Issue

Vol. 8 No. 1 (2016)

Recent Advances in Visible-Light-Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Catalyst Nanostructures and Reaction Systems

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0063-3
Xiaoping Chen
Research Center for Combustion and Environment Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Zhixiang Zhang
Research Center for Combustion and Environment Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Lina Chi
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Aathira Krishnadas Nair
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Wenfeng Shangguan
Research Center for Combustion and Environment Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
Zheng Jiang
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

Corresponding Author: Zheng Jiang

Z.Jiang@soton.ac.uk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2016), Article Number: 1-12

Abstract

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using solar energy has attracted great attention for generation of renewable hydrogen with less carbon footprint, while there are enormous challenges that still remain for improving solar energy water splitting efficiency, due to limited light harvesting, energy loss associated to fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, as well as electrode degradation. This overview focuses on the recent development about catalyst nanomaterials and nanostructures in different PEC water splitting systems. As photoanode, Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanowire electrodes exhibited enhanced photoactivity in both the UV and the visible regions due to surface plasmon resonance of Au and showed the largest photocurrent generation of up to 710 nm. Pt/CdS/CGSe electrodes were developed as photocathode. With the role of p–n heterojunction, the photoelectrode showed high stability and evolved hydrogen continuously for more than 10 days. Further, in the Z-scheme system (Bi2S3/TNA as photoanode and Pt/SiPVC as photocathode at the same time), a self-bias (open-circuit voltage V oc = 0.766 V) was formed between two photoelectrodes, which could facilitate photogenerated charge transfers and enhance the photoelectrochemical performance, and which might provide new hints for PEC water splitting. Meanwhile, the existing problems and prospective solutions have also been reviewed.

Keywords

Photoelectrochemical water splitting Nanostructures Reaction system Heterojuction Hybrid systems
Chen, Xiaoping, Zhixiang Zhang, Lina Chi, Aathira Krishnadas Nair, Wenfeng Shangguan, and Zheng Jiang. 2015. “Recent Advances in Visible-Light-Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Catalyst Nanostructures and Reaction Systems”. Nano-Micro Letters 8 (1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0063-3.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A. Fujishima, K. Honda, Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238(5358), 37–38 (1972). doi:10.1038/238037a0
  2. Y. Li, J.Z. Zhang, Hydrogen generation from photoelectrochemical water splitting based on nanomaterials. Laser Photonics Rev. 4(4), 517–528 (2010). doi:10.1002/lpor.200910025
  3. Y.R. Steven, A.H. Jonathan, S. Kimberly, D.J. Thomas, J.E. Arthur, J.H. Joep, G.N. Daniel, Wireless solar water splitting using silicon-based semiconductors and earth-abundant catalysts. Science 334(6056), 645–648 (2011). doi:10.1126/science.1209816
  4. N.A. Kelly, T.L. Gibson, Design and characterization of a robust photoelectrochemical device to generate hydrogen using solar water splitting. Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 31(12), 1658–1673 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.12.014
  5. L.J. Minggu, W.R.W. Daud, M.B. Kassim, An overview of photocells and photoreactors for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 35(11), 5233–5244 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.133
