Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Advances in TENGs for Marine Energy Harvesting and In Situ Electrochemistry

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01640-w
Chuguo Zhang
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
Yijun Hao
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
Xiangqian Lu
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
Wei Su
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
Hongke Zhang
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
Zhong Lin Wang
CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Xiuhan Li
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Xiuhan Li

lixiuhan@bjtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 124

Abstract

The large-scale use of ample marine energy will be one of the most important ways for human to achieve sustainable development through carbon neutral development plans. As a burgeoning technological method for electromechanical conversion, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has significant advantages in marine energy for its low weight, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency in low-frequency range. It can realize the efficient and economical harvesting of low-frequency blue energy by constructing the floating marine energy harvesting TENG. This paper firstly introduces the power transfer process and structural composition of TENG for marine energy harvesting in detail. In addition, the latest research works of TENG on marine energy harvesting in basic research and structural design are systematically reviewed by category. Finally, the advanced research progress in the power take-off types and engineering study of TENG with the marine energy are comprehensively generalized. Importantly, the challenges and problems faced by TENG in marine energy and in situ electrochemical application are summarized and the corresponding prospects and suggestions are proposed for the subsequent development direction and prospects to look forward to promoting the commercialization process of this field.


Highlights:
1 The basic information of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), the power conversion process, and key points of the marine energy harvesting TENGs was introduced in detail.
2 An in-depth introduction and analysis of relevant research with the marine energy harvesting were conducted through gradient classification.
3 This review not only provided a deeper summary of the latest research progress, discoveries, and challenges, but also made a rational outlook on solutions to related issues and future development directions.

Keywords

Triboelectric nanogenerator Marine energy Power take-off Self-powered Electrochemistry
Zhang, Chuguo, Yijun Hao, Xiangqian Lu, Wei Su, Hongke Zhang, Zhong Lin Wang, and Xiuhan Li. 2025. “Advances in TENGs for Marine Energy Harvesting and In Situ Electrochemistry”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (January):124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01640-w.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. W. Schlesinger, Are wood pellets a green fuel. Science 359, 1328–1329 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2305
  2. Q. Zhu, C. Rooney, H. Shema, C. Zeng, J. Panetier et al., The solvation environment of molecularly dispersed cobalt phthalocyanine determines methanol selectivity during electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Nat. Catal. 7, 987–999 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-024-01190-9
  3. V. Bikbaeva, N. Nesterenko, N. García-Moncada, V. Valtchev, Co-promoted Mo-carbide catalytic system for sustainable manufacturing of chemicals via co-processing of CO2 with ethane. Green Carbon 1, 94–103 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.greenca.2023.09.001
  4. S. Liu, Y. Guo, F. Wagner, H. Liu, R. Cui et al., Diversifying heat sources in China’s urban district heating systems will reduce risk of carbon lock-in. Nat. Energy 9, 1021–1031 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01560-4
  5. W.-P. Schill, Electricity storage and the renewable energy transition. Joule 4, 2059–2064 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.07.022
  6. C. Zhao, Carbon Neutrality: aiming for a net-zero carbon future. Carbon Neutr. 1, 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-022-00013-9
  7. Z.L. Wang, Catch wave power in floating nets. Nature 542, 159–160 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/542159a
  8. N. Cao, Y. Di, S. Chen, J. Qian, M. Liu et al., Synthesis of Co, Ni-doped MoS2 as durable and pH-universal catalyst for hydrogen evolution. Energy Mater. Devices 1, 9370024 (2023). https://doi.org/10.26599/EMD.2023.9370024
  9. E. Franklin, S. Amiri, D. Crocker, C. Morris, K. Mayer et al., Anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to the organic composition of coastal submicron sea spray aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 16633–16642 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04848
  10. M. Yu, J. Wu, G. Yin, F. Jiao, Z. Yu et al., Dynamic regulation of hydrogen bonding networks and solvation structures for synergistic solar-thermal desalination of seawater and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Nano-Micro Lett. 17, 48 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01544-9
  11. M. Caballero, T. Gunda, Y. McDonald, Energy justice & coastal communities: the case for meaningful marine renewable energy development. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 184, 113491 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113491
  12. M. Zhang, W. Cai, Z. Wang, S. Fang, R. Zhang et al., Mechanical energy harvesters with tensile efficiency of 17.4% and torsional efficiency of 22.4% based on homochirally plied carbon nanotube yarns. Nat. Energy 8, 203–213 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01191-7
  13. T. Wu, Y. Lu, X. Tao, P. Chen, Y. Zhang et al., Superelastic wood-based nanogenerators magnifying the piezoelectric effect for sustainable energy conversion. Carbon Energy 6, e561 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.561
  14. Y. Chen, G. Wang, Y. Gao, Dual-phase competitive behavior in N-type Sn-Bi-Te thermoelectric films achieving high thermoelectric performance. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. 34, 795–802 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2024.07.008
  15. H. Luo, Z. Zhang, L. Yuan, J. Wang, B. Li et al., Improving the light stability of perovskite solar cell with new hole transport material based on spiro[fluorene-9,9’-xanthene]. Carbon Neutr. 2, 21 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-023-00061-9
  16. J. Li, C. Carlos, H. Zhou, J. Sui, Y. Wang et al., Stretchable piezoelectric biocrystal thin films. Nat. Commun. 14, 6562 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42184-8
  17. K. Xi, J. Guo, M. Zheng, M. Zhu, Y. Hou, Defect engineering with rational dopants modulation for high-temperature energy harvesting in lead-free piezoceramics. Nano-Micro Lett. 17, 55 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01556-5
  18. R. Hinchet, H. Yoon, H. Ryu, M. Kim, E. Choi et al., Transcutaneous ultrasound energy harvesting using capacitive triboelectric technology. Science 365, 491–494 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3997
  19. B. Xie, Y. Guo, Y. Chen, H. Zhang, J. Xiao et al., Advances in graphene-based electrode for triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano-Micro Lett. 17, 17 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01530-1
  20. Y. Hao, J. Yang, M. Wang, Z. Niu, H. Liu et al., Flexible and sensitive sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator and electrospinning. J. Adv. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 4, 2024005 (2024). https://doi.org/10.51393/j.jamst.2024005
  21. T. Feng, D. Ling, C. Li, W. Zheng, S. Zhang et al., Stretchable on-skin touchless screen sensor enabled by ionic hydrogel. Nano Res. 17, 4462–4470 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6365-8
  22. Z.L. Wang, T. Jiang, L. Xu, Toward the blue energy dream by triboelectric nanogenerator networks. Nano Energy 29, 9–23 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.035
  23. C. Zhang, Y. Hao, J. Yang, W. Su, H. Zhang et al., Recent advances in triboelectric nanogenerators for marine exploitation. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 23000387 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300387
  24. C. Zhu, C. Xiang, M. Wu, C. Yu, S. Dai et al., Recent advances in wave-driven triboelectric nanogenerators: from manufacturing to applications. Int. J. Extreme Manuf. 6, 062009 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad7b04
