Issue

Vol. 15 (2023)

Recent Advances and Perspectives of Lewis Acidic Etching Route: An Emerging Preparation Strategy for MXenes

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01039-z
Pengfei Huang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Wei‑Qiang Han
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Wei‑Qiang Han

hanwq@zju.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 15 (2023), Article Number: 68

Abstract

Since the discovery in 2011, MXenes have become the rising star in the field of two-dimensional materials. Benefiting from the metallic-level conductivity, large and adjustable gallery spacing, low ion diffusion barrier, rich surface chemistry, superior mechanical strength, MXenes exhibit great application prospects in energy storage and conversion, sensors, optoelectronics, electromagnetic interference shielding and biomedicine. Nevertheless, two issues seriously deteriorate the further development of MXenes. One is the high experimental risk of common preparation methods such as HF etching, and the other is the difficulty in obtaining MXenes with controllable surface groups. Recently, Lewis acidic etching, as a brand-new preparation strategy for MXenes, has attracted intensive attention due to its high safety and the ability to endow MXenes with uniform terminations. However, a comprehensive review of Lewis acidic etching method has not been reported yet. Herein, we first introduce the Lewis acidic etching from the following four aspects: etching mechanism, terminations regulation, in-situ formed metals and delamination of multi-layered MXenes. Further, the applications of MXenes and MXene-based hybrids obtained by Lewis acidic etching route in energy storage and conversion, sensors and microwave absorption are carefully summarized. Finally, some challenges and opportunities of Lewis acidic etching strategy are also presented.


Highlights:


1 As an emerging preparation strategy for MXenes, Lewis acidic etching has attracted increasing attention in the past few years benefiting from a series of merits.
2 Lewis acidic etching method is mainly presented from etching mechanism, terminations regulation, in-situ formed metals and delamination of multi-layered MXenes.
3 The applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites obtained by Lewis acidic etching route in energy storage and conversion, sensors and microwave absorption are carefully summarized.

Keywords

Lewis acidic etching MXenes Etching mechanism Termination regulation In-situ formed metals Delamination Application
Huang, Pengfei, and Wei‑Qiang Han. 2023. “Recent Advances and Perspectives of Lewis Acidic Etching Route: An Emerging Preparation Strategy for MXenes”. Nano-Micro Letters 15 (March):68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01039-z.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang et al., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
  2. C. Tan, X. Cao, X.J. Wu, Q. He, J. Yang et al., Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem. Rev. 117(9), 6225–6331 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00558
  3. M. Chhowalla, H.S. Shin, G. Eda, L.J. Li, K.P. Loh et al., The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat. Chem. 5(4), 263–275 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1589
  4. Q. Weng, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Bando, D. Golberg, Functionalized hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials: emerging properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45(14), 3989–4012 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00869G
  5. S. Cao, J. Low, J. Yu, M. Jaroniec, Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride. Adv. Mater. 27(13), 2150–2176 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500033
  6. T. Hartman, Z. Sofer, Beyond graphene: chemistry of group 14 graphene analogues: silicene, germanene, and stanene. ACS Nano 13(8), 8566–8576 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04466
  7. H. Liu, K. Hu, D. Yan, R. Chen, Y. Zou et al., Recent advances on black phosphorus for energy storage, catalysis, and sensor applications. Adv. Mater. 30(32), 1800295 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800295
  8. V. Nicolosi, M. Chhowalla, M.G. Kanatzidis, M.S. Strano, J.N. Coleman, Liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 340(6139), 1226419 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226419
  9. L. Lv, Z. Yang, K. Chen, C. Wang, Y. Xiong, 2D layered double hydroxides for oxygen evolution reaction: from fundamental design to application. Adv. Energy Mater. 9(17), 1803358 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803358
  10. A. Zavabeti, A. Jannat, L. Zhong, A.A. Haidry, Z. Yao et al., Two-dimensional materials in large-areas: synthesis, properties and applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 12(1), 66 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-0402-x
  11. M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu et al., Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Adv. Mater. 23(37), 4248–4253 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102306
  12. M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, 25th anniversary : MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials. Adv. Mater. 26(7), 992–1005 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304138
  13. M. Naguib, O. Mashtalir, J. Carle, V. Presser, J. Lu et al., Two-dimensional transition metal carbides. ACS Nano 6(2), 1322–1331 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn204153h
  14. Y. Gogotsi, Q. Huang, MXenes: two-dimensional building blocks for future materials and devices. ACS Nano 15(4), 5775–5780 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03161
  15. X. Li, Z. Huang, C.E. Shuck, G. Liang, Y. Gogotsi, C. Zhi, MXene chemistry, electrochemistry and energy storage applications. Nat. Rev. Chem. 6(6), 389–404 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-022-00384-8
  16. Y. An, Y. Tian, J. Feng, Y. Qian, MXenes for advanced separator in rechargeable batteries. Mater. Today 57, 146–179 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2022.06.006
  17. M. Sokol, V. Natu, S. Kota, M.W. Barsoum, On the chemical diversity of the MAX phases. Trends Chem. 1(2), 210–223 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.016
  18. J. Halim, S. Kota, M.R. Lukatskaya, M. Naguib, M.-Q. Zhao et al., Synthesis and characterization of 2D molybdenum Carbide (MXene). Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(18), 3118–3127 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505328
  19. J. Zhou, X. Zha, F.Y. Chen, Q. Ye, P. Eklund et al., A two-dimensional zirconium carbide by selective etching of al3c3 from nanolaminated Zr3Al3C5. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55(16), 5008–5013 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201510432
  20. J. Zhou, X. Zha, X. Zhou, F. Chen, G. Gao et al., Synthesis and electrochemical properties of two-dimensional hafnium carbide. ACS Nano 11(4), 3841–3850 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00030
  21. M. Shekhirev, C.E. Shuck, A. Sarycheva, Y. Gogotsi, Characterization of MXenes at every step, from their precursors to single flakes and assembled films. Prog. Mater. Sci. 120, 100757 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100757
  22. N.R. Hemanth, B. Kandasubramanian, Recent advances in 2D MXenes for enhanced cation intercalation in energy harvesting applications: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 392, 123678 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123678
  23. D. Xiong, X. Li, Z. Bai, S. Lu, Recent advances in layered Ti3C2Tx MXene for electrochemical energy storage. Small 14(17), 1703419 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703419
  24. B. Anasori, M.R. Lukatskaya, Y. Gogotsi, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2(2), 16098 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98
  25. S. Zhang, W.Q. Han, Recent advances in MXenes and their composites in lithium/sodium batteries from the viewpoints of components and interlayer engineering. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22(29), 16482–16526 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP02275F
