EcoMat 3(2), e12094 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12094
  25. X. Tao, S. Liao, Y. Wang, Polymer-assisted fully recyclable flexible sensors. EcoMat 3(2), e12083 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12083
  26. R.S. Ganesh, H.J. Yoon, S.W. Kim, Recent trends of biocompatible triboelectric nanogenerators toward self-powered e-skin. EcoMat 2(4), e12065 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12065
  27. A.D. Rosa, S.A. Grammatikos, Comparative life cycle assessment of cotton and other natural fibers for textile applications. Fibers 7(12), 101 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7120101
  28. T. Jia, Y. Wang, Y. Dou, Y. Li, M.J. Andrade et al., Moisture sensitive smart yarns and textiles from self-balanced silk fiber muscles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(18), 1808241 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808241
  29. A. Koeppel, C. Holland, Progress and trends in artificial silk spinning: a systematic review. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 3(3), 226–237 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00669
  30. Y. Li, M. Zhang, X. Hu, L. Yu, X. Fan et al., Graphdiyne-based flexible respiration sensors for monitoring human health. Nano Today 39, 101214 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101214
  31. A.I. Robby, G. Lee, K.D. Lee, Y.C. Jang, S.Y. Park, GSH-responsive self-healable conductive hydrogel of highly sensitive strain-pressure sensor for cancer cell detection. Nano Today 39, 101178 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101178
  32. S. Deng, A.V. Sumant, V. Berry, Strain engineering in two-dimensional nanomaterials beyond graphene. Nano Today 22, 14–35 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2018.07.001
  33. Y. Wang, N. Zhang, Q. Wang, Y. Yu, P. Wang, Chitosan grafting via one-enzyme double catalysis: an effective approach for improving performance of wool. Carbohyd. Polym. 252, 117157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117157
  34. Z. Lou, L. Wang, K. Jiang, G. Shen, Programmable three-dimensional advanced materials based on nanostructures as building blocks for flexible sensors. Nano Today 26, 176–198 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2019.03.002
  35. M. Sáez-Pérez, M. Brümmer, J. Durán-Suárez, A review of the factors affecting the properties and performance of hemp aggregate concretes. J. Build. Eng. 31, 101323 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101323
  36. Y. Lu, M. Tian, X. Sun, N. Pan, F. Chen et al., Highly sensitive wearable 3D piezoresistive pressure sensors based on graphene coated isotropic non-woven substrate. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 117, 202–210 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.11.023
  37. Y. Chen, B. Xu, J. Gong, J. Wen, T. Hua et al., Design of high-performance wearable energy and sensor electronics from fiber materials. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(2), 2120–2129 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b16167
  38. Y. Liu, S. Shang, S. Mo, P. Wang, H. Wang, Eco-friendly strategies for the material and fabrication of wearable sensors. Int. J. Pr. Eng. Manuf. Technol. 8, 1323–1346 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-020-00285-5
  39. J.S. Heo, J. Eom, Y.H. Kim, S.K. Park, Recent progress of textile-based wearable electronics: a comprehensive review of materials, devices, and applications. Small 14(3), 1703034 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703034
  40. W. Zeng, L. Shu, Q. Li, S. Chen, F. Wang et al., Fiber-based wearable electronics: a review of materials, fabrication, devices, and applications. Adv. Mater. 26(31), 5310–5336 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400633
  41. C. Zhu, E. Chalmers, L. Chen, Y. Wang, B.B. Xu et al., A nature-inspired, flexible substrate strategy for future wearable electronics. Small 15(35), 1902440 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902440
  42. T. An, S. Gong, Y. Ling, D. Dong, Y. Zhao et al., Dynamically functioning and highly stretchable epidermal supercapacitor based on vertically aligned gold nanowire skins. EcoMat 2(2), e12022 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12022
  43. B. Yang, Y. Xiong, K. Ma, S. Liu, X. Tao, Recent advances in wearable textile-based triboelectric generator systems for energy harvesting from human motion. EcoMat 2(4), e12054 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12054
  44. Q. Tang, H. Guo, P. Yan, C. Hu, Recent progresses on paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator for portable self-powered sensing systems. EcoMat 2(4), e12060 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12060
  45. S. Chao, H. Ouyang, D. Jiang, Y. Fan, Z. Li, Triboelectric nanogenerator based on degradable materials. EcoMat 3(1), e12072 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12072
  46. Y.S. Choi, S. Narayan, Nylon-11 nanowires for triboelectric energy harvesting. EcoMat 2(4), e12063 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12063
  47. B. Choi, J. Lee, H. Han, J. Woo, K. Park et al., Highly conductive fiber with waterproof and self-cleaning properties for textile electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(42), 36094–36101 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b10217
  48. Y. Gao, G. Yu, T. Shu, Y. Chen, W. Yang et al., 3D-Printed coaxial fibers for integrated wearable sensor skin. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4(10), 1900504 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900504
  49. H. Hong, J. Hu, X. Yan, UV curable conductive ink for the fabrication of textile-based conductive circuits and wearable UHF RFID tags. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(30), 27318–27326 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b06432
  50. M.S. Sadi, M. Yang, L. Luo, D. Cheng, G. Cai et al., Direct screen printing of single-faced conductive cotton fabrics for strain sensing, electrical heating and color changing. Cellulose 26(10), 6179–6188 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02526-6
  51. Y. Zhang, W. Zhang, G. Ye, Q. Tan, Y. Zhao et al., Core-sheath stretchable conductive fibers for safe underwater wearable electronics. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5(1), 1900880 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900880