  6. A. Kudo, Y. Miseki, Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38(1), 253–278 (2009). doi:10.1039/B800489G
  7. W.F. Shangguan, Progress in research of hydrogen production from water on photocatalysts with solar energy. Chinese J. Inorg. Chem. 17(5), 619–626 (2001)
  8. Q. Li, B.D. Guo, J.G. Yu, J.R. Ran, B.H. Zhang, H.J. Yan, J.R. Gong, Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production of CdS-cluster-decorated graphene nanosheet. JACS 133(28), 10878–10884 (2011). doi:10.1021/ja2025454
  9. X. Chen, W. Shangguan, Hydrogen production from water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts using solar light. Front. Energy 7(1), 111–118 (2013). doi:10.1007/s11708-012-0228-4
  10. X. Chen, W. Chen, P.B. Lin, Y. Yang, H.Y. Gao, J. Yuan, W. Shangguan, In situ photodeposition of nickel oxides on CdS for highly efficient hydrogen production via visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Catal. Commun. 36, 104–108 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2013.03.016
  11. X. Chen, W. Chen, H.Y. Gao, Y. Yang, W. Shangguan, In situ photodeposition of NiOx on CdS for hydrogen production under visible light: enhanced activity by controlling solution environment. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 152, 68–72 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.01.022
  12. A. Iwase, Y.H. Ng, R. Amal, A. Kudo, Solar hydrogen evolution using CuGaS2 photocathode improved by incorporating reduced graphene oxide. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 8566–8570 (2015). doi:10.1039/C5TA01237F
  13. Y. Moriya, T. Takata, K. Domen, Recent progress in the development of (Oxy) nitride photocatalysts for water splitting under visible-light irradiation. Coordin. Chem. Rev. 257(13), 1957–1969 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.021
  14. K. Maeda, K. Domen, Photocatalytic water splitting: recent progress and future challenges. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1(18), 2655–2661 (2010). doi:10.1021/jz1007966
  15. T. Hisatomi, J. Kubota, K. Domen, Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(22), 7520–7535 (2014). doi:10.1039/C3CS60378D
  16. T.W. Kim, K.S. Choi, Nanoporous BiVO4 photoanodes with dual-layer oxygen evolution catalysts for solar water splitting. Science 343(6174), 990–994 (2014). doi:10.1126/science.1246913
  17. X. Liu, F. Wang, Q. Wang, Nanostructure-based WO3 photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Phys. Chem. Cheml. Phys. 14(22), 7894–7911 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2cp40976c
  18. M. Moriya, T. Minegishi, H. Kumagai, M. Katayama, J. Kubota, K. Domen, Stable hydrogen evolution from CdS-modified CuGaSe2 photoelectrode under visible-light irradiation. JACS 135(10), 3733–3735 (2013). doi:10.1021/ja312653y
  19. Q.Y. Zeng, J. Bai, J.H. Li, Y.P. Li, X.J. Li, B.X. Zhou, Combined nanostructured Bi2S3/TNA photoanode and Pt/SiPVC photocathode for efficient self-biasing photoelectrochemical hydrogen and electricity generation. Nano Energy 9, 152–160 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.06.023
  20. K. Sivula, F.L. Formal, M. Grätzel, Solar water splitting: progress using hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoelectrodes. Chem. Sus. Chem. 4(4), 432–449 (2011). doi:10.1002/cssc.201000416
  21. S. Yamane, N. Kato, S. Kojima, A. Imanishi, S. Ogawa, N. Yoshida, S. Nonomura, Y. Nakato, Efficient solar water splitting with a composite “n-Si/p-CuI/nip a-Si/np GaP/RuO2” semiconductor electrode. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(32), 14575–14581 (2009). doi:10.1021/jp904297v
  22. D.J. Martin, P.J.T. Reardon, S.J.A. Moniz, J.W. Tang, Visible light-driven pure water splitting by a nature-inspired organic semiconductor-based system. JACS 136(36), 12568–12571 (2014). doi:10.1021/ja506386e