  26. B.C. Wyatt, A. Rosenkranz, B. Anasori, 2D MXenes: tunable mechanical and tribological properties. Adv. Mater. 33(17), 2007973 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007973
  27. B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi, MXenes: trends, growth, and future directions. Graphene 2D Mater. 7(3–4), 75–79 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41127-022-00053-z
  28. M.K. Aslam, Y. Niu, M. Xu, MXenes for non-lithium-ion (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Al) batteries and supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(2), 2000681 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000681
  29. A. Shayesteh Zeraati, S.A. Mirkhani, P. Sun, M. Naguib, P.V. Braun et al., Improved synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXenes resulting in exceptional electrical conductivity, high synthesis yield, and enhanced capacitance. Nanoscale 13(6), 3572–3580 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR06671K
  30. J. Luo, W. Zhang, H. Yuan, C. Jin, L. Zhang et al., Pillared Structure design of mxene with ultralarge interlayer spacing for high-performance lithium-ion capacitors. ACS Nano 11(3), 2459–2469 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b07668
  31. M. Naguib, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Ten years of progress in the synthesis and development of MXenes. Adv. Mater. 33(39), 2103393 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103393
  32. M. Han, C.E. Shuck, R. Rakhmanov, D. Parchment, B. Anasori et al., Beyond Ti3C2Tx: MXenes for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Nano 14(4), 5008–5016 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01312
  33. G. Deysher, C.E. Shuck, K. Hantanasirisakul, N.C. Frey, A.C. Foucher et al., Synthesis of Mo4VAlC4 MAX phase and two-dimensional Mo4VC4 MXene with five atomic layers of transition metals. ACS Nano 14(1), 204–217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b07708
  34. Y. Gogotsi, B. Anasori, The rise of MXenes. ACS Nano 13(8), 8491–8494 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06394
  35. M. Dadashi Firouzjaei, M. Karimiziarani, H. Moradkhani, M. Elliott, B. Anasori, MXenes: the two-dimensional influencers. Mater. Today Adv. 13, 100202 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100202
  36. B. Ahmed, A.E. Ghazaly, J. Rosen, i-MXenes for energy storage and catalysis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(47), 2000894 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000894
  37. K. Fan, Y. Ying, X. Luo, H. Huang, Nitride MXenes as sulfur hosts for thermodynamic and kinetic suppression of polysulfide shuttling: a computational study. J. Mater. Chem. A 9(45), 25391–25398 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA06759A
  38. D. Johnson, Z. Qiao, E. Uwadiunor, A. Djire, Holdups in nitride MXene’s development and limitations in advancing the field of MXene. Small 18(17), 2106129 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202106129
  39. J. Nan, X. Guo, J. Xiao, X. Li, W. Chen et al., Nanoengineering of 2D MXene-based materials for energy storage applications. Small 17(9), 1902085 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902085
  40. T. Su, X. Ma, J. Tong, H. Ji, Z. Qin et al., Surface engineering of MXenes for energy and environmental applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(19), 10265–10296 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA01140A
  41. J. Björk, J. Rosen, Functionalizing MXenes by tailoring surface terminations in different chemical environments. Chem. Mater. 33(23), 9108–9118 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01264
  42. A.S.F. Vladislav Kamysbayev, H. Hu, X. Rui, F. Lagunas, D. Wang et al., Covalent surface modifications and superconductivity of two-dimensional metal carbide MXenes. Science 369(6506), 979–983 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8311
  43. Y. Wei, P. Zhang, R.A. Soomro, Q. Zhu, B. Xu, Advances in the synthesis of 2D MXenes. Adv. Mater. 33(39), 2103148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103148
  44. M.S. Bhargava Reddy, S. Kailasa, B.C.G. Marupalli, K.K. Sadasivuni, S. Aich, A family of 2D-MXenes: synthesis, properties, and gas sensing applications. ACS Sens. 7(8), 2132–2163 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c01046
  45. A.R. VahidMohammadi, J. Rosen, Y. Gogotsi, The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes). Science 372(6547), eabf1581 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1581
  46. C. Zhang, Y. Ma, X. Zhang, S. Abdolhosseinzadeh, H. Sheng et al., Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes): synthesis, properties, and electrochemical energy storage applications. Energy Environ. Mater. 3(1), 29–55 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12058
  47. D. Er, J. Li, M. Naguib, Y. Gogotsi, V.B. Shenoy, Ti3C2 MXene as a high capacity electrode material for metal (Li, Na, K, Ca) ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(14), 11173–11179 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am501144q
  48. B.-M. Jun, S. Kim, J. Heo, C.M. Park, N. Her et al., Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications. Nano Res. 12(3), 471–487 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2225-3
  49. X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhou, MXene-based materials for electrochemical energy storage. J. Energy Chem. 27(1), 73–85 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.08.004
  50. X. Guo, C. Wang, W. Wang, Q. Zhou, W. Xu et al., Vacancy manipulating of molybdenum carbide mxenes to enhance faraday reaction for high performance lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res. Energy 1, e9120026 (2022). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120026
  51. H.E. Karahan, K. Goh, C.J. Zhang, E. Yang, C. Yildirim et al., MXene materials for designing advanced separation membranes. Adv. Mater. 32(29), 1906697 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906697
  52. A. Iqbal, P. Sambyal, C.M. Koo, 2D MXenes for electromagnetic shielding: a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(47), 2000883 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000883
  53. C. Tsounis, P.V. Kumar, H. Masood, R.P. Kulkarni, G.S. Gautam et al., Advancing MXene electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions: surface, stoichiometry, and stability. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(4), e202210828 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202210828
  54. X. Li, W. You, C. Xu, L. Wang, L. Yang et al., 3D seed-germination-like MXene with in situ growing CNTs/Ni heterojunction for enhanced microwave absorption via polarization and magnetization. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00680-w
  55. S. Abdolhosseinzadeh, X. Jiang, H. Zhang, J. Qiu, C. Zhang, Perspectives on solution processing of two-dimensional MXenes. Mater. Today 48, 214–240 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2021.02.010
  56. C.J. Zhang, L. McKeon, M.P. Kremer, S.H. Park, O. Ronan et al., Additive-free MXene inks and direct printing of micro-supercapacitors. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 1795 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09398-1
  57. S. Venkateshalu, M. Shariq, N.K. Chaudhari, K. Lee, A.N. Grace, 2D non-carbide MXenes: an emerging material class for energy storage and conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(38), 20174–20189 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA05392F
  58. Z. Du, C. Wu, Y. Chen, Z. Cao, R. Hu et al., High-entropy atomic layers of transition-metal carbides (MXenes). Adv. Mater. 33(39), 2101473 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101473
  59. Q. Tang, Z. Zhou, P. Shen, Are MXenes Promising Anode Materials for Li ion batteries? computational studies on electronic properties and Li storage capability of Ti3C2 and Ti3C2X2 (X = F, OH) monolayer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(40), 16909–16916 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja308463r