  52. T. Liu, Z. He, H. Liu, J. Yang, S. Zhang et al., Heat-resistant and high-performance solid-state supercapacitors based on poly(para-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers via polymer-assisted metal deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(15), 18100–18109 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02304
  53. Y. Yu, C. Yan, Z. Zheng, Polymer-assisted metal Deposition (PAMD): a full-solution strategy for flexible, stretchable, compressible, and wearable metal conductors. Adv. Mater. 26(31), 5508–5516 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305558
  54. Y. Li, H. Zhu, F. Shen, J. Wan, X. Han et al., Highly conductive microfiber of graphene oxide templated carbonization of nanofibrillated cellulose. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24(46), 7366–7372 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201402129
  55. X. Chen, B. Jia, B. Cai, J. Fang, Z. Chen et al., Graphenized carbon nanofiber: a novel light-trapping and conductive material to achieve an efficiency breakthrough in silicon solar cells. Adv. Mater. 27(5), 849–855 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404123
  56. Z. Ma, Q. Huang, Q. Xu, Q. Zhuang, X. Zhao et al., Permeable superelastic liquid-metal fibre mat enables biocompatible and monolithic stretchable electronics. Nat. Mater. 20(6), 859–868 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-00902-3
  57. Z. Liu, K. Chen, A. Fernando, Y. Gao, G. Li et al., Permeable graphited hemp fabrics-based, wearing-comfortable pressure sensors for monitoring human activities. Chem. Eng. J. 403, 126191 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126191
  58. B. Fang, L. Peng, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Wet-spinning of continuous montmorillonite-graphene fibers for fire-resistant lightweight conductors. ACS Nano 9(5), 5214–5222 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b00616
  59. N. He, W. Shan, J. Wang, Q. Pan, J. Qu et al., Mordant inspired wet-spinning of graphene fibers for high performance flexible supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(12), 6869–6876 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12337c
  60. H.D. Jeong, S.G. Kim, G.M. Choi, M. Park, B.C. Ku et al., Theoretical and experimental investigation of the wet-spinning process for mechanically strong carbon nanotube fibers. Chem. Eng. J. 412, 128650 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128650
  61. J.Y. Kim, W. Lee, Y.H. Kang, S.Y. Cho, K.S. Jang, Wet-spinning and post-treatment of CNT/PEDOT:PSS composites for use in organic fiber-based thermoelectric generators. Carbon 133, 293–299 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.03.041
  62. K. Jost, D.P. Durkin, L.M. Haverhals, E.K. Brown, M. Langenstein et al., Natural fiber welded electrode yarns for knittable textile supercapacitors. Adv. Eng. Mater. 5(4), 1401286 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201401286
  63. H. Souri, H. Banerjee, A. Jusufi, N. Radacsi, A.A. Stokes et al., Wearable and stretchable strain sensors: materials, sensing mechanisms, and applications. Adv. Intell. Sys. 2(8), 2000039 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000039
  64. S. Gong, L.W. Yap, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, Y. Wang et al., A soft resistive acoustic sensor based on suspended standing nanowire membranes with point crack design. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(25), 1910717 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910717
  65. S.Z. Homayounfar, T.L. Andrew, Wearable sensors for monitoring human motion: a review on mechanisms, materials, and challenges. SLAS Technol. 25(1), 9–24 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/2472630319891128
  66. X. Liao, W. Wang, L. Wang, K. Tang, Y. Zheng, Controllably enhancing stretchability of highly sensitive fiber-based strain sensors for intelligent monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(2), 2431–2440 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b20245
  67. L. Chen, M. Lu, H. Yang, J.R.S. Avila, B. Shi et al., Textile-based capacitive sensor for physical rehabilitation via surface topological modification. ACS Nano 14(7), 8191–8201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01643
  68. Y.H. Hsu, C. Chan, W. Tang, Alignment of multiple electrospun piezoelectric fiber bundles across serrated gaps at an incline: a method to generate textile strain sensors. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 15436 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15698-7
  69. C. Dong, A. Leber, T.D. Gupta, R. Chandran, M. Volpi et al., High-efficiency super-elastic liquid metal based triboelectric fibers and textiles. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 3537 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17345-8
  70. X. He, Y. Zi, H. Guo, H. Zheng, Y. Xi et al., A highly stretchable fiber-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered wearable electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(4), 1604378 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201604378
  71. L. Duan, D.R. D'hooge, L. Cardon, Recent progress on flexible and stretchable piezoresistive strain sensors: from design to application. Prog. Mater. Sci. 114, 100617 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100617
  72. A. Leber, B. Cholst, J. Sandt, N. Vogel, M. Kolle, Stretchable thermoplastic elastomer optical fibers for sensing of extreme deformations. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(5), 1802629 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802629
  73. H. Zhao. K. Obrien, S. Li, R.F. Shepherd, Optoelectronically innervated soft prosthetic hand via stretchable optical waveguides. Sci. Robot. 1(1), 7529 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aai7529
  74. Y. Wu, R. Zhen, H. Liu, S. Liu, Z. Deng et al., Liquid metal fiber composed of a tubular channel as a high-performance strain sensor. J. Mater. Chem. C 5(47), 12483–12491 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc04311b
  75. T. Huang, P. He, R. Wang, S. Yang, J. Sun et al., Porous fibers composed of polymer nanoball decorated graphene for wearable and highly sensitive strain sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(45), 1903732 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903732