  25. Y. Jiang, X. Liang, T. Jiang, Z.L. Wang, Advances in triboelectric nanogenerators for blue energy harvesting and marine environmental monitoring. Engineering 33, 204–224 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2023.05.023
  26. Q. Zhou, B. Wang, A. Gao, W. Xu, K. Zhou et al., Solution-tube-based volume effect triboelectric nanogenerator with salt and pH sensitivity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2209100 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202209100
  27. H. Qiu, H. Wang, L. Xu, M. Zheng, Z.L. Wang, Brownian motor inspired monodirectional continuous spinning triboelectric nanogenerators for extracting energy from irregular gentle water waves. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 473–483 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee03395j
  28. X. Dai, X. Wu, B. Yao, Z. Hong, T. Jiang et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators powered hydrogen production system using MoS2/Ti3C2 as catalysts. Adv. Funct. Mater. 41, 2209100 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202406188
  29. C. Xu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Zheng, Y. Feng et al., New inorganic coating-based triboelectric nanogenerators with anti-wear and self-healing properties for efficient wave energy harvesting. Appl. Mater. Today 20, 100645 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100645
  30. I. Gonçalves, C. Rodrigues, J. Ventura, Sea state adaptation enhances power output of triboelectric nanogenerators for tailored ocean wave energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2302627 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202302627
  31. X. Li, J. Tao, X. Wang, J. Zhu, C. Pan et al., Networks of high performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on liquid-solid interface contact electrification for harvesting low-frequency blue energy. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1800705 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800705
  32. S. Liu, X. Liang, J. Han, Y. Duan, T. Jiang et al., Charge self-shuttling triboelectric nanogenerator based on wind-driven pump excitation for harvesting water wave energy. Appl. Phys. Rev. 11, 031423 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0225737
  33. Y. Pang, S. Chen, Y. Chu, Z.L. Wang, C. Cao, Matryoshka-inspired hierarchically structured triboelectric nanogenerators for wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 66, 104131 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104131
  34. X. Du, H. Zhang, H. Cao, Z. Hao, T. Nakashima et al., Double-swing spring origami triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered ocean monitoring. Energies 17, 2981 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122981
  35. P. Rui, W. Zhang, Y. Zhong, X. Wei, Y. Guo et al., High-performance cylindrical pendulum shaped triboelectric nanogenerators driven by water wave energy for full-automatic and self-powered wireless hydrological monitoring system. Nano Energy 74, 104937 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104937
  36. H. Shao, P. Cheng, R. Chen, L. Xie, N. Sun et al., Triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator for harvesting blue energy. Nano-Micro Lett. 10, 54 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-018-0207-3
  37. L. Feng, G. Liu, H. Guo, Q. Tang, X. Pu et al., Hybridized nanogenerator based on honeycomb-like three electrodes for efficient ocean wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 47, 217–223 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.042
  38. H. Pang, Y. Feng, J. An, P. Chen, J. Han et al., Segmented swing-structured fur-based triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting blue energy toward marine environmental applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2106398 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106398
  39. Y. Yang, X. Yu, L. Meng, X. Li, Y. Xu et al., Triboelectric nanogenerator with double rocker structure design for ultra-low-frequency wave full-stroke energy harvesting. Extreme Mech. Lett. 46, 101338 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2021.101338
  40. W. Liu, L. Xu, T. Bu, H. Yang, G. Liu et al., Torus structured triboelectric nanogenerator array for water wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 58, 499–507 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.01.088
  41. Y. Zhao, Z. Fan, C. Bi, H. Wang, J. Mi et al., On hydrodynamic and electrical characteristics of a self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator based buoy under water ripples. Appl. Energy 308, 118323 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118323
  42. G. Liu, L. Xiao, C. Chen, W. Liu, X. Pu et al., Power cables for triboelectric nanogenerator networks for large-scale blue energy harvesting. Nano Energy 75, 104975 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104975
  43. X. Wang, Y. Shi, P. Yang, X. Tao, S. Li et al., Fish-wearable data snooping platform for underwater energy harvesting and fish behavior monitoring. Small 18, 2107232 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202107232
  44. X. Wei, Z. Wen, Y. Liu, N. Zhai, A. Wei et al., Hybridized mechanical and solar energy-driven self-powered hydrogen production. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 1–10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00422-4
  45. Z.L. Wang, On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell’s equations. Nano Energy 68, 104272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104272
  46. F. Fan, Z. Tian, Z.L. Wang, Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy 1, 328–334 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004
  47. W. Xu, H. Zheng, Y. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Zhang et al., A droplet-based electricity generator with high instantaneous power density. Nature 578, 392–396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1985-6
  48. J. Nie, Z. Wang, Z. Ren, S. Li, X. Chen et al., Power generation from the interaction of a liquid droplet and a liquid membrane. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10232-x
  49. J. Xiong, G. Thangavel, J. Wang, X. Zhou, P. Lee, Self-healable sticky porous elastomer for gas-solid interacted power generation. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb4246 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb4246
  50. Y. Dong, S. Xu, C. Zhang, L. Zhang, D. Wang et al., Gas-liquid two-phase flow-based triboelectric nanogenerator with ultrahigh output power. Sci. Adv. 8, eadd0464 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add0464
  51. Z.L. Wang, Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and selfpowered sensors-principles, problems and perspectives. Faraday Discuss. 176, 447–458 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00159a
  52. S. Niu, S. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou et al., Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3576–3583 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42571a
  53. T. Jiang, Y. Yao, L. Xu, L. Zhang, T. Xiao et al., Spring-assisted triboelectric nanogenerator for efficiently harvesting water wave energy. Nano Energy 31, 560–567 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.004
  54. T. Xiao, T. Jiang, J. Zhu, X. Liang, L. Xu et al., Silicone-based triboelectric nanogenerator for water wave energy harvesting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 3616–3623 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b17239
  55. L. Xu, T. Jiang, P. Lin, J. Shao, C. He et al., Coupled triboelectric nanogenerator networks for efficient water wave energy harvesting. ACS Nano 12, 1849–1858 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b08674
  56. H. Chen, J. Wang, A. Ning, Optimization of a rolling triboelectric nanogenerator based on the nano-micro structure for ocean environmental monitoring. ACS Omega 6, 21059–21065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02709
  57. B. Wang, Y. Wu, Y. Liu, Y. Zheng, Y. Liu et al., New hydrophobic organic coating based triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient and stable hydropower harvesting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 31351–31359 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c03843
  58. X. Zhao, H. Wang, Z.L. Wang, J. Wang, Nanocomposite electret layer improved long-term stable solid-liquid contact triboelectric nanogenerator for water wave energy harvesting. Small 20, 2310023 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202310023