  60. Y. Xie, P.R.C. Kent, Hybrid density functional study of structural and electronic properties of functionalized Tin+1Xn (X=C, N) monolayers. Phys. Rev. B. 87(23), 235441 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.235441
  61. H. Kim, Z. Wang, H.N. Alshareef, MXetronics: electronic and photonic applications of MXenes. Nano Energy 60, 179–197 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.020
  62. K. Wang, H. Jin, H. Li, Z. Mao, L. Tang et al., Role of surface functional groups to superconductivity in Nb2C-MXene: experiments and density functional theory calculations. Surf. Interfaces 29, 101711 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101711
  63. R.M. Ronchi, J.T. Arantes, S.F. Santos, Synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes: current status and perspectives. Ceram. Int. 45(15), 18167–18188 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.114
  64. C.E. Shuck, Y. Gogotsi, Taking MXenes from the lab to commercial products. Chem. Eng. J. 401, 125786 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125786
  65. M. Ghidiu, M.R. Lukatskaya, M.Q. Zhao, Y. Gogotsi, M.W. Barsoum, Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide “Clay” with high volumetric capacitance. Nature 516(7529), 78–81 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13970
  66. M. Li, J. Lu, K. Luo, Y. Li, K. Chang et al., Element replacement approach by reaction with lewis acidic molten salts to synthesize nanolaminated MAX phases and MXenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(11), 4730–4737 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b00574
  67. Y. Li, H. Shao, Z. Lin, J. Lu, L. Liu et al., A general lewis acidic etching route for preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte. Nat. Mater. 19(8), 894–899 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0657-0
  68. V. Singh, D. Joung, L. Zhai, S. Das, S.I. Khondaker et al., Graphene based materials: past, present and future. Prog. Mater. Sci. 56(8), 1178–1271 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003
  69. A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
  70. M. Anayee, C.E. Shuck, M. Shekhirev, A. Goad, R. Wang et al., Kinetics of Ti3AlC2 etching for Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesis. Chem. Mater. 34(21), 9589–9600 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02194
  71. K.R.G. Lim, M. Shekhirev, B.C. Wyatt, B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi et al., Fundamentals of MXene synthesis. Nat. Synth. 1(8), 601–614 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-022-00104-6
  72. P. Huang, S. Zhang, H. Ying, W. Yang, J. Wang et al., Fabrication of Fe nanocomplex pillared few-layered Ti3C2Tx MXene with enhanced rate performance for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 14(4), 1218–1227 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3221-y
  73. P. Huang, S. Zhang, H. Ying, Z. Zhang, W. Han, Few-layered Ti3C2 MXene anchoring bimetallic selenide NiCo2Se4 nanops for superior sodium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 417, 129161 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129161
  74. C. Huang, S. Shi, H. Yu, Work function adjustment of Nb2CTx nanoflakes as hole and electron transport layers in organic solar cells by controlling surface functional groups. ACS Energy Lett. 6(10), 3464–3472 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01656
  75. D. Sha, C. Lu, W. He, J. Ding, H. Zhang et al., Surface selenization strategy for V2CTx MXene toward superior Zn-ion storage. ACS Nano 16(2), 2711–2720 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c09639
  76. S. Zhao, X. Meng, K. Zhu, F. Du, G. Chen et al., Li-Ion uptake and increase in interlayer spacing of Nb4C3 MXene. Energy Storage Mater. 8, 42–48 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.03.012
  77. G. Liang, X. Li, Y. Wang, S. Yang, Z. Huang et al., Building durable aqueous K-ion capacitors based on MXene family. Nano Res. Energy 1, e9120002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120002
  78. O. Mashtalir, M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, Y. Dall’Agnese, M. Heon et al., Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides. Nat. Commun. 4(1), 1716 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2664
  79. M. Naguib, R.R. Unocic, B.L. Armstrong, J. Nanda, Large-scale delamination of multi-layers transition metal carbides and carbonitrides “MXenes.” Dalton Trans. 44(20), 9353–9358 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5DT01247C
  80. O. Mashtalir, M.R. Lukatskaya, M.Q. Zhao, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Amine-assisted delamination of Nb2C MXene for Li-ion energy storage devices. Adv. Mater. 27(23), 3501–3506 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500604
  81. M. Alhabeb, K. Maleski, B. Anasori, P. Lelyukh, L. Clark et al., Guidelines for synthesis and processing of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene). Chem. Mater. 29(18), 7633–7644 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02847
  82. T.S. Mathis, K. Maleski, A. Goad, A. Sarycheva, M. Anayee et al., Modified MAX phase synthesis for environmentally stable and highly conductive Ti3C2 MXene. ACS Nano 15(4), 6420–6429 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c08357
  83. M. Naguib, J. Halim, J. Lu, K.M. Cook, L. Hultman et al., New two-dimensional niobium and vanadium carbides as promising materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(43), 15966–15969 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405735d
  84. B. Anasori, Y. Xie, M. Beidaghi, J. Lu, B.C. Hosler et al., Two-dimensional, ordered, double transition metals carbides (MXenes). ACS Nano 9(10), 9507–9516 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03591
  85. M. Alhabeb, K. Maleski, T.S. Mathis, A. Sarycheva, C.B. Hatter et al., Selective etching of silicon from Ti3SiC2 (MAX) To obtain 2D titanium carbide (MXene). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57(19), 5444–5448 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201802232
  86. X. Sang, Y. Xie, M.W. Lin, M. Alhabeb, K.L. Van Aken et al., Atomic defects in monolayer titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene. ACS Nano 10(10), 9193–9200 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05240
  87. A. Lipatov, M. Alhabeb, M.R. Lukatskaya, A. Boson, Y. Gogotsi et al., Effect of synthesis on quality, electronic properties and environmental stability of individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene flakes. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2(12), 1600255 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600255
  88. F. Liu, J. Zhou, S. Wang, B. Wang, C. Shen et al., Preparation of high-purity V2C MXene and electrochemical properties as Li-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164(4), A709–A713 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0641704jes
  89. B. Soundiraraju, B.K. George, Two-dimensional titanium nitride (Ti2N) MXene: synthesis, characterization, and potential application as surface-enhanced raman scattering substrate. ACS Nano 11(9), 8892–8900 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03129
  90. X. Wang, C. Garnero, G. Rochard, D. Magne, S. Morisset et al., A New etching environment (FeF3/HCl) for the synthesis of two-dimensional titanium carbide MXenes: a route towards selective reactivity vs. water. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(41), 22012–22023 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA01082F
  91. M. Guo, W.-C. Geng, C. Liu, J. Gu, Z. Zhang et al., Ultrahigh areal capacitance of flexible MXene electrodes: electrostatic and steric effects of terminations. Chem. Mater. 32(19), 8257–8265 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02026
  92. J. Halim, M.R. Lukatskaya, K.M. Cook, J. Lu, C.R. Smith et al., Transparent conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide epitaxial thin films. Chem. Mater. 26(7), 2374–2381 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm500641a