  76. Y. Wang, J. Hao, Z. Huang, G. Zheng, K. Dai et al., Flexible electrically resistive-type strain sensors based on reduced graphene oxide-decorated electrospun polymer fibrous mats for human motion monitoring. Carbon 126, 360–371 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.034
  77. N. Hu, Y. Karube, M. Arai, T. Watanabe, C. Yan et al., Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor. Carbon 48(3), 680–687 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.012
  78. A. Frutiger, J.T. Muth, D.M. Vogt, Y. Mengüç, A. Campo et al., Capacitive soft strain sensors via multicore-shell fiber printing. Adv. Mater. 27(15), 2440–2446 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500072
  79. H. Wang, Z. Liu, J. Ding, X. Lepró, S. Fang et al., Downsized sheath-core conducting fibers for weavable superelastic wires, biosensors, supercapacitors, and strain sensors. Adv. Mater. 28(25), 4998–5007 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600405
  80. C.B. Cooper, K. Arutselvan, Y. Liu, D. Armstrong, Y. Lin et al., Stretchable capacitive sensors of torsion, strain, and touch using double helix liquid metal fibers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(20), 1605630 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201605630
  81. C. Choi, J.M. Lee, S.H. Kim, S.J. Kim, J. Di et al., Twistable and stretchable sandwich structured fiber for wearable sensors and supercapacitors. Nano Lett. 16(12), 7677–7684 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03739
  82. W. Li, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Li, L. Jiang et al., Highly stretchable and sensitive SBS/graphene composite fiber for strain sensors. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 305(3), 1900736 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201900736
  83. W. Li, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, L. Jiang, J. Ma et al., Core-sheath fiber-based wearable strain sensor with high stretchability and sensitivity for detecting human motion. Adv. Electron. Mater. 7(1), 2000865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202000865
  84. J. Feng, X. Wang, Z. Lv, J. Qu, X. Lu et al., Multifunctional wearable strain sensor made with an elastic interwoven fabric for patients with motor dysfunction. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5(11), 2000560 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000560
  85. L. Wu, L. Li, M. Fan, P. Tang, S. Yang et al., Strong and tough PVA/PAA hydrogel fiber with highly strain sensitivity enabled by coating MWCNTs. Compos. Part A 138, 106050 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106050
  86. S. Seyedin, P. Zhang, M. Naebe, S. Qin, J. Chen et al., Textile strain sensors: a review of the fabrication technologies, performance evaluation and applications. Mater. Horiz. 6(2), 219–249 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01062e
  87. M. Amjadi, K.U. Kyung, I. Park, M. Sitti, Stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors and their potential applications: a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(11), 1678–1698 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201504755
  88. H. Souri, D. Bhattacharyya, Highly sensitive, stretchable and wearable strain sensors using fragmented conductive cotton fabric. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(39), 10524–10531 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc03702g
  89. C.C. Vu, J. Kim, Highly sensitive e-textile strain sensors enhanced by geometrical treatment for human monitoring. Sensors 20(8), 2383 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082383
  90. C. Wang, X. Li, E. Gao, M. Jian, K. Xia et al., Carbonized silk fabric for ultrastretchable, highly sensitive, and wearable strain sensors. Adv. Mater. 28(31), 6640–6648 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601572
  91. H. Zhao, Y. Zhang, P.D. Bradford, Q. Zhou, Q. Jia et al., Carbon nanotube yarn strain sensors. Nanotechnology 21(30), 305502 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/305502
  92. Y. Lu, J. Jiang, S. Yoon, K.S. Kim, J.H. Kim et al., High-performance stretchable conductive composite fibers from surface-modified silver nanowires and thermoplastic polyurethane by wet spinning. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(2), 2093–2104 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16022
  93. Y. Zhao, D. Dong, S. Gong, L. Brassart, Y. Wang et al., A moss-inspired electroless gold-coating strategy toward stretchable fiber conductors by dry spinning. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5(1), 1800462 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800462
  94. S. Ryu, P. Lee, J.B. Chou, R. Xu, R. Zhao et al., Extremely elastic wearable carbon nanotube fiber strain sensor for monitoring of human motion. ACS Nano 5(1), 1800462 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b00599
  95. S. Seyedin, J.M. Razal, P.C. Innis, A. Jeiranikhameneh, S. Beirne et al., Knitted strain sensor textiles of highly conductive all-polymeric fibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(38), 21150–21158 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04892
  96. J. Zhou, X. Xu, Y. Xin, G. Lubineau, Coaxial thermoplastic elastomer-wrapped carbon nanotube fibers for deformable and wearable strain sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(16), 1705591 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201705591
  97. Z. He, G. Zhou, J.H. Byun, S.K. Lee, M.K. Um et al., Highly stretchable multi-walled carbon nanotube/thermoplastic polyurethane composite fibers for ultrasensitive, wearable strain sensors. Nanoscale 11(13), 5884–5890 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01005j
  98. Z. Tang, S. Jia, F. Wang, C. Bian, Y. Chen et al., Highly stretchable core-sheath fibers via wet-spinning for wearable strain sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(7), 6624–6635 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b18677
  99. F. Liu, Y. Dong, R. Shi, E. Wang, Q. Ni et al., Continuous graphene fibers prepared by liquid crystal spinning as strain sensors for monitoring vital signs. Mater. Today Commun. 24, 100909 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.100909
