Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

From Liquid to Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries: Fundamental Issues and Recent Developments

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01234-y
Zhao Zhang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Wei‑Qiang Han
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Wei‑Qiang Han

hanwq@zju.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 24

Abstract

The widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries has been driven by the proliferation of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which have increasingly stringent energy density requirements. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs), with their ultralow reduction potential and high theoretical capacity, are widely regarded as the most promising technical pathway for achieving high energy density batteries. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of fundamental issues related to high reactivity and migrated interfaces in LMBs. Furthermore, we propose improved strategies involving interface engineering, 3D current collector design, electrolyte optimization, separator modification, application of alloyed anodes, and external field regulation to address these challenges. The utilization of solid-state electrolytes can significantly enhance the safety of LMBs and represents the only viable approach for advancing them. This review also encompasses the variation in fundamental issues and design strategies for the transition from liquid to solid electrolytes. Particularly noteworthy is that the introduction of SSEs will exacerbate differences in electrochemical and mechanical properties at the interface, leading to increased interface inhomogeneity—a critical factor contributing to failure in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Based on recent research works, this perspective highlights the current status of research on developing high-performance LMBs.


Highlights:
1 The pursuit of high specific energy and high safety has promoted the transformation of lithium metal batteries from liquid to solid-state systems.
2 In addition to high reactivity and mobile interface, all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) still faces severe inhomogeneity in mechanical and electrochemical properties.
3 The inherent trade-off in ASSLMBs lies between ionic conductivity and electrochemical window, mechanical strength and interface contact adequacy.

Keywords

Lithium metal batteries All-solid-state lithium metal battery Li dendrite Solid electrolyte Interface
Zhang, Zhao, and Wei‑Qiang Han. 2023. “From Liquid to Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries: Fundamental Issues and Recent Developments”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (November):24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01234-y.
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