  93. A. Feng, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, F. Jiang, Y. Yu et al., Two-dimensional MXene Ti3C2 produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Mater. Des. 114, 161–166 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.053
  94. V. Natu, R. Pai, M. Sokol, M. Carey, V. Kalra et al., 2D Ti3C2Tz MXene synthesized by water-free etching of Ti3AlC2 in polar organic solvents. Chem 6(3), 616–630 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.01.019
  95. M.R. Lukatskaya, J. Halim, B. Dyatkin, M. Naguib, Y.S. Buranova et al., Room-temperature carbide-derived carbon synthesis by electrochemical etching of MAX phases. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53(19), 4877–4880 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201402513
  96. M.-Q. Zhao, M. Sedran, Z. Ling, M.R. Lukatskaya, O. Mashtalir et al., Synthesis of carbon/sulfur nanolaminates by electrochemical extraction of titanium from Ti2SC. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54(16), 4810–4814 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201500110
  97. W. Sun, S.A. Shah, Y. Chen, Z. Tan, H. Gao et al., Electrochemical etching of Ti2AlC to Ti2CTx (MXene) in low-concentration hydrochloric acid solution. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(41), 21663–21668 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA05574A
  98. S. Yang, P. Zhang, F. Wang, A.G. Ricciardulli, M.R. Lohe et al., Fluoride-free synthesis of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) using a binary aqueous system. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57(47), 15491–15495 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201809662
  99. S.Y. Pang, Y.T. Wong, S. Yuan, Y. Liu, M.K. Tsang et al., Universal strategy for HF-free facile and rapid synthesis of two-dimensional MXenes as multifunctional energy materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(24), 9610–9616 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b02578
  100. X. Xie, Y. Xue, L. Li, S. Chen, Y. Nie et al., Surface Al leached Ti3AlC2 as a substitute for carbon for use as a catalyst support in a harsh corrosive electrochemical system. Nanoscale 6(19), 11035–11040 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR02080D
  101. T. Li, L. Yao, Q. Liu, J. Gu, R. Luo et al., Fluorine-free synthesis of high-purity Ti3C2Tx (T=OH, O) via alkali treatment. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57(21), 6115–6119 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800887
  102. S. Zhang, H. Ying, P. Huang, T. Yang, W.-Q. Han, Hierarchical utilization of raw Ti3C2Tx MXene for fast preparation of various Ti3C2Tx MXene derivatives. Nano Res. 15(3), 2746–2755 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3847-4
  103. P. Urbankowski, B. Anasori, T. Makaryan, D. Er, S. Kota et al., Synthesis of two-dimensional titanium nitride Ti4N3 (MXene). Nanoscale 8(22), 11385–11391 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR02253G
  104. H. Zong, R. Qi, K. Yu, Z. Zhu, Ultrathin Ti2NTx MXene-wrapped MOF-derived CoP frameworks towards hydrogen evolution and water oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 393, 139068 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139068
  105. P. Urbankowski, B. Anasori, K. Hantanasirisakul, L. Yang, L. Zhang et al., 2D molybdenum and vanadium nitrides synthesized by ammoniation of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes). Nanoscale 9(45), 17722–17730 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR06721F
  106. J. Mei, G.A. Ayoko, C. Hu, J.M. Bell, Z. Sun, Two-dimensional fluorine-free mesoporous Mo2C MXene via UV-induced selective etching of Mo2Ga2C for energy storage. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 25, e00156 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00156
  107. J. Mei, G.A. Ayoko, C. Hu, Z. Sun, Thermal reduction of sulfur-containing MAX phase for MXene production. Chem. Eng. J. 395, 125111 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125111
  108. H. Shi, P. Zhang, Z. Liu, S. Park, M.R. Lohe et al., Ambient-stable two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) enabled by iodine etching. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(16), 8689–8693 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202015627
  109. A. Jawaid, A. Hassan, G. Neher, D. Nepal, R. Pachter et al., Halogen etch of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase for MXene fabrication. ACS Nano 15(2), 2771–2777 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c08630
  110. S. Husmann, O. Budak, H. Shim, K. Liang, M. Aslan et al., Ionic liquid-based synthesis of MXene. Chem. Commun. 56(75), 11082–11085 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC03189E
  111. C. Xu, L. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Chen, J. Guo et al., Large-area high-quality 2D ultrathin Mo2C superconducting crystals. Nat. Mater. 14(11), 1135–1141 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4374
  112. G. Ma, H. Shao, J. Xu, Y. Liu, Q. Huang et al., Li-ion storage properties of two-dimensional titanium-carbide synthesized via fast one-pot method in air atmosphere. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 5085 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25306-y
  113. M. Zhang, R. Liang, N. Yang, R. Gao, Y. Zheng et al., Eutectic etching toward in-plane porosity manipulation of Cl-terminated MXene for high-performance dual-ion battery anode. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(1), 2102493 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102493
  114. J.L. Hart, K. Hantanasirisakul, A.C. Lang, B. Anasori, D. Pinto et al., Control of MXenes’ electronic properties through termination and intercalation. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 522 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08169-8
  115. J. Jiang, S. Bai, J. Zou, S. Liu, J.-P. Hsu et al., Improving stability of MXenes. Nano Res. 15(7), 6551–6567 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4312-8
  116. Y. Jiang, Y. Zhang, Q. Huang, L. Hao, S. Du, The compositional dependence of structural stability and resulting properties for Mn+1CnT2 (M = Sc, Ti, V; T = O, OH, F, Cl, Br and I; n = 1, 2): First-principle investigations. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9(6), 14979–14989 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.10.083
  117. P. Huang, H. Ying, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W.-Q. Han, Multidimensional synergistic architecture of Ti3C2 MXene/CoS2@N-doped carbon for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycle lifespan. Chem. Eng. J. 429, 132396 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132396
  118. X. Guo, J. Zhang, J. Song, W. Wu, H. Liu et al., MXene encapsulated titanium oxide nanospheres for ultra-stable and fast sodium storage. Energy Storage Mater. 14, 306–313 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.05.010
  119. H. Dong, P. Xiao, N. Jin, B. Wang, Y. Liu et al., Molten salt derived Nb2CTx MXene anode for Li-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 8(5), 957–962 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100142
  120. Y. Xie, M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi et al., Role of surface structure on Li-ion energy storage capacity of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(17), 6385–6394 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja501520b
  121. Y. Xie, Y. Dall’Agnese, M. Naguib, Y. Gogotsi, M.W. Barsoum et al., Prediction and Characterization of MXene nanosheet anodes for non-lithium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 8(9), 9606–9615 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn503921j
  122. Y. Bai, C. Liu, T. Chen, W. Li, S. Zheng et al., MXene-copper/cobalt hybrids via lewis acidic molten salts etching for high performance symmetric supercapacitors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(48), 25318–25322 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202112381
  123. M. Li, X. Li, G. Qin, K. Luo, J. Lu et al., Halogenated Ti3C2 MXenes with electrochemically active terminals for high-performance zinc ion batteries. ACS Nano 15(1), 1077–1085 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c07972