  59. G. Chen, L. Xu, P. Zhang, B. Chen, G. Wang et al., Seawater degradable triboelectric nanogenerators for blue energy. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5, 2000455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000455
  60. K. Xia, Z. Xu, Y. Hong, L. Wang, A free-floating structure triboelectric nanogenerator based on natural wool ball for offshore wind turbine environmental monitoring. Mater. Today Sustain. 24, 100467 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100467
  61. Z. Ding, Z. Tian, X. Ji, D. Wang, X. Ci et al., Cellulose-based superhydrophobic wrinkled paper and electrospinning film as green tribolayer for water wave energy harvesting. Int. J. Biolo. Macromol. 234, 122903 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.122
  62. N. Chau, T. Le, T. La, V. Bui, Industrially compatible production of customizable honeycomb-patterned poly (vinyl chloride) using food-wrapping waste for power-boosting triboelectric nanogenerator and ocean wave energy harvester. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Dev. 8, 100637 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2023.100637
  63. X. Liang, Z. Liu, K. Han, S. Liu, Y. Xie et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators using recycled disposable medical masks for water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2409422 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202409422
  64. H. Xu, X. Wang, Y. Nan, H. Zhou, Y. Wu et al., Flexible sponge-based nanogenerator for energy harvesting from land and water transportation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2304723 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202304723
  65. W. Gao, J. Shao, K. Sagoe-Crentsil, W. Duan, Investigation on energy efficiency of rolling triboelectric nanogenerator using cylinder-cylindrical shell dynamic model. Nano Energy 80, 105583 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105583
  66. J. Gravesen, M. Willatzen, J. Shao, Z.L. Wang, Modeling and optimization of a rotational symmetric spherical triboelectric generator. Nano Energy 100, 107491 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107491
  67. H. Cestaro, N. ias, N. Gonçalves, T. Morais, TENG estimation model of voltage production for buoys using p swarm optimization. Appl. Ocean Res. 125, 103231 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103231
  68. Y. Wang, A. Pham, X. Han, D. Du, Y. Tang, Design and evaluate the wave driven-triboelectric nanogenerator under external wave parameters: experiment and simulation. Nano Energy 93, 106844 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106844
  69. A. Wang, J. Chen, L. Wang, J. Han, W. Su et al., Numerical analysis and experimental study of an ocean wave tetrahedral triboelectric nanogenerator. Appl. Energy 307, 118174 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118174
  70. X. Zhang, Q. Yang, P. Ji, Z. Wu, Q. Li et al., Modeling of liquid-solid hydrodynamic water wave energy harvesting system based on triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 99, 107362 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107362
  71. S. Xu, G. Liu, J. Wang, H. Wen, S. Cao et al., Interaction between water wave and geometrical structures of floating triboelectric nanogenerators. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(3), 2103408 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103408
  72. C. Cao, F. Shen, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, Q. Zheng et al., Electro-mechano transduction of stacked triboelectric nanogenerator considering wave force: modeling, validation and applications. Chem. Eng. J. 496, 153738 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.153738
  73. S. Xu, J. Zhang, E. Su, C. Li, W. Tang et al., Dynamic behavior and energy flow of floating triboelectric nanogenerators. Appl. Energy 367, 123468 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123468
  74. D. Guo, C. Chen, J. Li, L. Zhai, S. Li et al., Structural quality factor of flo-teng under stochastic wave excitation. Adv. Sci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202405165
  75. Q. Shi, H. Wang, H. Wu, C. Lee, Self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator buoy ball for applications ranging from environment monitoring to water wave energy farm. Nano Energy 40, 203–213 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.018
  76. X. Zhao, S. Kuang, Z.L. Wang, G. Zhu, Highly adaptive solid-liquid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting diverse water wave energy. ACS Nano 12, 4280–4285 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b08716
  77. L. Liu, Q. Shi, J.S. Ho, C. Lee, Study of thin film blue energy harvester based on triboelectric nanogenerator and seashore IoT applications. Nano Energy 66, 104167 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104167
  78. H. Gu, N. Zhang, Z. Zhou, S. Ye, W. Wang et al., A bulk effect liquid-solid generator with 3D electrodes for wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 87, 106218 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106218
  79. H. Qin, L. Xu, S. Lin, F. Zhan, K. Dong et al., Underwater energy harvesting and sensing by sweeping out the charges in an electric double layer using an oil droplet. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2111662 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111662
  80. U. Jurado, H. Pu, N. White, Wave impact energy harvesting through water-dielectric triboelectrification with single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators for battery-less systems. Nano Energy 78, 105204 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105204
  81. X. Wei, Z. Zhao, C. Zhang, W. Yuan, Z. Wu et al., All-weather droplet-based triboelectric nanogenerator for wave energy harvesting. ACS Nano 15(8), 13200–13208 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c02790
  82. W. Sun, Y. Zheng, T. Li, M. Feng, S. Cui et al., Liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators array and its applications for wave energy harvesting and self-powered cathodic protection. Energy 217, 119388 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119388
  83. H. Wu, Z. Wang, Y. Zi, Multi-mode water-tube-based triboelectric nanogenerator designed for low-frequency energy harvesting with ultrahigh volumetric charge density. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2100038 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100038
  84. Q. Zhang, M. He, X. Pan, D. Huang, H. Long et al., High performance liquid-solid tubular triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging water wave energy. Nano Energy 103, 107810 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107810
  85. Y. Wang, H. Guo, J. Liao, Y. Qin, A. Ali et al., Solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator based on curvature effect for harvesting mechanical and wave energy. Chem. Eng. J. 476, 146571 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146571
  86. X. Liang, S. Liu, S. Lin, H. Yang, T. Jiang et al., Liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator arrays based on dynamic electric-double-layer for harvesting water wave energy. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2300571 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300571
  87. W. Li, Y. Liu, W. Sun, H. Wang, W. Wang et al., A high-output tubular triboelectric nanogenerator for wave energy collection and its application in self-powered anti-corrosion applications. J. Mater. Chem. A (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA02760D
  88. F. Xi, Y. Pang, G. Liu, S. Wang, W. Li et al., Self-powered intelligent buoy system by water wave energy for sustainable and autonomous wireless sensing and data transmission. Nano Energy 61, 1–9 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.026
  89. X. Liang, T. Jiang, G. Liu, T. Xiao, L. Xu et al., Triboelectric nanogenerator networks integrated with power management module for water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(41), 1807241 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807241
  90. W. Zhang, W. He, S. Dai, F. Ma, P. Lin et al., Wave energy harvesting based on multilayer beads integrated spherical TENG with switch triggered instant discharging for self-powered hydrogen generation. Nano Energy 111, 108432 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807241
  91. J. An, Z. Wang, T. Jiang, X. Liang, Z.L. Wang, Whirling-folded triboelectric nanogenerator with high average power for water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1904867 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201904867