  100. S. Yu, X. Wang, H. Xiang, L. Zhu, M. Tebyetekerwa et al., Superior piezoresistive strain sensing behaviors of carbon nanotubes in one-dimensional polymer fiber structure. Carbon 140, 1–9 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.028
  101. Z. He, J.H. Byun, G. Zhou, B.J. Park, T.H. Kim et al., Effect of MWCNT content on the mechanical and strain-sensing performance of thermoplastic polyurethane composite fibers. Carbon 146, 701–708 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.02.060
  102. G. Yu, J. Li, W. Pan, X. He, Y. Zhang et al., Electromagnetic functionalized ultrafine polymer/γ-Fe2O3 fibers prepared by magnetic-mechanical spinning and their application as strain sensors with ultrahigh stretchability. Compos. Sci. Technol. 139, 1–7 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.12.005
  103. Y. Shang, X. He, Y. Li, L. Zhang, Z. Li et al., Super-stretchable spring-like carbon nanotube ropes. Adv. Mater. 24(21), 2896–2900 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200576
  104. L. Wang, Y. Chen, L. Lin, H. Wang, X. Huang et al., Highly stretchable, anti-corrosive and wearable strain sensors based on the PDMS/CNTs decorated elastomer nanofiber composite. Chem. Eng. J. 362, 89–98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.014
  105. B. Sun, Y. Long, S. Liu, Y. Huang, J. Ma et al., Fabrication of curled conducting polymer microfibrous arrays via a novel electrospinning method for stretchable strain sensors. Nanoscale 5(15), 7041–7045 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr01832f
  106. J. Zheng, X. Yan, M. Li, G. Yu, H. Zhang et al., Electrospun aligned fibrous arrays and twisted ropes: fabrication, mechanical and electrical properties, and application in strain sensors. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10(1), 475 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1184-9
  107. Q. Liu, M. Zhang, L. Huang, Y. Li, J. Chen et al., High-quality graphene ribbons prepared from graphene oxide hydrogels and their application for strain sensors. ACS Nano 9(12), 12320–12326 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b05609
  108. J.R. Quijano, P. Pötschke, H. Brünig, G. Heinrich, Strain sensing, electrical and mechanical properties of polycarbonate/multiwall carbon nanotube monofilament fibers fabricated by melt spinning. Polymer 82, 181–189 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.030
  109. M. Zhang, C. Wang, Q. Wang, M. Jian, Y. Zhang, Sheath-core graphite/silk fiber made by dry-meyer-rod-coating for wearable strain sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(32), 20894–20899 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06984
  110. Y. Li, P. Huang, W. Zhu, S. Fu, N. Hu et al., Flexible wire-shaped strain sensor from cotton thread for human health and motion detection. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 45013 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45013
  111. B. Liang, Z. Lin, W. Chen, Z. He, J. Zhong et al., Ultra-stretchable and highly sensitive strain sensor based on gradient structure carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale 10(28), 13599–13606 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr02528b
  112. L. Zhu, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, Q. Fu, Highly sensitive, ultrastretchable strain sensors prepared by pumping hybrid fillers of carbon nanotubes/cellulose nanocrystal into electrospun polyurethane membranes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(13), 12968–12977 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00136
  113. S. Chen, Z. Lou, D. Chen, K. Jiang, G. Shen, Polymer-enhanced highly stretchable conductive fiber strain sensor used for electronic data gloves. Adv. Mater. Technol. 1(7), 1600136 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201600136
  114. X. Liao, Q. Liao, Z. Zhang, X. Yan, Q. Liang et al., A highly stretchable ZnO@fiber-based multifunctional nanosensor for strain/temperature/UV detection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(18), 3074–3081 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505223
  115. Z. Liu, D. Qi, G. Hu, H. Wang, Y. Jiang et al., Surface strain redistribution on structured microfibers to enhance sensitivity of fiber-shaped stretchable strain sensors. Adv. Mater. 30(5), 1704229 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201704229
  116. P. Li, Y. Zhang, Z. Zheng, Polymer-assisted metal deposition (PAMD) for flexible and wearable electronics: principle, materials, printing, and devices. Adv. Mater. 31(37), 1902987 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902987
  117. R. Guo, Y. Yu, J. Zeng, X. Liu, X. Zhou et al., Biomimicking topographic elastomeric petals (e-petals) for omnidirectional stretchable and printable electronics. Adv. Sci. 2(3), 1400021 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201400021
  118. C. Zhu, X. Guan, X. Wang, Y. Li, E. Chalmers et al., Mussel-inspired flexible, durable, and conductive fibers manufacturing for finger-monitoring sensors. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 6(1), 1801547 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801547
  119. J. Eom, R. Jaisutti, H. Lee, W. Lee, J. Heo et al., Highly sensitive textile strain sensors and wireless user-interface devices using all-polymeric conducting fibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(11), 10190–10197 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01771
  120. X. Wu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, C. Lu, Highly sensitive, stretchable, and wash-durable strain sensor based on ultrathin conductive layer@polyurethane yarn for tiny motion monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(15), 9936–9945 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01174
  121. Y. Cheng, R. Wang, J. Sun, L. Gao, A stretchable and highly sensitive graphene-based fiber for sensing tensile strain, bending, and torsion. Adv. Mater. 27(45), 7365–7371 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503558
  122. J. Zhong, Q. Zhong, Q. Hu, N. Wu, W. Li et al., Stretchable self-powered fiber-based strain sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(12), 1798–1803 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201404087
