Issue

Vol. 14 (2022)

Efficient Preconstruction of Three-Dimensional Graphene Networks for Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00878-6
Hao‑Yu Zhao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
Ming‑Yuan Yu
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
Ji Liu
School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Xiaofeng Li
Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
Peng Min
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
Zhong‑Zhen Yu
Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Zhong‑Zhen Yu

yuzz@mail.buct.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 14 (2022), Article Number: 129

Abstract

Electronic devices generate heat during operation and require efficient thermal management to extend the lifetime and prevent performance degradation. Featured by its exceptional thermal conductivity, graphene is an ideal functional filler for fabricating thermally conductive polymer composites to provide efficient thermal management. Extensive studies have been focusing on constructing graphene networks in polymer composites to achieve high thermal conductivities. Compared with conventional composite fabrications by directly mixing graphene with polymers, preconstruction of three-dimensional graphene networks followed by backfilling polymers represents a promising way to produce composites with higher performances, enabling high manufacturing flexibility and controllability. In this review, we first summarize the factors that affect thermal conductivity of graphene composites and strategies for fabricating highly thermally conductive graphene/polymer composites. Subsequently, we give the reasoning behind using preconstructed three-dimensional graphene networks for fabricating thermally conductive polymer composites and highlight their potential applications. Finally, our insight into the existing bottlenecks and opportunities is provided for developing preconstructed porous architectures of graphene and their thermally conductive composites.


Highlights:


1 Fundamental principles for designing high-performance thermally conductive graphene-based polymer composites are reviewed in detail.
2 The reasoning behind using the preconstructed graphene 3D networks for fabricating thermally conductive composites and recent progress are discussed in-depth.
3 Insight into the existing bottlenecks and opportunities in developing preconstructed 3D networks of graphene and their thermally conductive composites is also presented.