  92. X. Wang, C. Ye, P. Chen, H. Pang, C. Wei et al., Achieving high power density and durability of multilayered swing-structured triboelectric nanogenerator toward marine environmental protection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2311196 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202311196
  93. X. Liang, T. Jiang, Y. Feng, P. Lu, J. An et al., Triboelectric nanogenerator network integrated with charge excitation circuit for effective water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2002123 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002123
  94. X. Liang, Z. Liu, Y. Feng, J. Han, L. Li et al., Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator based on spring-assisted swing structure for effective water wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 83, 105836 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105836
  95. X. Liang, S. Liu, Z. Ren, T. Jiang, Z.L. Wang, Self-powered intelligent buoy based on triboelectric nanogenerator for water level alarming. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2205313 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202205313
  96. Y. Li, Z. Guo, Z. Zhao, Y. Gao, P. Yang et al., Multi-layered triboelectric nanogenerator incorporated with self-charge excitation for efficient water wave energy harvesting. Appl. Energy 336, 120792 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120792
  97. C. Shan, W. He, H. Wu, S. Fu, K. Li et al., Dual mode teng with self-voltage multiplying circuit for blue energy harvesting and water wave monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2305768 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305768
  98. H. Wang, L. Xu, Y. Bai, Z.L. Wang, Pumping up the charge density of a triboelectric nanogenerator by charge-shuttling. Nat. Commun. 11, 4203 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17891-1
  99. W. Li, L. Wan, Y. Lin, G. Liu, H. Qu et al., Synchronous nanogenerator with intermittent sliding friction self-excitation for water wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 95, 106994 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.106994
  100. Y. Yu, H. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, B. Yang et al., Substantially boosting performance of triboelectric nanogenerators via a triboelectrification enhancement effect. Joule 8, 1855–1868 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.04.013
  101. X. Wang, S. Niu, Y. Yin, F. Yi, Z. You et al., Triboelectric nanogenerator based on fully enclosed rolling spherical structure for harvesting low-frequency water wave energy. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1501467 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501467
  102. M. Xu, T. Zhao, C. Wang, S. Zhang, Z. Li et al., High power density tower-like triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting arbitrary directional water wave energy. ACS Nano 13, 1932–1939 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b08274
  103. X. Yang, L. Xu, P. Lin, W. Zhong, Y. Bai et al., Macroscopic self-assembly network of encapsulated high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators for water wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 60, 404–412 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.054
  104. Z. Yuan, C. Wang, J. Xi, X. Han, J. Li et al., Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator with dense point contacts for harvesting multidirectional water wave and vibration energy. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 2809–2816 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01092
  105. L. Liu, X. Yang, L. Zhao, H. Hong, H. Cui et al., Nodding duck structure multi-track directional freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator toward low-frequency ocean wave energy harvesting. ACS Nano 15, 9412–9421 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c00345
  106. Y. Yang, J. Wen, F. Chen, Y. Hao, X. Gao et al., Barycenter self-adapting triboelectric nanogenerator for sea water wave high-entropy energy harvesting and self-powered forecasting in marine meteorology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2200521 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202200521
  107. R. Ouyang, Y. Huang, H. Ye, Z. Zhang, H. Xue, Copper ps-PTFE tube based triboelectric nanogenerator for wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 102, 107749 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107749
  108. H. Hong, T. Chen, J. Yang, Y. Hu, J. Hu et al., Omnidirectional water wave energy harvesting by a spherical triboelectric nanogenerator with sliced-pizza-shaped electrodes. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 5, 101933 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101933
  109. Y. Duan, H. Xu, S. Liu, P. Chen, X. Wang et al., Scalable rolling-structured triboelectric nanogenerator with high power density for water wave energy harvesting toward marine environmental monitoring. Nano Res. 16, 11646–11652 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6035-x
  110. C. Zhu, M. Wu, C. Liu, C. Xiang, R. Xu et al., Highly integrated triboelectric-electromagnetic wave energy harvester toward self-powered marine buoy. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2301665 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202301665
  111. Y. Wang, H. Du, H. Yang, Z. Xi, C. Zhao et al., A rolling-mode triboelectric nanogenerator with multi-tunnel grating electrodes and opposite-charge-enhancement for wave energy harvesting. Nat. Commun. 15, 6834 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51245-5
  112. D. Tan, Q. Zeng, X. Wang, S. Yuan, Y. Luo et al., Anti-overturning fully symmetrical triboelectric nanogenerator based on an elliptic cylindrical structure for all-weather blue energy harvesting. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 124 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00866-w
  113. D. Zhao, H. Li, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, J. Wang et al., A current-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator with crossed rollers for harvesting wave energy. Nano Energy 117, 108885 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108885
  114. X. Wang, L. Chen, Z. Xu, P. Chen, C. Ye et al., High-durability stacked disc-type rolling triboelectric nanogenerators for environmental monitoring around charging buoys of unmanned ships. Small 20, 2310809 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202310809
  115. P. Cheng, H. Guo, Z. Wen, C. Zhang, X. Yin et al., Largely enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient harvesting of water wave energy by soft contacted structure. Nano Energy 57, 432–439 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.054
  116. Y. Pang, Y. Fang, J. Su, H. Wang, Y. Tan et al., Soft ball-based triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerators for wave energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. Technolog. 8, 2201246 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202201246
  117. Y. Wang, A.M. Nazar, J. Wang, K. Xia, D. Wang et al., Rolling spherical triboelectric nanogenerators (RS-TENG) under low-frequency ocean wave action. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10, 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010005
  118. K. Xia, J. Fu, Z. Xu, Multiple-frequency high-output triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water balloon for all-weather water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2000426 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000426
  119. N. Wang, J. Zou, Y. Yang, X. Li, Y. Guo et al., Kelp-inspired biomimetic triboelectric nanogenerator boosts wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 55, 541–547 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.11.006
  120. W. Zhong, L. Xu, X. Yang, W. Tang, J. Shao et al., Open-book-like triboelectric nanogenerators based on low-frequency roll-swing oscillators for wave energy harvesting. Nanoscale 11, 7199–7208 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr09978b
  121. R. Lei, H. Zhai, J. Nie, W. Zhong, Y. Bai et al., Butterfly-inspired triboelectric nanogenerators with spring-assisted linkage structure for water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4, 1800514 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800514