  23. S.U. Khan, M. Al-Shahry, W.B. Ingler, Efficient photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2. Science 297(5590), 2243–2245 (2002). doi:10.1126/science.1075035
  24. Y.R. Smith, B. Sarma, S.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, Single-step anodization for synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 nanotube arrays onfoil and wire substrate for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 38(5), 2062–2069 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.11.045
  25. C. Cheng, H. Zhang, W. Ren, W. Dong, Y. Sun, Three dimensional urchin-like ordered hollow TiO2/ZnO nanorods structure as efficient photoelectrochemical anode. Nano Energy 2(5), 779–786 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.01.010
  26. Q. Gang, Akira watanabe, surface texturing of TiO2 film by mist deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles. Nano-Micro Lett. 5(2), 129–134 (2013). doi:10.1007/BF03353740
  27. Z. Su, W. Zhou, F. Jiang, M. Hong, Anodic formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. J. Mater. Chem. 22(2), 535–544 (2012). doi:10.1039/C1JM13338A
  28. Y.R. Smith, R.S. Ray, K. Carlson, B. Sarma, M. Misra, Self-ordered titanium dioxide nanotube arrays: anodic synthesis and their photo/electro-catalytic applications. Materials 6(7), 2892–2957 (2013). doi:10.3390/ma6072892
  29. O.K. Varghese, M. Paulose, C.A. Grimes, Long vertically aligned titania nanotubes on transparent conducting oxide for highly efficient solar cells. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(9), 592–597 (2009). doi:10.1038/nnano.2009.226
  30. X. Feng, K. Shankar, O.K. Varghese, M. Paulose, T.J. Latempa, C.A. Grimes, Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: synthesis details and applications. Nano Lett. 8(11), 3781–3786 (2008). doi:10.1021/nl802096a
  31. M. Ni, M.K.H. Leung, D.Y.C. Leung, K. Sumathy, A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11(3), 401–425 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.rser.2005.01.009
  32. S. In, A. Orlov, R. Beng, F. Garcia, S.P. Jimenez, M.S. Tikhov, D.S. Wright, R.M. Lambert, Effective visible light-activated B-doped and B, N-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts. JACS 129(45), 13790–13791 (2007). doi:10.1021/ja0749237
  33. S.G. Kumar, L.G. Devi, Review on modified TiO2 photocatalysis under UV/visible light: selected results and related mechanisms on interfacial charge carrier transfer dynamics. J. Phys. Chem. A 115(46), 13211–13241 (2011). doi:10.1021/jp204364a
  34. Q. Zheng, B. Zhou, J. Bai, L. Li, Z. Jin, J. Zhang, J. Li, Y. Liu, W. Cai, X. Zhu, Self-organized TiO2 nanotube array sensor for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Adv. Mater. 20(5), 1044–1049 (2008). doi:10.1002/adma.200701619
  35. J.H. Park, S. Kim, A.J. Bard, Novel carbon-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for efficient solar water splitting. Nano Lett. 6(1), 24–28 (2006). doi:10.1021/nl051807y
  36. J. Xu, Y. Ao, M. Chen, D. Fu, Photoelectrochemical property and photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays. Appl. Surf. Sci. 256(13), 4397–4401 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.02.037
  37. X. Tang, D. Li, Sulfur-doped highly ordered TiO2 nanotubular arrays with visible light response. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(14), 5405–5409 (2008). doi:10.1021/jp710468a
  38. N. Lu, H. Zhao, J. Li, X. Quan, S. Chen, Characterization of boron-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by electrochemical method and its visible light activity. Sep. Purif. Technol. 62(3), 668–673 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.021
