Issue

Vol. 15 (2023)

Kinetic Limits of Graphite Anode for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01183-6
Suting Weng
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Gaojing Yang
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Simeng Zhang
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Xiaozhi Liu
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Xiao Zhang
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Zepeng Liu
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Mengyan Cao
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Mehmet Nurullah Ateş
Department of Chemistry, Boğazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Türkiye
Yejing Li
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Liquan Chen
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Zhaoxiang Wang
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Xuefeng Wang
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Xuefeng Wang

wxf@iphy.ac.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 15 (2023), Article Number: 215

Abstract

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries are highly required, especially in reducing the mileage anxiety of the widespread electric vehicles. One of the biggest bottlenecks lies in the sluggish kinetics of the Li+ intercalation into the graphite anode; slow intercalation will lead to lithium metal plating, severe side reactions, and safety concerns. The premise to solve these problems is to fully understand the reaction pathways and rate-determining steps of graphite during fast Li+ intercalation. Herein, we compare the Li+ diffusion through the graphite particle, interface, and electrode, uncover the structure of the lithiated graphite at high current densities, and correlate them with the reaction kinetics and electrochemical performances. It is found that the rate-determining steps are highly dependent on the particle size, interphase property, and electrode configuration. Insufficient Li+ diffusion leads to high polarization, incomplete intercalation, and the coexistence of several staging structures. Interfacial Li+ diffusion and electrode transportation are the main rate-determining steps if the particle size is less than 10 μm. The former is highly dependent on the electrolyte chemistry and can be enhanced by constructing a fluorinated interphase. Our findings enrich the understanding of the graphite structural evolution during rapid Li+ intercalation, decipher the bottleneck for the sluggish reaction kinetics, and provide strategic guidelines to boost the fast-charging performance of graphite anode.


Highlights:
1 The microstructure of graphite upon rapid Li+ intercalation is a mixture of differently staging structures in the macroscopic and microscopic scales due to the incomplete and inhomogeneous intercalation reactions hindered by the sluggish reaction kinetics.
2 The Li+ interface diffusion dominates the reaction kinetics at high rates in thin graphite electrode, while Li+ diffusion through the electrode cannot to be neglected for thick graphite electrode.

Keywords

Fast-charging Graphite anode Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) High-rate kinetics
Weng, Suting, Gaojing Yang, Simeng Zhang, Xiaozhi Liu, Xiao Zhang, Zepeng Liu, Mengyan Cao, Mehmet Nurullah Ateş, Yejing Li, Liquan Chen, Zhaoxiang Wang, and Xuefeng Wang. 2023. “Kinetic Limits of Graphite Anode for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries”. Nano-Micro Letters 15 (September):215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01183-6.
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