  122. Q. Gao, J. Wang, H. Li, Y. Yu, X. Zhang et al., High performance triboelectric nanogenerator for wave energy harvesting through the gas-assisted method. Chem. Eng. J. 493, 152730 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800514
  123. T. Xiao, X. Liang, T. Jiang, L. Xu, J. Shao et al., Spherical triboelectric nanogenerators based on spring-assisted multilayered structure for efficient water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1802634 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802634
  124. C. Zhang, L. Zhou, P. Cheng, D. Liu, C. Zhang et al., Bifilar-pendulum-assisted multilayer-structured triboelectric nanogenerators for wave energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2003616 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003616
  125. H. Yang, X. Miao, Z. Li, W. Cui, Y. Zhao et al., Earthworm-inspired triboelectric nanogenerator with O-shaped multilayer structure for marine ranching. Energy Technol. 12, 2300819 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300819
  126. W. Liu, X. Wang, L. Yang, Y. Wang, H. Xu et al., Swing origami-structure-based triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting blue energy toward marine environmental applications. Adv. Sci. 11, 2401578 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202401578
  127. W. Yuan, B. Zhang, C. Zhang, O. Yang, Y. Liu et al., Anaconda-shaped spiral multi-layered triboelectric nanogenerators with ultra-high space efficiency for wave energy harvesting. One Earth 5, 1055–1063 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.08.013
  128. S. Liu, X. Liang, P. Chen, H. Long, T. Jiang et al., Multilayered helical spherical triboelectric nanogenerator with charge shuttling for water wave energy harvesting. Small Methods 7, 2201392 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202201392
  129. W. Zhou, L. Tuo, W. Tang, H. Wen, C. Chen et al., Four-helix triboelectric nanogenerator based on wave amplitude amplifier. Adv. Energy Mater. 25, 369 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202402781
  130. C. Zhang, L. He, L. Zhou, O. Yang, W. Yuan et al., Active resonance triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting omnidirectional water-wave energy. Joule 5, 1613–1623 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.04.016
  131. W. Zhong, L. Xu, H. Wang, D. Li, Z.L. Wang, Stacked pendulum-structured triboelectric nanogenerators for effectively harvesting low-frequency water wave energy. Nano Energy 66, 104108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104108
  132. D. Zhang, J. Shi, Y. Si, T. Li, Multi-grating triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting low-frequency ocean wave energy. Nano Energy 61, 132–140 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.046
  133. P. Qian, B. Feng, H. Wen, X. Jiang, Y. Ying et al., Maximum power point tracking for triboelectric nanogenerator based wave energy converters. Nano Energy 98, 107249 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107249
  134. X. Miao, H. Yang, Z. Li, M. Cheng, Y. Zhao et al., A columnar multi-layer sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for water wave energy harvesting independent of wave height and direction. Nano Res. 17, 3029–3034 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6100-5
  135. H. Jung, B. Friedman, W. Hwang, A. Copping, R. Branch et al., Self-powered arctic satellite communication system by harvesting wave energy using a triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 114, 108633 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108633
  136. Y. Bai, L. Xu, C. He, L. Zhu, X. Yang et al., High-performance triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered, in-situ and real-time water quality mapping. Nano Energy 66, 104117 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104117
  137. Y. Hu, H. Qiu, Q. Sun, Z.L. Wang, L. Xu, Wheel-structured triboelectric nanogenerators with hyperelastic networking for high-performance wave energy harvesting. Small Methods 7, 2300582 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300582
  138. W. Jiang, C. Chen, C. Wang, J. Li, M. Zhao et al., Design of triboelectric nanogenerators featuring motion form conversion, motion rectification, and frequency multiplication for low-frequency ocean energy harvesting. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 6003–6014 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ee02688d
  139. P. Rui, W. Zhang, P. Wang, Super-durable and highly efficient electrostatic induced nanogenerator circulation network initially charged by a triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting environmental energy. ACS Nano 15, 6949–6960 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c10840
  140. M. Yin, X. Lu, G. Qiao, Y. Xu, Y. Wang et al., Mechanical regulation triboelectric nanogenerator with controllable output performance for random energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2000627 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000627
  141. Z. Lin, B. Zhang, H. Zou, Z. Wu, H. Guo et al., Rationally designed rotation triboelectric nanogenerators with much extended lifetime and durability. Nano Energy 68, 104378 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104378
  142. D. Zhao, H. Li, J. Wang, Q. Gao, Y. Yu et al., A drawstring triboelectric nanogenerator with modular electrodes for harvesting wave energy. Nano Res. 16, 10931–10937 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5796-6
  143. Q. Gao, Y. Xu, X. Yu, Z. Jing, T. Cheng et al., Gyroscope-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting multidirectional ocean wave energy. ACS Nano 16, 6781–6788 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c01594
  144. Z. Lin, B. Zhang, Y. Xie, Z. Wu, J. Yang et al., Elastic-connection and soft-contact triboelectric nanogenerator with superior durability and efficiency. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2105237 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202105237
  145. W. Cui, J. Hu, H. Yang, X. Liu, Y. Wang et al., Self-powered wireless sensor node enabled by ultra-high-output swinging hybrid generator toward real-time and in-situ marine meteorological observations. Nano Energy 129, 110051 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110051
  146. A. Chandrasekhar, V. Vivekananthan, S. Kim, A fully packed spheroidal hybrid generator for water wave energy harvesting and self-powered position tracking. Nano Energy 69, 104439 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104439
  147. F. Xue, L. Chen, C. Li, J. Ren, J. Yu et al., A static-dynamic energy harvester for a self-powered ocean environment monitoring application. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 65, 893–902 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-021-1974-8
  148. H. Hong, X. Yang, H. Cui, D. Zheng, H. Wen et al., Self-powered seesaw structured spherical buoys based on a hybrid triboelectric-electromagnetic nanogenerator for sea surface wireless positioning. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 621–632 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee02549j
  149. Z. Wu, H. Guo, W. Ding, Y. Wang, L. Zhang et al., A hybridized triboelectric-electromagnetic water wave energy harvester based on a magnetic sphere. ACS Nano 13, 2349–2356 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b09088
  150. L. Liu, Q. Shi, C. Lee, A novel hybridized blue energy harvester aiming at all-weather IoT applications. Nano Energy 76, 105052 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105052
  151. L. Gao, S. Lu, W. Xie, X. Chen, L. Wu et al., A self-powered and self-functional tracking system based on triboelectric-electromagnetic hybridized blue energy harvesting module. Nano Energy 72, 104684 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104684
  152. Y. Wu, Q. Zeng, Q. Tang, W. Liu, G. Liu et al., A teeterboard-like hybrid nanogenerator for efficient harvesting of low-frequency ocean wave energy. Nano Energy 67, 104205 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104205
  153. R. Ouyang, J. Miao, T. Wu, J. Chen, C. Sun et al., Magnets assisted triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting water wave energy. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2200403 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202200403
  154. J. Wang, L. Pan, H. Guo, B. Zhang, R. Zhang et al., Rational structure optimized hybrid nanogenerator for highly efficient water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1802892 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802892