  123. J. Lee, S. Shin, S. Lee, J. Song, S. Kang et al., Highly sensitive multifilament fiber strain sensors with ultrabroad sensing range for textile electronics. ACS Nano 12(5), 4259–4268 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07795
  124. X. Wang, Y. Qiu, W. Cao, P. Hu, Highly stretchable and conductive core-sheath chemical vapor deposition graphene fibers and their applications in safe strain sensors. Chem. Mater. 27(20), 6969–6975 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02098
  125. X. Li, H. Hu, T. Hua, B. Xu, S. Jiang, Wearable strain sensing textile based on one-dimensional stretchable and weavable yarn sensors. Nano Res. 11(11), 5799–5811 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2043-7
  126. X. Li, P. Sun, L. Fan, M. Zhu, K. Wang et al., Multifunctional graphene woven fabrics. Sci. Rep. 2, 395 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00395
  127. X. Liu, C. Tang, X. Du, S. Xiong, S. Xi et al., A highly sensitive graphene woven fabric strain sensor for wearable wireless musical instruments. Mater. Horiz. 4(3), 477–486 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00104e
  128. T. Lee, W. Lee, S.W. Kim, J.J. Kim, B.S. Kim, Flexible textile strain wireless sensor functionalized with hybrid carbon nanomaterials supported ZnO nanowires with controlled aspect ratio. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(34), 6206–6214 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201601237
  129. N. Karim, S. Afroj, S. Tan, P. He, A. Fernando et al., Scalable production of graphene-based wearable e-textiles. ACS Nano 11(12), 12266–12275 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05921
  130. S. He, B. Xin, Z. Chen, Y. Liu, Flexible and highly conductive Ag/G-coated cotton fabric based on graphene dipping and silver magnetron sputtering. Cellulose 25(6), 3691–3701 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1821-4
  131. J. Ren, C. Wang, X. Zhang, T. Carey, K. Chen et al., Environmentally-friendly conductive cotton fabric as flexible strain sensor based on hot press reduced graphene oxide. Carbon 111, 622–630 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.045
  132. Y. Fu, Y. Li, Y. Liu, P. Huang, N. Hu et al., High-performance structural flexible strain sensors based on graphene-coated glass fabric/silicone composite. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(41), 35503–35509 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09424
  133. L. Xu, Z. Liu, H. Zhai, X. Chen, R. Sun et al., Moisture-resilient graphene-dyed wool fabric for strain sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(11), 13265–13274 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20964
  134. Z. Yang, Y. Pang, X.L. Han, Y. Yang, J. Ling et al., Graphene textile strain sensor with negative resistance variation for human motion detection. ACS Nano 12(9), 9134–9141 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03391
  135. G. Cai, M. Yang, Z. Xu, J. Liu, B. Tang et al., Flexible and wearable strain sensing fabrics. Chem. Eng. J. 325, 396–403 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.05.091
  136. M.S. Sadi, J. Pan, A. Xu, D. Cheng, G. Cai et al., Direct dip-coating of carbon nanotubes onto polydopamine-templated cotton fabrics for wearable applications. Cellulose 26(12), 7569–7579 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02628-1
  137. C. Zhang, G. Zhou, W. Rao, L. Fan, W. Xu et al., A simple method of fabricating nickel-coated cotton fabrics for wearable strain sensor. Cellulose 25(8), 4859–4870 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1893-1
  138. H. Liu, Q. Li, Y. Bu, N. Zhang, C. Wang et al., Stretchable conductive nonwoven fabrics with self-cleaning capability for tunable wearable strain sensor. Nano Energy 66, 104143 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104143
  139. J. Hu, X. Zhang, G. Li, X. Yang, X. Ding, Electrical properties of PPy-coated conductive fabrics for human joint motion monitoring. Autex Res. J. 16(1), 7–12 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1515/aut-2015-0048
  140. S.Y. Cho, Y.S. Yun, S. Lee, D. Jang, K.Y. Park et al., Carbonization of a stable β-sheet-rich silk protein into a pseudographitic pyroprotein. Nat. Commun. 6, 7145 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8145
  141. M. Zhang, C. Wang, H. Wang, M. Jian, X. Hao et al., Carbonized cotton fabric for high-performance wearable strain sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(2), 1604795 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201604795
  142. C. Wang, K. Xia, M. Jian, H. Wang, M. Zhang et al., Carbonized silk georgette as an ultrasensitive wearable strain sensor for full-range human activity monitoring. J. Mater. Chem. C 5(30), 7604–7611 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc01962a
  143. S. Chen, Y. Song, D. Ding, Z. Ling, F. Xu, Flexible and anisotropic strain sensor based on carbonized crepe paper with aligned cellulose fibers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(42), 1802547 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802547
  144. C. Wang, M. Zhang, K. Xia, X. Gong, H. Wang et al., Intrinsically stretchable and conductive textile by a scalable process for elastic wearable electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(15), 13331–13338 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b02985
  145. S. Jang, J. Kim, D.W. Kim, J.W. Kim, S. Chun et al., Carbon-based, ultraelastic, hierarchically coated fiber strain sensors with crack-controllable beads. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(16), 15079–15087 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b03204
  146. W.S. Lee, D. Kim, B. Park, H. Joh, H.K. Woo et al., Multiaxial and transparent strain sensors based on synergetically reinforced and orthogonally cracked hetero-nanocrystal solids. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(4), 1806714 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806714
  147. J. Wu, Z. Ma, Z. Hao, J.T. Zhang, P. Sun et al., Sheath-core fiber strain sensors driven by in-situ crack and elastic effects in graphite nanoplate composites. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2(2), 750–759 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b01926