Keywords

Graphene networks Thermal conductivity Thermal interface materials Phase change composites Anisotropic aerogels
Zhao, Hao‑Yu, Ming‑Yuan Yu, Ji Liu, Xiaofeng Li, Peng Min, and Zhong‑Zhen Yu. 2022. “Efficient Preconstruction of Three-Dimensional Graphene Networks for Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites”. Nano-Micro Letters 14 (June):129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00878-6.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. P. Zhang, J. Zeng, S. Zhai, Y. Xian, D. Yang et al., Thermal properties of graphene filled polymer composite thermal interface materials. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 302(9), 1700068 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201700068
  2. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang et al., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
  3. A.A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan et al., Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 8(3), 902–907 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872
  4. C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887), 385–388 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
  5. A.K. Geim, Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324(5934), 1530–1534 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877
  6. K.M.F. Shahil, A.A. Balandin, Thermal properties of graphene and multilayer graphene: applications in thermal interface materials. Solid State Commun. 152(15), 1331–1340 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2012.04.034
  7. L. Lv, W. Dai, A. Li, C.T. Lin, Graphene-based thermal interface materials: an application-oriented perspective on architecture design. Polymers 10(11), 1201 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111201
  8. S. Nardecchia, D. Carriazo, M.L. Ferrer, M.C. Gutierrez, F. Monte, Three dimensional macroporous architectures and aerogels built of carbon nanotubes and/or graphene: synthesis and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(2), 794–830 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35353a
  9. C. Liang, H. Qiu, Y. Han, H. Gu, P. Song et al., Superior electromagnetic interference shielding 3D graphene nanoplatelets/reduced graphene oxide foam/epoxy nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity. J. Mater. Chem. C 7(9), 2725–2733 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05955a
  10. C. Amaral, R. Vicente, P.A.A.P. Marques, A. Barros-Timmons, Phase change materials and carbon nanostructures for thermal energy storage: a literature review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 79, 1212–1228 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.093
  11. A. Allahbakhsh, M. Arjmand, Graphene-based phase change composites for energy harvesting and storage: state of the art and future prospects. Carbon 148, 441–480 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.009
  12. S. Kashyap, S. Kabra, B. Kandasubramanian, Graphene aerogel-based phase changing composites for thermal energy storage systems. J. Mater. Sci. 55(10), 4127–4156 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04325-7
  13. L.S. Tang, J. Yang, R.Y. Bao, Z.Y. Liu, B.H. Xie et al., Polyethylene glycol/graphene oxide aerogel shape-stabilized phase change materials for photo-to-thermal energy conversion and storage via tuning the oxidation degree of graphene oxide. Energy Convers. Manage. 146, 253–264 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.037
  14. P. Ding, S. Su, N. Song, S. Tang, Y. Liu et al., Highly thermal conductive composites with polyamide-6 covalently-grafted graphene by an in situ polymerization and thermal reduction process. Carbon 66, 576–584 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.041
  15. A.S. Patole, S.P. Patole, H. Kang, J.B. Yoo, T.H. Kim et al., A facile approach to the fabrication of graphene/polystyrene nanocomposite by in situ microemulsion polymerization. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 350(2), 530–537 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.035
  16. Z. Anwar, A. Kausar, I. Rafique, B. Muhammad, Advances in epoxy/graphene nanoplatelet composite with enhanced physical properties: a review. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 55(6), 643–662 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2015.1098695
  17. J.H. Du, H.M. Cheng, The fabrication, properties, and uses of graphene/polymer composites. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 213(10–11), 1060–1077 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200029
  18. X. Zeng, J. Yang, W. Yuan, Preparation of a poly(methyl methacrylate)-reduced graphene oxide composite with enhanced properties by a solution blending method. Eur. Polym. J. 48(10), 1674–1682 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.07.011
  19. J.R. Potts, D.R. Dreyer, C.W. Bielawski, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 52(1), 5–25 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.042
  20. M.T. Pettes, H. Ji, R.S. Ruoff, L. Shi, Thermal transport in three-dimensional foam architectures of few-layer graphene and ultrathin graphite. Nano Lett. 12(6), 2959–2964 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl300662q
  21. Q.Q. Zhang, X. Xu, H. Li, G.P. Xiong, H. Hu et al., Mechanically robust honeycomb graphene aerogel multifunctional polymer composites. Carbon 93, 659–670 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.102
  22. H. Fang, S.L. Bai, C.P. Wang, “White graphene”-hexagonal boron nitride based polymeric composites and their application in thermal management. Compos. Commun. 2, 19–24 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2016.10.002
  23. X. Shen, Z.Y. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Liu, J.K. Kim, Effect of functionalization on thermal conductivities of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon 108, 412–422 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.07.042
  24. J. Gu, K. Ruan, Breaking through bottlenecks for thermally conductive polymer composites: a perspective for intrinsic thermal conductivity, interfacial thermal resistance and theoretics. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 110 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00640-4
  25. J. Wang, P. Ren, F. Ren, G. Zhu, A. Sun et al., Preparation of highly thermally conductive epoxy composites via constructing a vertically aligned foam of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-graphene@polydopamine-multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Mater. Sci. 56(13), 7951–7965 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-05795-4
  26. Y. Zhang, Y.J. Heo, Y.R. Son, I. In, K.H. An et al., Recent advanced thermal interfacial materials: a review of conducting mechanisms and parameters of carbon materials. Carbon 142, 445–460 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.10.077
  27. F. Kargar, Z. Barani, R. Salgado, B. Debnath, J.S. Lewis et al., Thermal percolation threshold and thermal properties of composites with high loading of graphene and boron nitride fillers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(43), 37555–37565 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b16616