  155. X. Chen, L. Gao, J. Chen, S. Lu, H. Zhou et al., A chaotic pendulum triboelectric-electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator for wave energy scavenging and self-powered wireless sensing system. Nano Energy 69, 104440 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104440
  156. Y. Sun, F. Zheng, X. Wei, Y. Shi, R. Li et al., Pendular-translational hybrid nanogenerator harvesting water wave energy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 15187–15194 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c25004
  157. Y. Lou, M. Li, J. Hu, Y. Zhao, W. Cui et al., Maximizing the energy conversion of triboelectric nanogenerator through the synergistic effect of high coupling and dual-track circuit for marine monitoring. Nano Energy 121, 109240 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109240
  158. W. Kim, V. Vivekananthan, G. Khandelwal, A. Chandrasekhar, S. Kim, Encapsulated triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator for a sustainable blue energy harvesting and self-powered oil spill detection. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2, 3100–3108 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.0c00302
  159. C. Han, Z. Cao, Z. Yuan, Z. Zhang, X. Huo et al., Hybrid triboelectric-electromagnetic nanogenerator with a double-sided fluff and double halbach array for wave energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2205011 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202205011
  160. F. Zheng, Y. Sun, X. Wei, J. Chen, Z. Yuan et al., A hybridized water wave energy harvester with a swing magnetic structure toward intelligent fishing ground. Nano Energy 90, 106631 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106631
  161. Y. Feng, X. Liang, J. An, T. Jiang, Z.L. Wang, Soft-contact cylindrical triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator based on swing structure for ultra-low frequency water wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 81, 105625 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105625
  162. W. Liu, Y. Li, H. Tang, Z. Zhang, X. Wu et al., The nexus of sustainable fisheries: a hybrid self-powered and self-sensing wave energy harvester. Ocean Eng. 295, 116996 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116996
  163. S. Zhang, Z. Jing, X. Wang, K. Fan, H. Zhao et al., Enhancing low-velocity water flow energy harvesting of triboelectric-electromagnetic generator via biomimetic-fin strategy and swing-rotation mechanism. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 4282–4289 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01908
  164. X. Sun, C. Shang, H. Ma, C. Li, L. Xue et al., A tube-shaped solid-liquid-interfaced triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for efficient ocean wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 100, 107540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107540
  165. H. Long, S. Li, M. Jia, D. Huang, P. Zhang et al., A tubular liquid-solid triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for enhancing wave energy harvesting. Energy 304, 132119 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132119
  166. U. Jurado, S. Pu, N. White, Grid of hybrid nanogenerators for improving ocean wave impact energy harvesting self-powered applications. Nano Energy 72, 104701 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104701
  167. E. Wardhana, H. Mutsuda, Y. Tanaka, T. Nakashima, T. Kanehira et al., Characteristics of electric performance and key factors of a hybrid piezo/triboelectric generator for wave energy harvesting. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 50, 101757 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101757
  168. S. Liu, X. Liu, G. Zhou, F. Qin, M. Jing et al., A high-efficiency bioinspired photoelectric-electromechanical integrated nanogenerator. Nat. Commun. 11, 6158 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19987-0
  169. Q. Zhang, Q. Liang, D.K. Nandakumar, H. Qu, Q. Shi et al., Shadow enhanced self-charging power system for wave and solar energy harvesting from the ocean. Nat. Commun. 12, 616 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-20919-9
  170. C. Zhang, W. Yuan, B. Zhang, O. Yang, Y. Liu et al., High space efficiency hybrid nanogenerators for effective water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2111775 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111775
  171. L. Zhai, H. Wen, H. Liu, D. Guo, G. Liu et al., High-sensitivity blue-energy-shuttle and in-situ electrical behaviors in ocean. Nano Energy 125, 109546 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109546
  172. C. Wang, H. Chai, G. Li, W. Wang, R. Tian et al., Boosting biomechanical and wave energy harvesting efficiency through a novel triple hybridization of piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric generators. Appl. Energy 374, 123876 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123876
  173. L. Gao, X. Xu, H. Han, W. Yang, R. Zhuo et al., A broadband hybrid blue energy nanogenerator for smart ocean IoT network. Nano Energy 127, 109697 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109697
  174. C. Wu, R. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Zi, L. Lin et al., A spring-based resonance coupling for hugely enhancing the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting low-frequency vibration energy. Nano Energy 32, 287–293 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.061
  175. Z. Ren, X. Liang, D. Liu, X. Li, J. Ping et al., Water-wave driven route avoidance warning system for wireless ocean navigation. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2101116 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202101116
  176. Y. Yang, L. Zheng, J. Wen, F. Xing, H. Liu et al., A swing self-regulated triboelectric nanogenerator for high-entropy ocean breaking waves energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2304366 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202304366
  177. Y. Du, Q. Tang, S. Fu, C. Shan, Q. Zeng et al., Chain-flip plate triboelectric nanogenerator arranged longitudinally under water for harvesting water wave energy. Nano Res. 16, 11900–11906 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5733-8
  178. M. Li, Y. Lou, J. Hu, W. Cui, L. Chen et al., High-coupled magnetic-levitation hybrid nanogenerator with frequency multiplication effect for wireless water level alarm. Small (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202402009
  179. Y. Yang, H. Zhang, R. Liu, X. Wen, T. Hou et al., Fully enclosed triboelectric nanogenerators for applications in water and harsh environments. Adv. Energy Mater. 3, 1563–1568 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300376
  180. Y. Luo, B. Li, L. Mo, Z. Ye, H. Shen et al., Nanofiber-enhanced “lucky-bag” triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient wave energy harvesting by soft-contact structure. Nanomaterials 12, 2792 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162792
  181. B. Zhao, Y. Long, T. Huang, J. Niu, Y. Liu et al., Self-adaptive and soft-contact ellipsoidal pendulum-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting water wave energy. Chem. Eng. J. 489, 151399 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.151399
  182. X. Zhang, Y. Su, X. Dong, J. Wu, X. Su et al., Solid-liquid elastic pendulum triboelectric nanogenerator design for application to omnidirectional blue energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202400531
  183. J. Cheng, X. Zhang, T. Jia, Q. Wu, Y. Dong et al., Triboelectric nanogenerator with a seesaw structure for harvesting ocean energy. Nano Energy 102, 107622 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107622
  184. M. Ding, J. Wang, D. Zhao, H. Li, X. Cheng et al., Magnetic-field-assisted triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting multi-directional wave energy. Nano Res. 17, 7144 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6680-8
  185. T. Jiang, H. Pang, J. An, P. Lu, Y. Feng et al., Robust swing-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient blue energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2000064 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000064
  186. Y. Feng, T. Jiang, X. Liang, J. An, Z.L. Wang, Cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator based on swing structure for efficient harvesting of ultra-low-frequency water wave energy. Appl. Phys. Rev. 7, 021401 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5135734