  39. R. Liang, A. Hu, J. Persic, Y.N. Zhou, Palladium nanoparticles loaded on carbon modified TiO2 nanobelts for enhanced methanol electrooxidation. Nano-Micro Lett. 5(3), 202–212 (2013). doi:10.1007/BF03353751
  40. Y. Pu, G. Wang, K. Chang, Y. Ling, Y. Lin, B. Fitzmorris, C. Liu, X. Lu, Y. Tong, J. Zhang, Y. Hsu, Y. Li, Au nanostructure-decorated TiO2 nanowires exhibiting photoactivity across entire UV-visible region for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett. 13(8), 3817–3823 (2013). doi:10.1021/nl4018385
  41. H.J. Kim, S.H. Lee, A.A. Upadhye, I. Ro, M.I. Tejedor-Tejedor, M.A. Anderson, W.B. Kim, G.W. Huber, Plasmon-enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting with size-controllable gold nanodot arrays. ACS Nano 8(10), 10756–10765 (2014). doi:10.1021/nn504484u
  42. X. Zhang, Y. Liu, Z. Kang, 3D branched ZnO nanowire arrays decorated with plasmonic Au nanoparticles for high-performance photoelectrochemical water splitting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 6(6), 4480–4489 (2014). doi:10.1021/am500234v
  43. J.A. Seabold, K. Shankar, R.H.T. Wilke, M. Paulose, O.K. Varghese, C.A. Grimes, K. Choi, Photoelectrochemical properties of heterojunction CdTe/TiO2 electrodes constructed using highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays. Chem. Mater. 20(16), 5266–5273 (2008). doi:10.1021/cm8010666
  44. L. Yang, S. Luo, Y. Li, Y. Xiao, Q. Kang, Q. Cai, High efficient photocatalytic degradation of p–nitrophenol on a unique Cu2O/TiO2 p–n heterojunction network catalyst. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44(19), 7641–7646 (2010). doi:10.1021/es101711k
  45. W. Siripala, A. Ivanovskaya, T.F. Jaramillo, S. Baeck, E.W. McFarland, A Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction thin film cathode for photoelectrocatalysis. Sol. Energy Mat. Sol. C 77(3), 229–237 (2003). doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00343-4
  46. X. Gao, W. Sun, Z. Hu, G. Ai, Y. Zhang, S. Feng, F. Li, L. Peng, An efficient method to form heterojunction CdS/TiO2 photoelectrodes using highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array films. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(47), 20481–20485 (2009). doi:10.1021/jp904320d
  47. Q.C. Xu, D.V. Wellia, Y.H. Ng, R. Amal, T.T.Y. Tan, Synthesis of porous and visible-light absorbing Bi2WO6/TiO2 heterojunction films with improved photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performances. J. Phys. Chem. C 115(15), 7419–7428 (2011). doi:10.1021/jp1090137
  48. J. Zhang, J.H. Bang, C. Tang, P.V. Kamat, Tailored TiO2-SrTiO3 heterostructure nanotube arrays for improved photoelectrochemical performance. ACS Nano 4(1), 387–395 (2010). doi:10.1021/nn901087c
  49. C. Cheng, S.K. Karuturi, L. Liu, J. Liu, H. Li, L.T. Su, A.I.Y. Tok, H.J. Fan, Quantum-dot-sensitized TiO2 inverse opals for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. Small 8(1), 37–42 (2012). doi:10.1002/smll.201101660
  50. H. Kim, J. Kim, W. Kim, W. Choi, Enhanced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical activity in the ternary hybrid of CdS/TiO2/WO3 through the cascadal electron transfer. J. Phys. Chem. C 115(19), 9797–9805 (2011). doi:10.1021/jp1122823
  51. G. Wang, Y. Ling, Y. Li, Oxygen-deficient metal oxide nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water oxidation and other applications. Nanoscale 4(21), 6682–6691 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2nr32222f
  52. G. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Ling, Y. Tang, X. Yang, R.C. Fitzmorris, C. Wang, J.Z. Zhang, Y. Li, Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett. 11(7), 3026–3033 (2011). doi:10.1021/nl201766h