  124. J. Lu, I. Persson, H. Lind, J. Palisaitis, M. Li et al., Tin+1Cn MXenes with fully saturated and thermally stable Cl terminations. Nanoscale Adv. 1(9), 3680–3685 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00324J
  125. S.-S. Cui, X. Liu, Y.-B. Shi, M.-Y. Ding, X.-F. Yang, Construction of atomic-level charge transfer channel in Bi12O17Cl2/MXene heterojunctions for improved visible-light photocatalytic performance. Rare Met. 41(7), 2405–2416 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02011-3
  126. L. Liu, H. Zschiesche, M. Antonietti, B. Daffos, N.V. Tarakina et al., Tuning the surface chemistry of MXene to improve energy storage: example of nitrification by salt melt. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(2), 2202709 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202709
  127. S. Sardar, A. Jana, Covalent surface alteration of MXenes and its effect on superconductivity. Matter 3(5), 1397–1399 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.10.007
  128. T. Zhang, L. Chang, X. Zhang, H. Wan, N. Liu et al., Simultaneously tuning interlayer spacing and termination of MXenes by Lewis-basic halides. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 6731 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34569-y
  129. J. Wu, M. Ihsan-Ul-Haq, F. Ciucci, B. Huang, J.-K. Kim, Rationally designed nanostructured metal chalcogenides for advanced sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 34, 582–628 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.10.007
  130. Y. Xie, J. Hu, Z. Han, T. Wang, J. Zheng et al., Encapsulating sodium deposition into carbon rhombic dodecahedron guided by sodiophilic sites for dendrite-free Na metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 30, 1–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.05.008
  131. H. Wang, X. Li, Y. Jiang, M. Li, Q. Xiao et al., A universal single-atom coating strategy based on tannic acid chemistry for multifunctional heterogeneous catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(14), e202200465 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202200465
  132. H.J. Kwon, J.-H. Park, S.J. Suh, Multilayered Cu/NiFe thin films for electromagnetic interference shielding at high frequency. J. Alloys Compd. 914, 165330 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165330
  133. J.-D. Musah, A.M. Ilyas, S. Venkatesh, S. Mensah, S. Kwofie et al., Isovalent substitution in metal chalcogenide materials for improving thermoelectric power generation–a critical review. Nano Res. Energy 1, 9120034 (2022). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120034
  134. S. Zhang, H. Ying, P. Huang, J. Wang, Z. Zhang et al., Rational design of pillared SnS/Ti3C2Tx MXene for superior lithium-ion storage. ACS Nano 14(12), 17665–17674 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c08770
  135. X. Liu, F. Xu, Z. Li, Z. Liu, W. Yang et al., Design strategy for MXene and metal chalcogenides/oxides hybrids for supercapacitors, secondary batteries and electro/photocatalysis. Coord. Chem. Rev. 464, 214544 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214544
  136. H. Saini, N. Srinivasan, V. Sedajova, M. Majumder, D.P. Dubal et al., Emerging MXene@metal-organic framework hybrids: design strategies toward versatile applications. ACS Nano 15(12), 18742–18776 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c06402
  137. S. Zhou, Y. Zhao, R. Shi, Y. Wang, A. Ashok et al., Vacancy-rich MXene-immobilized Ni single atoms as a high-performance electrocatalyst for the hydrazine oxidation reaction. Adv. Mater. 34(36), 2204388 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202204388
  138. J. Chen, X. Yuan, F. Lyu, Q. Zhong, H. Hu et al., Integrating MXene nanosheets with cobalt-tipped carbon nanotubes for an efficient oxygen reduction reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(3), 1281–1286 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA10574J
  139. X. Xu, Y. Zhang, H. Sun, J. Zhou, Z. Liu et al., Orthorhombic cobalt ditelluride with Te vacancy defects anchoring on elastic MXene enables efficient potassium-ion storage. Adv. Mater. 33(31), 2100272 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202100272
  140. W. Peng, J. Han, Y.R. Lu, M. Luo, T.S. Chan et al., A general strategy for engineering single-metal sites on 3D porous N, P Co-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene. ACS Nano 16(3), 4116–4125 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c09841
  141. Y. Tian, Y. An, S. Xiong, J. Feng, Y. Qian, A general method for constructing robust, flexible and freestanding MXene@metal anodes for high-performance potassium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(16), 9716–9725 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA02233C
  142. Q. Li, T. Song, Z. Wang, X. Wang, X. Zhou et al., A general strategy toward metal sulfide nanops confined in a sulfur-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene 3D porous aerogel for efficient ambient N2 electroreduction. Small 17(45), 2103305 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202103305
  143. J. Li, Z. Li, X. Liu, C. Li, Y. Zheng et al., Interfacial engineering of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx MXene based on work function for rapid photo-excited bacteria-killing. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 1224 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21435-6
  144. L. Han, X. Peng, H.-T. Wang, P. Ou, Y. Mi et al., Chemically coupling SnO2 quantum dots and MXene for efficient CO2 electroreduction to formate and Zn-CO2 battery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119(42), e2207326119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2207326119
  145. Z. Wu, S. Zhu, X. Bai, M. Liang, X. Zhang et al., One-step in-situ synthesis of Sn-nanoconfined Ti3C2Tx MXene composites for Li-ion battery anode. Electrochim. Acta 407, 139916 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139916
  146. C. Yang, Y. Li, W. Peng, F. Zhang, X. Fan, In situ N-doped CoS2 anchored on MXene toward an efficient bifunctional catalyst for enhanced lithium-sulfur batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 427, 131792 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131792
  147. P. Huang, H. Ying, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W.-Q. Han, Molten salts etching route driven universal construction of MXene/transition metal sulfides heterostructures with interfacial electronic coupling for superior sodium storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(39), 2202052 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202052
  148. P. Huang, H. Ying, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W.-Q. Han, In situ fabrication of MXene/CuS Hybrids with Interfacial Covalent Bonding via Lewis acidic etching route for efficient sodium storage. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(41), 22135–22144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA06695E
  149. A. Sarycheva, Y. Gogotsi, Raman spectroscopy analysis of the structure and surface chemistry of Ti3C2Tx MXene. Chem. Mater. 32(8), 3480–3488 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c00359
  150. M. Shekhirev, Y. Ogawa, C.E. Shuck, M. Anayee, T. Torita et al., Delamination of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets with NaCl and KCl for improved environmental stability of MXene films. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5(11), 16027–16032 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c03701
  151. M. Malaki, A. Maleki, R.S. Varma, MXenes and ultrasonication. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(18), 10843–10857 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA01850F
  152. S. Zhang, P. Huang, J. Wang, Z. Zhuang, Z. Zhang et al., Fast and universal solution-phase flocculation strategy for scalable synthesis of various few-layered MXene powders. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11(4), 1247–1254 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03682
  153. L. Liu, M. Orbay, S. Luo, S. Duluard, H. Shao et al., Exfoliation and delamination of Ti3C2Tx MXene prepared via molten salt etching route. ACS Nano 16(1), 111–118 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08498