  187. B. Cao, P. Wang, P. Rui, X. Wei, Z. Wang et al., Broadband and output-controllable triboelectric nanogenerator enabled by coupling swing-rotation switching mechanism with potential energy storage/release strategy for low-frequency mechanical energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2202627 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202627
  188. B. Zhao, Z. Li, X. Liao, L. Qiao, Y. Li et al., A heaving point absorber-based ocean wave energy convertor hybridizing a multilayered soft-brush cylindrical triboelectric generator and an electromagnetic generator. Nano Energy 89, 106381 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106381
  189. H. Yang, X. Liang, J. Kan, Z.L. Wang, T. Jiang et al., Triboelectric nanogenerator integrated with a simple controlled switch for regularized water wave energy harvesting. Nano Res. 17, 7582 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6679-1
  190. J. Han, Y. Liu, Y. Feng, T. Jiang, Z.L. Wang, Achieving a large driving force on triboelectric nanogenerator by wave-driven linkage mechanism for harvesting blue energy toward marine environment monitoring. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2203219 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203219
  191. L. Meng, Y. Yang, S. Liu, S. Wang, T. Zhang et al., Energy storage triboelectric nanogenerator based on ratchet mechanism for random ocean energy harvesting. ACS Omega 8, 1362–1368 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c06783
  192. Y. Ren, Z. Wang, J. Chen, F. Wu, H. Guo, Octave boxes inspired energy regularization triboelectric nanogenerator for high-efficient wave energy harvesting. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 8829–8837 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE02969K
  193. C. Zhang, W. Yuan, B. Zhang, J. Yang, Y. Hu et al., A rotating triboelectric nanogenerator driven by bidirectional swing for water wave energy harvesting. Small 19, 2304412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202304412
  194. Z. Wang, L. Hou, D. Yang, M. Zhang, S. Liu et al., A self-powered underwater glider using bidirectional swing-rotation hybrid nanogenerator. Nano Energy 125, 109526 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109526
  195. J. Wang, Z. Wang, D. Zhao, Y. Yu, X. Cheng et al., Power improvement of triboelectric nanogenerator by morphological transformation strategy for harvesting irregular wave energy. Chem. Eng. J. 490, 151897 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.151897
  196. G. He, Y. Luo, Y. Zhai, Y. Wu, J. You et al., Regulating random mechanical motion using the principle of auto-winding mechanical watch for driving TENG with constant AC output-an approach for efficient usage of high entropy energy. Nano Energy 87, 106195 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106195
  197. L. Zhao, H. Zou, X. Xie, D. Guo, Q. Gao et al., Mechanical intelligent wave energy harvesting and self-powered marine environment monitoring. Nano Energy 108, 108222 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108222
  198. H. Jung, J. Martinez, H. Ouro-Koura, A. Salalila, A. Garza et al., Self-powered ocean buoy using a disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator with a mechanical frequency regulator. Nano Energy 121, 109216 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109216
  199. S. Yang, C. Zhang, Z. Du, Y. Tu, X. Dai et al., Fluid oscillation-driven bi-directional air turbine triboelectric nanogenerator for ocean wave energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2304184 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202304184
  200. C. Zhang, S. Yang, X. Dai, Y. Tu, Z. Du et al., Hybridized triboelectric-electromagnetic nanogenerators for efficient harvesting of wave energy for self-powered ocean buoy. Nano Energy 128, 109929 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109929
  201. T. Li, X. Wang, K. Wang, Y. Liu, C. Li et al., Bidirectional rotating turbine hybrid triboelectric-electromagnetic wave energy harvester for marine environment monitoring. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2400313 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400313
  202. J. Chen, J. Yang, Z. Li, X. Fan, Y. Zi et al., Networks of triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting water wave energy: a potential approach toward blue energy. ACS Nano 9, 3324–3331 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b00534
  203. L. Zhang, C. Han, T. Jiang, T. Zhou, X. Li et al., Multilayer wavy-structured robust triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting water wave energy. Nano Energy 22, 87–94 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.009
  204. G. Liu, H. Guo, S. Xu, C. Hu, Z.L. Wang, Oblate spheroidal triboelectric nanogenerator for all-weather blue energy harvesting. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1900801 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900801
  205. S. Wu, J. Yang, Y. Wang, B. Liu, Y. Xiong et al., UFO-Shaped integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 7, 2300135 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202300135
  206. C. Wang, F. Meng, Q. Fu, C. Fan, L. Cui, Research on wave energy harvesting technology of annular triboelectric nanogenerator based on multi-electrode structure. Micromachines 13, 1619 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13101619
  207. X. Zhang, Q. Yang, D. Ren, H. Yang, X. Li et al., Omnidirectional water wave-driven triboelectric net-zero power smart ocean network: an advanced hardware solution to long-distance target detection. Nano Energy 114, 108614 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108614
  208. X. Liang, T. Jiang, G. Liu, Y. Feng, C. Zhang et al., Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator integrated with power management module for harvesting multidirectional water wave energy. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 277–285 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee03258d
  209. K. Tao, H. Yi, Y. Yang, H. Chang, J. Wu et al., Origami-inspired electret-based triboelectric generator for biomechanical and ocean wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 67, 104197 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104197
  210. H. Wen, P. Yang, G. Liu, S. Xu, H. Yao et al., Flower-like triboelectric nanogenerator for blue energy harvesting with six degrees of freedom. Nano Energy 93, 106796 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106796
  211. H. Li, C. Liang, H. Ning, J. Liu, C. Zheng et al., O-ring-modularized triboelectric nanogenerator for robust blue energy harvesting in all-sea areas. Nano Energy 103, 107812 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107812
  212. Z. Qu, M. Huang, C. Chen, Y. An, H. Liu et al., Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator based on eccentric structure for omnidirectional low frequency water wave energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2202048 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202202048
  213. B. Zhu, H. Wu, H. Wang, Z. Quan, H. Luo et al., Spherical 3D fractal structured dual-mode triboelectric nanogenerator for multidirectional low-frequency wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 124, 109446 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109446
  214. H. Zhang, Y. Chen, Z. Deng, L. Deng, J. Xing et al., A high-output performance disc-shaped liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting omnidirectional ultra-low-frequency natural vibration energy. Nano Energy 121, 109243 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109243
  215. Q. Xu, C. Shang, H. Ma, Q. Hong, C. Li et al., A guided-liquid-based hybrid triboelectric nanogenerator for omnidirectional and high-performance ocean wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 109, 108240 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108240
  216. H. Wang, Z. Fan, T. Zhao, J. Dong, S. Wang et al., Sandwich-like triboelectric nanogenerators integrated self-powered buoy for navigation safety. Nano Energy 84, 105920 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105920
  217. J. Feng, H. Zhou, Z. Cao, E. Zhang, S. Xu et al., 05 m triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient blue energy harvesting of all-sea areas. Adv. Sci. 9, 2204407 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202204407
  218. C. Chen, D. Guo, L. Tuo, Y. Wen, J. Li et al., One meter triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient harvesting of meter-scale wave energy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2406775 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202406775