  53. U. Diebolda, J. Lehmana, T. Mahmouda, M. Kuhna, G. Leonardellib, W. Hebenstreitb, M. Schmidb, P. Vargab, Intrinsic defects on a TiO2 (110)(1 × 1) surface and their reaction with oxygen: a scanning tunneling microscopy study. Surf. Sci. 411(1), 137–153 (1998). doi:10.1016/S0039-6028(98)00356-2
  54. Q. Jia, K. Iwashina, A. Kudo, Facile fabrication of an efficient BiVO4 thin film electrode for water splitting under visible light irradiation. P. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 109(29), 11564–11569 (2012). doi:10.1073/pnas.1204623109
  55. A. Wolcott, W.A. Smith, T.R. Kuykendall, Y. Zhao, J.Z. Zhang, Photoelectrochemical study of nanostructured ZnO thin films for hydrogen generation from water splitting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(12), 1849–1856 (2009). doi:10.1002/adfm.200801363
  56. X. Yang, A. Wolcott, G. Wang, A. Sobo, R.C. Fitzmorris, F. Qian, J.Z. Zhang, Y. Li, Nitrogen-doped ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett. 9(6), 2331–2336 (2009). doi:10.1021/nl900772q
  57. P. Cai, S. Zhou, D. Ma, S. Liu, W. Chen, S. Huang, Fe2O3-modified porous BiVO4 nanoplates with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Nano-Micro Lett. 7(2), 183–193 (2015). doi:10.1007/s40820-015-0033-9
  58. J. Su, L. Guo, N. Bao, C.A. Grimes, Nanostructured WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction films for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett. 11(5), 1928–1933 (2011). doi:10.1021/nl2000743
  59. Y.H. Ng, A. Iwase, A. Kudo, R. Amal, Reducing graphene oxide on a visible-light BiVO4 photocatalyst for an enhanced photoelectrochemical water Splitting. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1(17), 2607–2612 (2010). doi:10.1021/jz100978u
  60. W.D. Chemelewski, H. Lee, J. Lin, A.J. Bard, C.B. Mullins, Amorphous FeOOH oxygen evolution reaction catalyst for photoelectrochemical water splitting. JACS 136(7), 2843–2850 (2014). doi:10.1021/ja411835a
  61. M. Shao, F. Ning, M. Wei, D.G. Evans, X. Duan, Hierarchical nanowire arrays based on ZnO core-layered double hydroxide shell for largely enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24(5), 580–586 (2014). doi:10.1002/adfm.201301889
  62. R. Xie, J. Su, L. Guo, Ag2S/CdS nanorod-array heterojunctions for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Int. J. Nanotechnol. 10(12), 1115–1128 (2013). doi:10.1504/IJNT.2013.058569
  63. G. Wang, X. Yang, F. Qian, J.Z. Zhang, Y. Li, Double-sided CdS and CdSe quantum dot co-sensitized ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. Nano Lett. 10(3), 1088–1092 (2010). doi:10.1021/nl100250z
  64. A.A. Tahir, M.A. Ehsan, M. Mazhar, K.G.U. Wijayantha, M. Zeller, A.D. Hunter, Photoelectrochemical and photoresponsive properties of Bi2S3 nanotube and nanoparticle thin films. Chem. Mater. 22(17), 5084–5092 (2010). doi:10.1021/cm101642b
  65. R. Abe, M. Higashi, K. Domen, Facile fabrication of an efficient oxynitride TaON photoanode for overall water splitting into H2 and O2 under visible light irradiation. JACS 132(34), 11828–11829 (2010). doi:10.1021/ja1016552
  66. M. Higashi, K. Domen, R. Abe, Highly stable water splitting on oxynitride TaON photoanode system under visible light irradiation. JACS 134(16), 6968–6971 (2012). doi:10.1021/ja302059g
  67. M. Higashi, K. Domen, R. Abe, Fabrication of efficient TaON and Ta3N5 photoanodes for water splitting under visible light irradiation. Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 4138–4147 (2011). doi:10.1039/c1ee01878g
  68. F. Su, J. Lu, Y. Tian, X. Ma, J. Gong, Branched TiO2 nanoarrays sensitized with CdS quantum dots for highly efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15(29), 12026–12032 (2013). doi:10.1039/c3cp51291f
  69. X. Cheng, G. Pan, X. Yu, T. Zheng, Preparation of CdS NCs decorated TiO2 nano-tubes arrays photoelectrode and its enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance and mechanism. Electrochim. Acta 105, 535–541 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.040
