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Vol. 15 (2023)

Towards Practical Application of Li–S Battery with High Sulfur Loading and Lean Electrolyte: Will Carbon-Based Hosts Win This Race?

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01120-7
Yi Gong
Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Jing Li
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Kai Yang
Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Shaoyin Li
Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Ming Xu
Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Guangpeng Zhang
Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Yan Shi
College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
Qiong Cai
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Huanxin Li
Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
Yunlong Zhao
Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

Corresponding Author: Yunlong Zhao

yunlong.zhao@surrey.ac.uk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 15 (2023), Article Number: 150

Abstract

As the need for high-energy–density batteries continues to grow, lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries have become a highly promising next-generation energy solution due to their low cost and exceptional energy density compared to commercially available Li-ion batteries. Research into carbon-based sulfur hosts for Li–S batteries has been ongoing for over two decades, leading to a significant number of publications and patents. However, the commercialization of Li–S batteries has yet to be realized. This can be attributed, in part, to the instability of the Li metal anode. However, even when considering just the cathode side, there is still no consensus on whether carbon-based hosts will prove to be the best sulfur hosts for the industrialization of Li–S batteries. Recently, there has been controversy surrounding the use of carbon-based materials as the ideal sulfur hosts for practical applications of Li–S batteries under high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte conditions. To address this question, it is important to review the results of research into carbon-based hosts, assess their strengths and weaknesses, and provide a clear perspective. This review systematically evaluates the merits and mechanisms of various strategies for developing carbon-based host materials for high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte conditions. The review covers structural design and functional optimization strategies in detail, providing a comprehensive understanding of the development of sulfur hosts. The review also describes the use of efficient machine learning methods for investigating Li–S batteries. Finally, the outlook section lists and discusses current trends, challenges, and uncertainties surrounding carbon-based hosts, and concludes by presenting our standpoint and perspective on the subject.


Highlights:


1 A comprehensive discussion of the approaches for developing carbon-based sulfur hosts is presented, encompassing structural design and functional optimization.
2 The recent implementation of effective machine learning methods in discovering carbon-based sulfur hosts has been systematically examined.
3 The challenges and future directions of carbon-based sulfur hosts for practically application have been comprehensively discussed.
4 A summary of the strengths and weaknesses, along with the outlook on carbon-based sulfur hosts for practical application has been incorporated.

Keywords

Li–S batteries Carbon materials Structural design Functional modification Machine learning
Gong, Yi, Jing Li, Kai Yang, Shaoyin Li, Ming Xu, Guangpeng Zhang, Yan Shi, Qiong Cai, Huanxin Li, and Yunlong Zhao. 2023. “Towards Practical Application of Li–S Battery With High Sulfur Loading and Lean Electrolyte: Will Carbon-Based Hosts Win This Race?”. Nano-Micro Letters 15 (June):150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01120-7.
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