  148. J. Ryu, J. Kim, J. Oh, S. Lim, J.Y. Sim et al., Intrinsically stretchable multi-functional fiber with energy harvesting and strain sensing capability. Nano Energy 55, 348–353 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.071
  149. Y. Wang, L. Wang, T. Yang, X. Li, X. Zang et al., Wearable and highly sensitive graphene strain sensors for human motion monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24(29), 4666–4670 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201400379
  150. X. Li, R. Zhang, W. Yu, K. Wang, J. Wei et al., Stretchable and highly sensitive graphene-on-polymer strain sensors. Sci. Rep. 2, 870 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00870
  151. B. Yin, Y. Wen, T. Hong, Z. Xie, G. Yuan et al., Highly stretchable, ultrasensitive, and wearable strain sensors based on facilely prepared reduced graphene oxide woven fabrics in an ethanol flame. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(37), 32054–32064 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b09652
  152. F. Guo, X. Cui, K. Wang, J. Wei, Stretchable and compressible strain sensors based on carbon nanotube meshes. Nanoscale 8(46), 19352–19358 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr06804a
  153. Z. Liu, Z. Li, H. Zhai, L. Jin, K. Chen et al., A highly sensitive stretchable strain sensor based on multi-functionalized fabric for respiration monitoring and identification. Chem. Eng. J. 426, 130869 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130869
  154. J.J. Park, W.J. Hyun, S.C. Mun, Y.T. Park, O.O. Park, Highly stretchable and wearable graphene strain sensors with controllable sensitivity for human motion monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(11), 6317–6324 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00695
  155. M. Li, H. Li, W. Zhong, Q. Zhao, D. Wang, Stretchable conductive polypyrrole/polyurethane (PPy/PU) strain sensor with netlike microcracks for human breath detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(2), 1313–1319 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am4053305
  156. K.H. Kim, N.S. Jang, S.H. Ha, J.H. Cho, J.M. Kim, Highly sensitive and stretchable resistive strain sensors based on microstructured metal nanowire/elastomer composite films. Small 14(14), 1704232 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201704232
  157. H. Song, J. Zhang, D. Chen, K. Wang, S. Niu et al., Superfast and high-sensitivity printable strain sensors with bioinspired micron-scale cracks. Nanoscale 9(3), 1166–1173 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr07333f
  158. X. Liao, Z. Zhang, Z. Kang, F. Gao, Q. Liao et al., Ultrasensitive and stretchable resistive strain sensors designed for wearable electronics. Mater. Horiz. 4(3), 502–510 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00071e
  159. A. Lekawa-Raus, K.K. Koziol, A.H. Windle, Piezoresistive effect in carbon nanotube fibers. ACS Nano 8(11), 11214–11224 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn503596f
  160. Q. Liao, M. Mohr, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhang et al., Carbon fiber-ZnO nanowire hybrid structures for flexible and adaptable strain sensors. Nanoscale 5(24), 12350–12355 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr03536k
  161. J.H. Pu, X.J. Zha, M. Zhao, S. Li, R.Y. Bao et al., 2D end-to-end carbon nanotube conductive networks in polymer nanocomposites: a conceptual design to dramatically enhance the sensitivities of strain sensors. Nanoscale 10(5), 2191–2198 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr08077h
  162. M. Hempel, D. Nezich, J. Kong, M. Hofmann, A novel class of strain gauges based on layered percolative films of 2D materials. Nano Lett. 12(11), 5714–5718 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302959a
  163. J. Ma, P. Wang, H. Chen, S. Bao, W. Chen et al., Highly sensitive and large-range strain sensor with a self-compensated two-order structure for human motion detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(8), 8527–8536 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302959a
  164. C. Yan, J. Wang, W. Kang, M. Cui, X. Wang et al., Highly stretchable piezoresistive graphene-nanocellulose nanopaper for strain sensors. Adv. Mater. 26(13), 2022–2027 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304742
  165. X. Xiao, L. Yuan, J. Zhong, T. Ding, Y. Liu et al., High-strain sensors based on ZnO nanowire/polystyrene hybridized flexible films. Adv. Mater. 23(45), 5440–5444 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103406
  166. M. Amjadi, A. Pichitpajongkit, S. Lee, S. Ryu, I. Park, Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on silver nanowire-elastomer nanocomposite. ACS Nano 8(5), 5154–5163 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn501204t
  167. J. Zhao, G.Y. Zhang, D.X. Shi, Review of graphene-based strain sensors. Chinese Phys. B 22(5), 057701 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/22/5/057701
  168. S. Zhu, J.H. So, R. Mays, S. Desai, W.R. Barnes et al., Ultrastretchable fibers with metallic conductivity using a liquid metal alloy core. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(18), 2308–2314 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202405
  169. F. Xu, Y. Zhu, Highly conductive and stretchable silver nanowire conductors. Adv. Mater. 24(37), 5117–5122 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201886
  170. L. Chen, M. Lu, H. Yang, J.R.S. Avila, B. Shi et al., Textile based capacitive sensor for physical rehabilitation via surface topological modification. ACS Nano 14(7), 8191–8201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01643
  171. Z. Li, M. Zhu, J. Shen, Q. Qiu, J. Yu et al., All-fiber structured electronic skin with high elasticity and breathability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(6), 1908411 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908411
  172. Z. Zhao, Q. Huang, C. Yan, Y. Liu, X. Zeng et al., Machine-washable and breathable pressure sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerators enabled by textile technologies. Nano Energy 70, 104528 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104528
  173. W. Zhong, C. Liu, C. Xiang, Y. Jin, M. Li et al., Continuously producible ultrasensitive wearable strain sensor assembled with three-dimensional interpenetrating Ag nanowires/polyolefin elastomer nanofibrous composite yarn. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(48), 42058–42066 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b11431