  70. J. Nian, C.C. Hu, H. Teng, Electrodeposited p-type Cu2O for H2 evolution from photoelectrolysis of water under visible light illumination. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 33(12), 2897–2903 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.03.052
  71. A. Shalom, A. Heller, Efficient p-InP (Rh-H alloy) and p-InP (Re-H Alloy) hydrogen evolving photocathodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 129(12), 2865–2866 (1982). doi:10.1149/1.2123695
  72. O. Khaselev, J.A. Turner, Electrochemical stability of p-GaInP2 in aqueous electrolytes toward photoelectrochemical water splitting. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145(10), 3335–3339 (1998). doi:10.1149/1.1838808
  73. O. Khaselev, J.A. Turner, A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science 280(5362), 425–427 (1998). doi:10.1126/science.280.5362.425
  74. W. Gunawan, S. Septina, T. Ikeda, T. Harada, K. Minegishi, M. Domen, Matsumura, Platinum and indium sulfide-modified CuInS2 as efficient photocathodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem. Commun. 50(64), 8941–8943 (2014). doi:10.1039/C4CC03634D
  75. T. Kameyama, T. Osaki, K. Okazaki, T. Shibayama, A. Kudo, S. Kuwabata, T. Torimoto, Preparation and photoelectrochemical properties of densely immobilized Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle films. J. Mater. Chem. 20(25), 5319–5324 (2010). doi:10.1039/c0jm00454e
  76. D. Yokoyama, T. Minegishi, K. Maeda, M. Katayama, J. Kubota, A. Yamada, M. Konagai, K. Domen, Photoelectrochemical water splitting using a Cu(In, Ga)Se2 thin film. Electrochem. Commun. 12(6), 851–853 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.04.004
  77. C.C. Hu, J.N. Nian, H. Teng, Electrodeposited p-type Cu2O as photocatalyst for H2 evolution from water reduction in the presence of WO3. Sol. Energy Mat. Sol. C 92(9), 1071–1076 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2008.03.012
  78. C.M. McShane, K.S. Choi, Junction studies on electrochemically fabricated p–n Cu2O homojunction solar cells for efficiency enhancement. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14(17), 6112–6118 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2cp40502d
  79. T. Jiang, T. Xie, W. Yang, L. Chen, H. Fan, D. Wang, Photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic properties of p–n Cu2O homojunction films and their photocatalytic performance. J. Phys. Chem. C 117(9), 4619–4624 (2013). doi:10.1021/jp311532s
  80. A. Paracchino, V. Laporte, K. Sivula, M. Gratzel, E. Thimsen, Highly active oxide photocathode for photoelectrochemical water reduction. Nat. Mater. 10(6), 456–461 (2011). doi:10.1038/nmat3017
  81. R.N. Dominey, N.S. Lewis, J.A. Bruce, D.C. Bookbinder, M.S. Wrighton, Improvement of photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation by surface modification of p-type silicon semiconductor photocathodes. JACS 104(2), 467–482 (1982). doi:10.1021/ja00366a016
  82. S.W. Boettcher, E.L. Warren, M.C. Putnam, E.A. Santori, D.T. Evans et al., Photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution using Si microwire arrays. JACS 133(5), 1216–1219 (2011). doi:10.1021/ja108801m
  83. S. Ida, K. Yamada, T. Matsunaga, H. Hagiwara, Y. Matsumoto, T. Ishihara, Preparation of p-type CaFe2O4 photocathodes for producing hydrogen from water. JACS 132(49), 17343–17345 (2010). doi:10.1021/ja106930f
  84. H. Wang, T. Deutsch, J.A. Turner, Direct water splitting under visible light with nanostructured hematite and WO3 photoanodes and a GaInP2 photocathode. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155(5), F91–F96 (2008). doi:10.1149/1.2888477
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 4109 Download : 3128

Most read articles by the same author(s)