  154. K. Arole, J.W. Blivin, S. Saha, D.E. Holta, X. Zhao et al., Water-dispersible Ti3C2Tz MXene nanosheets by molten salt etching. iScience 24(12), 103403 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103403
  155. K. Arole, J.W. Blivin, A.M. Bruce, S. Athavale, I.J. Echols et al., Exfoliation, delamination, and oxidation stability of molten salt etched Nb2CTz MXene nanosheets. Chem. Commun. 58(73), 10202–10205 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CC02237K
  156. J. Gu, Q. Zhu, Y. Shi, H. Chen, D. Zhang et al., Single zinc atoms immobilized on MXene (Ti3C2Clx) layers toward dendrite-free lithium metal anodes. ACS Nano 14(1), 891–898 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b08141
  157. D. Zhang, S. Wang, R. Hu, J. Gu, Y. Cui et al., Catalytic conversion of polysulfides on single atom zinc implanted MXene toward high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(30), 2002471 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202002471
  158. Q. Zhao, C. Zhang, R. Hu, Z. Du, J. Gu et al., Selective etching quaternary MAX phase toward single atom copper immobilized MXene (Ti3C2Clx) for efficient CO2 electroreduction to methanol. ACS Nano 15(3), 4927–4936 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c09755
  159. Q. Zhou, J. Duan, J. Du, Q. Guo, Q. Zhang et al., Tailored lattice “Tape” to confine tensile interface for 11.08%-efficiency all-inorganic CsPbBr 3 perovskite solar cell with an ultrahigh voltage of 1.702 V. Adv. Sci. 8(19), 2101418 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202101418
  160. T.M. Gür, Review of electrical energy storage technologies, materials and systems: challenges and prospects for large-scale grid storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 11(10), 2696–2767 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01419A
  161. Z. Zhu, T. Jiang, M. Ali, Y. Meng, Y. Jin et al., Rechargeable batteries for grid scale energy storage. Chem. Rev. 122(22), 16610–16751 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00289
  162. S. Wang, S. Zhao, X. Guo, G. Wang, 2D material-based heterostructures for rechargeable batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(4), 2100864 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100864
  163. Y. Dong, H. Shi, Z.S. Wu, Recent advances and promise of MXene-based nanostructures for high-performance metal ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(47), 2000706 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000706
  164. M. Fichtner, K. Edström, E. Ayerbe, M. Berecibar, A. Bhowmik et al., Rechargeable batteries of the future—the state of the art from a BATTERY 2030+ perspective. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(17), 2102904 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102904
  165. J.Y. Hwang, S.T. Myung, Y.K. Sun, Sodium-ion batteries: present and future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46(12), 3529–3614 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00776G
  166. M. Li, J. Lu, Z. Chen, K. Amine, 30 Years of lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 30(33), 1800561 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800561
  167. Q. Liu, Y. Hu, X. Yu, Y. Qin, T. Meng et al., The pursuit of commercial silicon-based microp anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries: a review. Nano Res. Energy 1, e9120037 (2022). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120037
  168. D. Sun, M. Wang, Z. Li, G. Fan, L.-Z. Fan, A. Zhou, Two-dimensional Ti3C2 as anode material for Li-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 47, 80–83 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.07.026
  169. T. Zhang, L. Pan, H. Tang, F. Du, Y. Guo et al., Synthesis of two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene using HCl+LiF etchant: enhanced exfoliation and delamination. J. Alloys Compd. 695, 818–826 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.127
  170. S. Zhang, H. Ying, B. Yuan, R. Hu, W.-Q. Han, Partial atomic tin nanocomplex pillared few-layered Ti3C2Tx MXenes for superior lithium-ion storage. Nano-Micro Lett. 12(1), 78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-0405-7
  171. M. Naguib, J. Come, B. Dyatkin, V. Presser, P.-L. Taberna et al., MXene: a promising transition metal carbide anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 16(1), 61–64 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.01.002
  172. J. Hu, B. Xu, C. Ouyang, S.A. Yang, Y. Yao, Investigations on V2C and V2CX2 (X = F, OH) monolayer as a promising anode material for Li ion batteries from first-principles calculations. J. Phys. Chem. C 118(42), 24274–24281 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp507336x
  173. E.M.D. Siriwardane, J. Hu, First-principles investigation of Ti2CSO and Ti2CSSe Janus MXene structures for Li and Mg electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 125(23), 12469–12477 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c00082
  174. C. Wang, H. Xie, S. Chen, B. Ge, D. Liu et al., Atomic cobalt covalently engineered interlayers for superior lithium-ion storage. Adv. Mater. 30(32), 1802525 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802525
  175. J. Chen, Q. Jin, Y. Li, H. Shao, P. Liu et al., Molten salt-shielded synthesis (MS3) of MXenes in air. Energy Environ. Mater. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12328
  176. Y. Cao, S. Wei, Q. Zhou, P. Zhang, C. Wang et al., Ti-Cl bonds decorated Ti2NTx MXene towards high-performance lithium-ion batteries. 2D Mater. 10(1), 014001 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ac953b
  177. P. Liu, B. Guan, M. Lu, H. Wang, Z. Lin, Influence of aqueous solutions treatment on the Li+ storage properties of molten salt derived Ti3C2Clx MXene. Electrochem. Commun. 136, 107236 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107236
  178. P. Liu, P. Xiao, M. Lu, H. Wang, N. Jin et al., Lithium storage properties of Ti3C2Tx (Tx = F, Cl, Br) MXenes. Chin. Chem. Lett. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.024
  179. E. Goikolea, V. Palomares, S. Wang, I.R. Larramendi, X. Guo et al., Na-ion batteries—approaching old and new challenges. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(44), 2002055 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002055
  180. Y. Liu, C. Gao, R. Zhou, F. Hong, G. Tong et al., Heteroatoms preintercalated Cl-terminated Ti3C2Tx MXene wrapped with mesoporous Fe2O3 nanospheres for improved sodium ion storage. New J. Chem. 47(2), 618–627 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ05061G
  181. J. Cao, J. Li, D. Li, Z. Yuan, Y. Zhang et al., Strongly coupled 2D transition metal chalcogenide-mxene-carbonaceous nanoribbon heterostructures with ultrafast ion transport for boosting sodium/potassium ions storage. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 113 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00623-5
  182. Y.-S. Hu, Y. Li, Unlocking Sustainable Na-ion batteries into industry. ACS Energy Lett. 6(11), 4115–4117 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02292
  183. D. Su, K. Kretschmer, G. Wang, Improved electrochemical performance of Na-ion batteries in ether-based electrolytes: a case study of ZnS nanospheres. Adv. Energy Mater. 6(2), 1501785 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501785
  184. Y.V. Lim, X.L. Li, H.Y. Yang, Recent tactics and advances in the application of metal sulfides as high-performance anode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(10), 2006761 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006761
  185. Q. Pan, Z. Tong, Y. Su, S. Qin, Y. Tang, Energy storage mechanism, challenge and design strategies of metal sulfides for rechargeable sodium/potassium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(37), 2103912 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103912
  186. Y. Xiao, F. Yue, Z. Wen, Y. Shen, D. Su et al., Elastic buffering layer on CuS enabling high-rate and long-life sodium-ion storage. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 193 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00924-3