  174. C. Zhu, R. Li, X. Chen, E. Chalmers, X. Liu et al., Ultraelastic yarns from curcumin-assisted ELD toward wearable human-machine interface textiles. Adv. Sci. 7(23), 2002009 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202002009
  175. J. Pan, M. Yang, L. Luo, A. Xu, B. Tang et al., Stretchable and highly sensitive braided composite yarn@polydopamine@polypyrrole for wearable applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(7), 7338–7348 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b18823
  176. X. Liu, D. Liu, J.H. Lee, Q. Zheng, X. Du et al., Spider-web-inspired stretchable graphene woven fabric for highly sensitive, transparent, wearable strain sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(2), 2282–2294 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b18312
  177. S. Wang, H. Ning, N. Hu, Y. Liu, F. Liu et al., Environmentally-friendly and multifunctional graphene-silk fabric strain sensor for human-motion detection. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 7(1), 1901507 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901507
  178. S. Chen, S. Liu, P. Wang, H. Liu, L. Liu, Highly stretchable fiber-shaped e-textiles for strain/pressure sensing, full-range human motions detection, health monitoring, and 2D force mapping. J. Mater. Sci. 53(4), 2995–3005 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1644-y
  179. D.H. Ho, S. Cheon, P. Hong, J.H. Park, J.W. Suk et al., Multifunctional smart textronics with blow-spun nonwoven fabrics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(24), 1900025 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900025
  180. S. Park, S. Ahn, J. Sun, D. Bhatia, D. Choi et al., Highly bendable and rotational textile structure with prestrained conductive sewing pattern for human joint monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(10), 1808369 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808369
  181. J. Park, S. Park, S. Ahn, Y. Cho, J.J. Park et al., Wearable strain sensor using conductive yarn sewed on clothing for human respiratory monitoring. IEEE Sens. J. 20(21), 12628–12636 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.3000923
  182. M. Tian, R. Zhao, L. Qu, Z. Chen, S. Chen et al., Stretchable and designable textile pattern strain sensors based on graphene decorated conductive nylon filaments. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 304(10), 1900244 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201900244
  183. M. Park, J. Im, M. Shin, Y. Min, J. Park et al., Highly stretchable electric circuits from a composite material of silver nanoparticles and elastomeric fibres. Nat. Nanotech. 7(12), 803–809 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.206
  184. D. Du, P. Li, J. Ouyang, Graphene coated nonwoven fabrics as wearable sensors. J. Mater. Chem. C 4(15), 3224–3230 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tc00350h
  185. J. Ge, L. Sun, F.R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L.A. Shi et al., A stretchable electronic fabric artificial skin with pressure-, lateral strain-, and flexion-sensitive properties. Adv. Mater. 28(4), 722–728 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504239
  186. W. Root, T. Wright, B. Caven, T. Bechtold, T. Pham, Flexible textile strain sensor based on copper-coated lyocell type cellulose fabric. Polymers 11(5), 784 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050784
  187. K. Kim, G. Song, C. Park, K.S. Yun, Multifunctional woven structure operating as triboelectric energy harvester, capacitive tactile sensor array, and piezoresistive strain sensor array. Sensors 17(11), 2582 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112582
  188. J. Foroughi, G.M. Spinks, S. Aziz, A. Mirabedini, A. Jeiranikhameneh et al., Knitted carbon-nanotube-sheath/spandex-core elastomeric yarns for artificial muscles and strain sensing. ACS Nano 10(10), 9129–9135 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b04125
  189. Y. Huang, S.V. Kershaw, Z. Wang, Z. Pei, J. Liu et al., Highly integrated supercapacitor-sensor systems via material and geometry design. Small 12(25), 3393–3399 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201601041
  190. S. Yang, C. Li, X. Chen, Y. Zhao, H. Zhang et al., Facile fabrication of high-performance pen ink-decorated textile strain sensors for human motion detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(17), 19874–19881 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b22534
  191. J. Xie, H. Long, M. Miao, High sensitivity knitted fabric strain sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 25(10), 105008 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/10/105008
  192. O. Atalay, W.R. Kennon, M.D. Husain, Textile-based weft knitted strain sensors: effect of fabric parameters on sensor properties. Sensors 13(8), 11114–11127 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3390/s130811114
  193. Y. Yang, L. Shi, Z. Cao, R. Wang, J. Sun, Strain sensors with a high sensitivity and a wide sensing range based on a Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanoparticle-nanosheet hybrid network. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(14), 1807882 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807882
  194. S. Duan, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Liu, C. Li, A highly stretchable, sensitive, and transparent strain sensor based on binary hybrid network consisting of hierarchical multiscale metal nanowires. Adv. Mater. Technol. 3(6), 1800020 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800020
  195. J.H. Lee, J. Kim, D. Liu, F. Guo, X. Shen et al., Highly aligned, anisotropic carbon nanofiber films for multidirectional strain sensors with exceptional selectivity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(29), 1901623 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901623
  196. B. Wang, K. Yang, H. Cheng, T. Ye, C. Wang, A hydrophobic conductive strip with outstanding one-dimensional stretchability for wearable heater and strain sensor. Chem. Eng. J. 404, 126393 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126393
