Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Hierarchically Architected 3D-Printed Hydrogel Evaporators Enable Synergistic Salt Management and Photocatalytic Purification

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02206-8
Xin Yang
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Xinqi Guo
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Yankuan Tian
Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Rong Zhou
College of Textiles and Fashion, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, People’s Republic of China
Yifei Gong
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Chengming Zhang
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Feng Ji
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Liu Liu
Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Faxue Li
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Ruiyun Zhang
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Jianyong Yu
Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
Tingting Gao
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Tingting Gao

gaott@dhu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 363

Abstract

Interfacial solar-driven water evaporation offers a sustainable route to clean water production, but faces critical challenges of salt accumulation and organic contamination in complex industrial wastewater treatment. To address these challenges, we engineered a multifunctional 3D-printed hydrogel evaporator with vertically aligned grid architectures and hierarchical porosity. This unique structure promotes rapid water replenishment and Marangoni-driven salt back-diffusion through millimeter-scale channels, effectively preventing salt crystallization. By integrating carbon black and the metal–organic framework PCN-224 into the printing ink, we constructed a dual-functional photothermal–photocatalytic system. This synergistic combination not only enhances light absorption and photothermal conversion but also significantly reduces the water evaporation enthalpy. Coupled with heat-accelerated reaction kinetics, the system achieves efficient broad-spectrum photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The resultant composite evaporator attains a high water evaporation rate of 2.04 kg m⁻2 h⁻1 under one-sun illumination, maintaining stable performance across a wide salinity range. Simultaneously, it degraded 96.5% of rhodamine B within 60 min under 1.5 kW m⁻2 irradiation. This work demonstrates a synergistic strategy for simultaneous solar water production and purification, providing an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for advanced wastewater treatment.


Highlights:
1 3D-printed low-tortuosity hydrogel enables efficient vapor and salt transport.
2 Photothermal–photocatalytic synergy boosts evaporation and pollutant removal.
3 Stable evaporation (2.04 kg m⁻² h⁻¹) with 96.5% rhodamine B degradation in 60 min.

Keywords

Hydrogel evaporators 3D printing Salt resistance Metal–organic framework Solar desalination
Yang, Xin, Xinqi Guo, Yankuan Tian, Rong Zhou, Yifei Gong, Chengming Zhang, Feng Ji, Liu Liu, Faxue Li, Ruiyun Zhang, Jianyong Yu, and Tingting Gao. 2026. “Hierarchically Architected 3D-Printed Hydrogel Evaporators Enable Synergistic Salt Management and Photocatalytic Purification”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (May):363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02206-8.
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