  187. B. Li, X. Zhang, T. Wang, Z. He, B. Lu et al., Interfacial engineering strategy for high-performance Zn metal anodes. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00764-7
  188. J. Chen, Y. Ding, D. Yan, J. Huang, S. Peng, Synthesis of MXene and its application for zinc-ion storage. SusMat 2(3), 293–318 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.57
  189. J. Yang, B. Yin, Y. Sun, H. Pan, W. Sun et al., Zinc anode for mild aqueous zinc-ion batteries: challenges, strategies, and perspectives. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 42 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00782-5
  190. G. Fang, J. Zhou, A. Pan, S. Liang, Recent advances in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 3(10), 2480–2501 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01426
  191. Z. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Guo, X. Dong, Y. Liu et al., A metal-organic framework host for highly reversible dendrite-free zinc metal anodes. Joule 3(5), 1289–1300 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.012
  192. F. Yu, L. Pang, X. Wang, E.R. Waclawik, F. Wang et al., Aqueous alkaline-acid hybrid electrolyte for zinc-bromine battery with 3 V voltage window. Energy Storage Mater. 19, 56–61 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.02.024
  193. Y. Tian, S. Chen, Y. He, Q. Chen, L. Zhang et al., A highly reversible dendrite-free Zn anode via spontaneous galvanic replacement reaction for advanced zinc-iodine batteries. Nano Res. Energy 1, e9120025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120025
  194. X. Li, M. Li, Z. Huang, G. Liang, Z. Chen et al., Activating the I0/I+ redox couple in an aqueous I2-Zn battery to achieve a high voltage plateau. Energy Environ. Sci. 14(1), 407–413 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE03086D
  195. S.H. Chung, A. Manthiram, Current status and future prospects of metal-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 31(27), 1901125 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901125
  196. H. Wang, Z. Cui, S.-A. He, J. Zhu, W. Luo et al., Construction of ultrathin layered MXene-TiN heterostructure enabling favorable catalytic ability for high-areal-capacity lithium–sulfur batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 189 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00935-0
  197. S. Huang, R. Guan, S. Wang, M. Xiao, D. Han et al., Polymers for high performance Li-S batteries: material selection and structure design. Prog. Polym. Sci. 89, 19–60 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.09.005
  198. Q. Zhao, Q. Zhu, Y. Liu, B. Xu, Status and prospects of MXene-based lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(21), 2100457 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100457
  199. W. Bao, L. Liu, C. Wang, S. Choi, D. Wang et al., Facile synthesis of crumpled nitrogen-doped MXene nanosheets as a new sulfur host for lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(13), 1702485 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702485
  200. C. Zhang, J.J. Biendicho, T. Zhang, R. Du, J. Li et al., Combined high catalytic activity and efficient polar tubular nanostructure in urchin-like metallic NiCo2Se4 for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(34), 1903842 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903842
  201. X. Xiao, H. Wang, W. Bao, P. Urbankowski, L. Yang et al., Two-dimensional arrays of transition metal nitride nanocrystals. Adv. Mater. 31(33), 1902393 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902393
  202. J. Wu, T. Ye, Y. Wang, P. Yang, Q. Wang et al., Understanding the catalytic kinetics of polysulfide redox reactions on transition metal compounds in Li-S batteries. ACS Nano 16(10), 15734–15759 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08581
  203. Q. Chen, Y. Wei, X. Zhang, Z. Yang, F. Wang et al., Vertically aligned MXene nanosheet arrays for high-rate lithium metal anodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(18), 2200072 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202200072
  204. C. Wei, Y. Tao, H. Fei, Y. An, Y. Tian et al., Recent advances and perspectives in stable and dendrite-free potassium metal anodes. Energy Storage Mater. 30, 206–227 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.05.018
  205. B. Sun, P. Li, J. Zhang, D. Wang, P. Munroe et al., Dendrite-free sodium-metal anodes for high-energy sodium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 30(29), 1801334 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801334
  206. H. Ying, P. Huang, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, Q. Han et al., Freestanding and flexible interfacial layer enables bottom-up Zn deposition toward dendrite-free aqueous Zn-Ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 180 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00921-6
  207. L. Ma, J. Cui, S. Yao, X. Liu, Y. Luo et al., Dendrite-free lithium metal and sodium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 27, 522–554 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.12.014
  208. C. Zhang, A. Wang, J. Zhang, X. Guan, W. Tang et al., 2D materials for lithium/sodium metal anodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(34), 1802833 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802833
  209. Z. Li, K. Zhu, P. Liu, L. Jiao, 3D confinement strategy for dendrite-free sodium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(4), 2100359 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100359
  210. C. Wei, Y. Tao, Y. An, Y. Tian, Y. Zhang et al., Recent advances of emerging 2D MXene for stable and dendrite-free metal anodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(45), 2004613 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202004613
  211. K. Sun, Y. Shen, J. Min, J. Pang, Y. Zheng et al., MOF-derived Zn/Co Co-Doped MnO/C microspheres as cathode and Ti3C2@Zn as anode for aqueous zinc-ion full battery. Chem. Eng. J. 454, 140394 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140394
  212. X. Li, M. Li, K. Luo, Y. Hou, P. Li et al., Lattice matching and halogen regulation for synergistically induced uniform zinc electrodeposition by halogenated Ti3C2 MXenes. ACS Nano 16(1), 813–822 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08358
  213. M. Wang, Y. Tang, A review on the features and progress of dual-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(19), 1703320 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201703320
  214. L. Dong, W. Yang, W. Yang, Y. Li, W. Wu et al., Multivalent metal ion hybrid capacitors: a review with a focus on zinc-ion hybrid capacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(23), 13810–13832 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA02678A
  215. N. Choudhary, C. Li, J. Moore, N. Nagaiah, L. Zhai et al., Asymmetric Supercapacitor electrodes and devices. Adv. Mater. 29(21), 1605336 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605336
  216. Q. Wu, P. Li, Y. Wang, F. Wu, Construction and electrochemical energy storage performance of free-standing hexagonal Ti3C2 film for flexible supercapacitor. Appl. Surf. Sci. 593, 153380 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153380
  217. M.R. Lukatskaya, O. Mashtalir, C.E. Ren, Y. Dall’Agnese, P. Rozier et al., Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide. Science 341(6153), 1502–1505 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241488
  218. U. Khan, Y. Luo, L.B. Kong, W. Que, Synthesis of fluorine free MXene through lewis acidic etching for application as electrode of proton supercapacitors. J. Alloys Compd. 926, 166903 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166903
  219. Y. Zhang, Z. Zhao, C. Luo, X. Wu, W. Chen, Toward understanded the electrochemical capacitance mechanism of MXene by intercalation of inorganic ions and organic macromolecular ions. Appl. Surf. Sci. 578, 152030 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.152030
  220. C. Jing, B. Dong, Y. Zhang, Chemical modifications of layered double hydroxides in the supercapacitor. Energy Environ. Mater. 3(3), 346–379 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12116