  197. N. Gogurla, B. Roy, J.Y. Park, S. Kim, Skin-contact actuated single-electrode protein triboelectric nanogenerator and strain sensor for biomechanical energy harvesting and motion sensing. Nano Energy 62, 674–681 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.082
  198. S.L. Zhang, Y.C. Lai, X. He, R. Liu, Y. Zi et al., Auxetic foam-based contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerator with highly sensitive self-powered strain sensing capabilities to monitor human body movement. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(25), 1606695 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201606695
  199. S. Huang, B. Zhang, Z. Shao, L. He, Q. Zhang et al., Ultraminiaturized stretchable strain sensors based on single silicon nanowires for imperceptible electronic skins. Nano Lett. 20(4), 2478–2485 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05217
  200. O. Atalay, A. Atalay, J. Gafford, H. Wang, R. Wood et al., A highly stretchable capacitive-based strain sensor based on metal deposition and laser rastering. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2(9), 1700081 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700081
  201. Y. Cai, J. Shen, G. Ge, Y. Zhang, W. Jin et al., Stretchable Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon nanotube composite based strain sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity and tunable sensing range. ACS Nano 12(1), 56–62 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b06251
  202. Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Yang, Graphene-polymer nanocomposite-based redox-induced electricity for flexible self-powered strain sensors. Adv. Eng. Mater. 8(22), 1800961 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800961
  203. L. Pan, G. Liu, W. Shi, J. Shang, W.R. Leow et al., Mechano-regulated metal-organic framework nanofilm for ultrasensitive and anti-jamming strain sensing. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 3813 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06079-3
  204. J. Lee, S.J. Ihle, G.S. Pellegrino, H. Kim, J. Yea et al., Stretchable and suturable fibre sensors for wireless monitoring of connective tissue strain. Nat. Electron. 4(4), 291–301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00557-1
  205. H. Wu, Q. Liu, W. Du, C. Li, G. Shi, Transparent polymeric strain sensors for monitoring vital signs and beyond. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(4), 3895–3901 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19014
  206. S. Niu, N. Matsuhisa, L. Beker, J. Li, S. Wang et al., A wireless body area sensor network based on stretchable passive tags. Nat. Electron. 2(8), 361–368 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0286-2
  207. R. Lin, H.J. Kim, S. Achavananthadith, S.A. Kurt, S.C. Tan et al., Wireless battery-free body sensor networks using near-field-enabled clothing. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 444 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14311-2
  208. Y.J. Yun, J. Ju, J.H. Lee, S.H. Moon, S.J. Park et al., Highly elastic graphene-based electronics toward electronic skin. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(33), 1701513 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701513
  209. Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, X. Sun, Y. Zhao, X. Guo et al., Static and dynamic human arm/hand gesture capturing and recognition via multiinformation fusion of flexible strain sensors. IEEE Sens. J. 20(12), 6450–6459 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2965580
  210. S. Choi, K. Yoon, S. Lee, H.J. Lee, J. Lee et al., Conductive hierarchical hairy fibers for highly sensitive, stretchable, and water-resistant multimodal gesture-distinguishable sensor. VR applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(50), 1905808 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905808
  211. M. Zhu, Z. Sun, Z. Zhang, Q. Shi, T. He et al., Haptic-feedback smart glove as a creative human-machine interface (HMI) for virtual/augmented reality applications. Sci. Adv. 6(19), eaaz8693 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz8693
  212. O.A. Araromi, M.A. Graule, K.L. Dorsey, S. Castellanos, J.R. Foster et al., Ultra-sensitive and resilient compliant strain gauges for soft machines. Nature 587(7833), 219–224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2892-6
  213. S. Takamatsu, T. Lonjaret, E. Ismailova, A. Masuda, T. Itoh et al., Wearable keyboard using conducting polymer electrodes on textiles. Adv. Mater. 28(22), 4485–4488 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504249
  214. S.M. Jeong, Y. Kang, T. Lim, S. Ju, Hydrophobic microfiber strain sensor operating stably in sweat and water environment. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5(24), 1801376 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801376
  215. Y. Zhao, M. Ren, Y. Shang, J. Li, S. Wang et al., Ultra-sensitive and durable strain sensor with sandwich structure and excellent anti-interference ability for wearable electronic skins. Compos. Sci. Technol. 200, 108448 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108448
  216. M. Nankali, N.M. Nouri, N.G. Malek, M. Amjadi, Dynamic thermoelectromechanical characterization of carbon nanotube nanocomposite strain sensors. Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 332, 113122 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2021.113122
  217. M. Nankali, N.M. Nouri, M. Navidbakhsh, N.G. Malek, M.A. Amindehghan et al., Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors based on carbon nanotube–elastomer nanocomposites: the effect of environmental factors on strain sensing performance. J. Mater. Chem. C 8(18), 6185–6195 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00373e
  218. L. Lu, B. Yang, J. Liu, Flexible multifunctional graphite nanosheet/electrospun-polyamide 66 nanocomposite sensor for ECG, strain, temperature and gas measurements. Chem. Eng. J. 400, 125928 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125928.
  219. C. Wang, K. Xia, M. Zhang, M. Jian, Y. Zhang, An all-silk-derived dual-mode e-skin for simultaneous temperature–pressure detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(45), 39484–39492 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b13356
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 6312 Download : 4781

Most read articles by the same author(s)