  219. Y. Zheng, Y. Ni, Y. Zi, H. Cui, X. Li, Enhanced triboelectric nanogenerators in saline environments and their applications in the ocean. Nano Energy 126, 109636 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109636
  220. Z. Wu, H. Guo, G. Liu, A. Garg, H. Wen et al., Exploration on wave-structure interaction laws and output performance of coaxial hybrid energy harvester based on a large-scale wave-current flume. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 8, 2400152 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202400152
  221. L. Xu, Y. Pang, C. Zhang, T. Jiang, X. Chen et al., Integrated triboelectric nanogenerator array based on air-driven membrane structures for water wave energy harvesting. Nano Energy 31, 351–358 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.11.037
  222. P. Cheng, Y. Liu, Z. Wen, H. Shao, A. We et al., Atmospheric pressure difference driven triboelectric nanogenerator for efficiently harvesting ocean wave energy. Nano Energy 54, 156–162 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.007
  223. B. Chen, W. Tang, C. He, C. Deng, L. Yang et al., Water wave energy harvesting and self-powered liquid-surface fluctuation sensing based on bionic-jellyfish triboelectric nanogenerator. Mater. Today 21, 88–97 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.10.006
  224. W. Liu, L. Xu, G. Liu, H. Yang, T. Bu et al., Network topology optimization of triboelectric nanogenerators for effectively harvesting ocean wave energy. iScience 23, 101848 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101848
  225. X. Li, L. Xu, P. Lin, X. Yang, H. Wang et al., Three-dimensional chiral networks of triboelectric nanogenerators inspired by metamaterial’s structure. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 3040–3052 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ee01035j
  226. Y. Xi, J. Wang, Y. Zi, X. Li, C. Han et al., High efficient harvesting of underwater ultrasonic wave energy by triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 38, 101–108 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.053
  227. Y. Wang, X. Liu, T. Chen, H. Wang, C. Zhu et al., An underwater flag-like triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting ocean current energy under extremely low velocity condition. Nano Energy 90, 106503 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106503
  228. Y. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, H. Wang et al., Flexible seaweed-like triboelectric nanogenerator as a wave energy harvester powering marine internet of things. ACS Nano 15, 15700–15709 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c05127
  229. Z. Deng, L. Xu, H. Qin, X. Li, J. Duan et al., Rationally structured triboelectric nanogenerator arrays for harvesting water-current energy and self-powered sensing. Adv. Mater. 34, 2205064 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202205064
  230. R. Li, H. Zhang, L. Wan, G. Liu, A contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting from marine pipe vibrations. Sensors 21, 1514 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041514
  231. C. Zhang, Z. Zhao, O. Yang, W. Yuan, L. Zhou et al., Bionic-fin-structured triboelectric nanogenerators for undersea energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5, 2000531 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000531
  232. S. Zhang, Z. Jing, X. Wang, M. Zhu, X. Yu et al., Soft-bionic-fishtail structured triboelectric nanogenerator driven by flow-induced vibration for low-velocity water flow energy harvesting. Nano Res. 16, 466–472 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4715-6
  233. Y. Zhang, X. Cao, Z.L. Wang, The sealed bionic fishtail-structured TENG based on anticorrosive paint for ocean sensor systems. Nano Energy 108, 108210 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108210
  234. X. Wang, Q. Gao, M. Zhu, J. Wang, J. Zhua et al., Bioinspired butterfly wings triboelectric nanogenerator with drag amplification for multidirectional underwater-wave energy harvesting. Appl. Energy 323, 119648 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119648
  235. A. Ahmed, Self-powered wireless sensing platform for monitoring marine life based on harvesting hydrokinetic energy of water currents. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 1992–1998 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta04861a
  236. Y. Wang, Z. Qian, C. Zhao, Y. Wang, K. Jiang et al., Highly adaptive triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for scavenging flow energy and self-powered marine wireless sensing. Adv. Mater. Technol. 8, 2201245 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202201245
  237. A. Wei, X. Xie, Z. Wen, H. Zheng, H. Lan et al., Triboelectric nanogenerator driven self-powered photoelectrochemical water splitting based on hematite photoanodes. ACS Nano 12, 8625–8632 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b04363
  238. Y. Hu, L. Chen, Z. Chai, J. Zhu, Z.L. Wang et al., Autogenic electrolysis of water powered by solar and mechanical energy. Nano Energy 91, 106648 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106648
  239. N. Zhai, Z. Wen, X. Chen, A. Wei, M. Sha et al., Blue energy collection toward all-hours self-powered chemical energy conversion. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2001041 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001041
  240. S. Kim, J. Kim, H. Kim, C. Tian, N. Oh et al., Output signals control of triboelectric nanogenerator with metal-dielectric-metal configuration through high resistance grounded systems. Nano Energy 95, 107023 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107023
  241. Z. Zhu, H. Xiang, Y. Zeng, J. Zhu, X. Ca et al., Continuously harvesting energy from water and wind by pulsed triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered seawater electrolysis. Nano Energy 93, 106776 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106776
  242. S. Li, J. Jiang, N. Zhai, J. Liu, K. Feng et al., A half-wave rectifying triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered water splitting towards hydrogen production. Nano Energy 93, 106870 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106870
  243. N. Zaw, J. Yun, T. Goh, I. Kim, Y. Kim et al., All-polymer waterproof triboelectric nanogenerator towards blue energy harvesting and self-powered human motion detection. Energy 247, 123422 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123422
  244. Y. Feng, J. Han, M. Xu, X. Liang, T. Jiang et al., Blue energy for green hydrogen fuel: a self-powered electrochemical conversion system driven by triboelectric nanogenerators. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2103143 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103143
  245. S. Elah, S. Seddighi, Renewable energy storage using hydrogen produced from seawater membrane-less electrolysis powered by triboelectric nanogenerators. J. Power. Sources 609, 234682 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234682
  246. H. Wang, Q. Zhu, Z. Ding, Z. Li, H. Zheng et al., A fully-packaged ship-shaped hybrid nanogenerator for blue energy harvesting toward seawater self-desalination and self-powered positioning. Nano Energy 57, 616–624 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.078
  247. J. Ren, L. Fang, H. Qu, T. Zhou, C. Chen et al., A wave-powered capacitive deionization system with in-situ blue energy harvester. Chem. Eng. J. 498, 155530 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.155530
  248. S. Leung, H. Fu, M. Zhang, A. Hassan, T. Jiang et al., Blue energy fuels: converting ocean wave energy to carbon-based liquid fuels via CO2 reduction. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 1300–1308 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee03566d
  249. L. Zhou, L. Liu, W. Qiao, Y. Gao, Z. Zhao et al., Improving degradation efficiency of organic pollutants through a self-powered alternating current electrocoagulation system. ACS Nano 15, 19684–19691 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c06988
  250. V. Sivtsev, E. Lapushkina, I. Kovalev, R. Guskov, M. Popov et al., Microtubular solid oxide fuel cells with a two-layer LSCF/BSCFM5 cathode. Green Carbon 1, 154–159 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.greenca.2023.11.002
  251. J. Hu, M. Iwamotom, X. Chen, A review of contact electrification at diversified interfaces and related applications on triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 7 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01238-8
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 865 Download : 654

Most read articles by the same author(s)