  221. D. Zhang, J. Cao, X. Zhang, N. Insin, R. Liu et al., NiMn layered double hydroxide nanosheets in-situ anchored on Ti3C2 MXene via chemical bonds for superior supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3(6), 5949–5964 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00863
  222. Z. Zhao, X. Wu, C. Luo, Y. Wang, W. Chen, Rational design of Ti3C2Cl2 MXenes nanodots-interspersed MXene@NiAl-layered double hydroxides for enhanced pseudocapacitor storage. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 609, 393–402 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.041
  223. H. Liu, L. Syama, L. Zhang, C. Lee, C. Liu et al., High-entropy alloys and compounds for electrocatalytic energy conversion applications. SusMat 1(4), 482–505 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.32
  224. J. Pang, B. Chang, H. Liu, W. Zhou, Potential of MXene-based heterostructures for energy conversion and storage. ACS Energy Lett. 7(1), 78–96 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02132
  225. A. Rajagopal, K. Yao, A.K. Jen, Toward perovskite solar cell commercialization: a perspective and research roadmap based on interfacial engineering. Adv. Mater. 30(32), 1800455 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800455
  226. Y. Zhang, L. Xu, J. Sun, Y. Wu, Z. Kan et al., 24.11% high performance perovskite solar cells by dual interfacial carrier mobility enhancement and charge-carrier transport balance. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(37), 2201269 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202201269
  227. L. Yin, Y. Li, X. Yao, Y. Wang, L. Jia et al., MXenes for solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 78 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00604-8
  228. X. Liu, Z. Zhang, J. Jiang, C. Tian, X. Wang et al., Chlorine-terminated MXene quantum dots for improving crystallinity and moisture stability in high-performance perovskite solar cells. Chem. Eng. J. 432, 134382 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134382
  229. L. Wang, Y. Hao, L. Deng, F. Hu, S. Zhao et al., Rapid complete reconfiguration induced actual active species for industrial hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 5785 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33590-5
  230. K. Khan, A.K. Tareen, M. Iqbal, Y. Zhang, A. Mahmood et al., Recent advance in MXenes: new horizons in electrocatalysis and environmental remediation technologies. Prog. Solid State Chem. 68, 100370 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2022.100370
  231. X. Bai, J. Guan, MXenes for electrocatalysis applications: modification and hybridization. Chin. J. Catal. 43(8), 2057–2090 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64030-5
  232. R. Luo, R. Li, C. Jiang, R. Qi, M. Liu et al., Facile synthesis of cobalt modified 2D titanium carbide with enhanced hydrogen evolution performance in alkaline media. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46(64), 32536–32545 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.110
  233. J. Jiang, S. Bai, M. Yang, J. Zou, N. Li et al., Strategic design and fabrication of MXenes-Ti3CNCl2@CoS2 core-shell nanostructure for high-efficiency hydrogen evolution. Nano Res. 15(7), 5977–5986 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4276-8
  234. Z. Wu, H. Zong, B. Fu, Z. Zhang, MXene with controlled surface termination groups for boosting photoelectrochemical water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(46), 24793–24801 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA06313A
  235. X. Li, L. Zhao, J. Yu, X. Liu, X. Zhang et al., Water splitting: from electrode to green energy system. Nano-Micro Lett. 12(1), 131 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00469-3
  236. Y. Tang, C. Yang, X. Xu, Y. Kang, J. Henzie et al., MXene nanoarchitectonics: defect-engineered 2D MXenes towards enhanced electrochemical water splitting. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(12), 2103867 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103867
  237. B. Sarfraz, M.T. Mehran, M.M. Baig, S.R. Naqvi, A.H. Khoja et al., HF free greener Cl-terminated MXene as novel electrocatalyst for overall water splitting in alkaline media. Int. J. Energy Res. 46(8), 10942–10954 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7895
  238. L. Li, I.M.U. Hasan, R. He, L. Peng et al., Copper as a single metal atom based photo-, electro-, and photoelectrochemical catalyst decorated on carbon nitride surface for efficient CO2 reduction: a review. Nano Res. Energy 1, e9120015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120015
  239. J. Pang, R.G. Mendes, A. Bachmatiuk, L. Zhao, H.Q. Ta et al., Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(1), 72–133 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00324F
  240. Q. Tang, P. Xiong, H. Wang, Z. Wu, Boosted CO2 photoreduction performance on Ru-Ti3CN MXene-TiO2 photocatalyst synthesized by non-HF lewis acidic etching method. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 619, 179–187 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.137
  241. Y. Wan, J. Xu, R. Lv, Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts design for nitrogen reduction reaction under ambient conditions. Mater. Today 27, 69–90 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.03.002
  242. T. Najam, S.S.A. Shah, L. Peng, M.S. Javed, M. Imran et al., Synthesis and nano-engineering of MXenes for energy conversion and storage applications: recent advances and perspectives. Coord. Chem. Rev. 454, 214339 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214339
  243. S. Xiao, Y. Zheng, X. Wu, M. Zhou, X. Rong et al., Tunable structured MXenes with modulated atomic environments: a powerful new platform for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Small 18(41), 2203281 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202203281
  244. Y. Wang, Y. Sun, H. Li, W. Zhang, S. Wu et al., Controlled etching to immobilize highly dispersed Fe in MXene for electrochemical ammonia production. Carbon Neutralization 1(2), 117–125 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cnl2.18
  245. J. Pang, S. Peng, C. Hou, X. Wang, T. Wang et al., Applications of MXenes in human-like sensors and actuators. Nano Res. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-5272-8
  246. M. Wu, Y. An, R. Yang, Z. Tao, Q. Xia et al., V2CTx and Ti3C2Tx MXenes nanosheets for gas sensing. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 4(6), 6257–6268 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c01059
  247. X. Xi, J. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Xiong, M. Chen et al., Preparation of Au/Pt/Ti3C2Cl2 nanoflakes with self-reducing method for colorimetric detection of glutathione and intracellular sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Carbon 197, 476–484 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.06.068
  248. J. Cheng, C. Li, Y. Xiong, H. Zhang, H. Raza et al., Recent advances in design strategies and multifunctionality of flexible electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 80 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00823-7
  249. R. Yang, X. Gui, L. Yao, Q. Hu, L. Yang et al., Ultrathin, lightweight, and flexible CNT buckypaper enhanced using MXenes for electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 66 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00597-4
  250. K. Wang, W. Chu, H. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Cai et al., Ferromagnetic Ti3CNCl2-decorated RGO aerogel: from 3D interconnecting conductive network construction to ultra-broadband microwave absorber with thermal insulation property. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 604, 402–414 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.166
  251. C. Chen, X. Zhao, Y. Chen, W. Chu, Y. Wu et al., Photoinduced dual shape programmability of covalent adaptable networks with remarkable mechanical properties. Nano Lett. 22(21), 8413–8421 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02181
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3223 Download : 2428