  28. Y.H. Zhao, Y.F. Zhang, S.L. Bai, High thermal conductivity of flexible polymer composites due to synergistic effect of multilayer graphene flakes and graphene foam. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 85, 148–155 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.03.021
  29. N. Zhao, M. Yang, Q. Zhao, W. Gao, T. Xie et al., Superstretchable nacre-mimetic graphene/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite film based on interfacial architectural engineering. ACS Nano 11(5), 4777–4784 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01089
  30. H.H. Pu, S.H. Rhim, C.J. Hirschmugl, M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska, M. Weinert et al., Anisotropic thermal conductivity of semiconducting graphene monoxide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(22), 5 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4808448
  31. S. Ghosh, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, E.P. Pokatilov, D.L. Nika et al., Extremely high thermal conductivity of graphene: prospects for thermal management applications in nanoelectronic circuits. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(15), 3 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2907977
  32. S.K. Jaćimovski, M. Bukurov, J.P. Šetrajčić, D.I. Raković, Phonon thermal conductivity of graphene. Superlattices Microst. 88, 330–337 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2015.09.027
  33. L.B. Seo, Effect of phonon scattering by substitutional and structural defects on thermal conductivity of two-dimensional graphene. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 30(29), 295302 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aacabe
  34. C.K. Chua, M. Pumera, Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(1), 291–312 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60303b
  35. Y.S. Xie, S. Xu, Z.L. Xu, H.C. Wu, C. Deng et al., Interface-mediated extremely low thermal conductivity of graphene aerogel. Carbon 98, 381–390 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.033
  36. K.R. Pyun, S.H. Ko, Graphene as a material for energy generation and control: recent progress in the control of graphene thermal conductivity by graphene defect engineering. Mater. Today Energy 12, 431–442 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2019.04.008
  37. N. Burger, A. Laachachi, M. Ferriol, M. Lutz, V. Toniazzo et al., Review of thermal conductivity in composites: mechanisms, parameters and theory. Prog. Polym. Sci. 61, 1–28 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.05.001
  38. L. Peng, Z. Xu, Z. Liu, Y. Guo, P. Li et al., Ultrahigh thermal conductive yet superflexible graphene films. Adv. Mater. 29(27), 1700589 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700589
  39. M.H. Jin, T.H. Kim, S.C. Lim, D.L. Duong, H.J. Shin et al., Facile physical route to highly crystalline graphene. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(18), 3496–3501 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101037
  40. X.H. Li, P. Liu, X. Li, F. An, P. Min et al., Vertically aligned, ultralight and highly compressive all-graphitized graphene aerogels for highly thermally conductive polymer composites. Carbon 140, 624–633 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.016
  41. F. An, X. Li, P. Min, P. Liu, Z. Jiang et al., Vertically aligned high-quality graphene foams for anisotropically conductive polymer composites with ultrahigh through-plane thermal conductivities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(20), 17383–17392 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04230
  42. X. Huang, C. Zhi, Y. Lin, H. Bao, G. Wu et al., Thermal conductivity of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 142, 100577 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100577
  43. J. Oh, H. Yoo, J. Choi, J.Y. Kim, D.S. Lee et al., Significantly reduced thermal conductivity and enhanced thermoelectric properties of single- and bi-layer graphene nanomeshes with sub-10 nm neck-width. Nano Energy 35, 26–35 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.03.019
  44. R. Su, X. Zhang, Size effect of thermal conductivity in monolayer graphene. Appl. Therm. Eng. 144, 488–494 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.08.062
  45. J. Gao, Q. Yan, L. Lv, X. Tan, J. Ying et al., Lightweight thermal interface materials based on hierarchically structured graphene paper with superior through-plane thermal conductivity. Chem. Eng. J. 419(1), 129609 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129609
  46. K. Wang, M. Li, J. Zhang, H. Lu, Polyacrylonitrile coupled graphite oxide film with improved heat dissipation ability. Carbon 144, 249–258 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.12.027
  47. S. Ghosh, W. Bao, D. Nika, L.S. Subrina, E. Pokatilov et al., Dimensional crossover of thermal transport in few-layer graphene. Nat. Mater. 9, 555–558 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2753
  48. S. Chinkanjanarot, J.M. Tomasi, J.A. King, G.M. Odegard, Thermal conductivity of graphene nanoplatelet/cycloaliphatic epoxy composites: multiscale modeling. Carbon 140, 653–663 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.024
  49. Q. Yan, W. Dai, J. Gao, X. Tan, L. Lv et al., Ultrahigh-aspect-ratio boron nitride nanosheets leading to superhigh in-plane thermal conductivity of foldable heat spreader. ACS Nano 15(4), 6489–6498 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c09229
  50. H.S. Kim, H.S. Bae, J. Yu, S.Y. Kim, Thermal conductivity of polymer composites with the geometrical characteristics of graphene nanoplatelets. Sci. Rep. 6, 26825 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26825
  51. X. Shen, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Y.B. He et al., Multilayer graphene enables higher efficiency in improving thermal conductivities of graphene/epoxy composites. Nano Lett. 16(6), 3585–3593 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00722
  52. Y. Liu, J.S. Huang, B. Yang, B.G. Sumpter, R. Qiao, Duality of the interfacial thermal conductance in graphene-based nanocomposites. Carbon 75, 169–177 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.03.050
  53. F. Cai, Y. Luo, W. Yang, X. Ye, H. Zhang et al., Study on the thermal and dielectric properties of covalently modified GO/XNBR composites. Mater. Des. 198(15), 109335 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109335
  54. S.H. Song, K.H. Park, B.H. Kim, Y.W. Choi, G.H. Jun et al., Enhanced thermal conductivity of epoxygraphene composites by using non-oxidized graphene flakes with non-covalent functionalization. Adv. Mater. 25(5), 732–737 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202736
  55. B. Mu, M. Li, Fabrication and thermal properties of tetradecanol/graphene aerogel form-stable composite phase change materials. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 8878 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27038-4
  56. X. Li, L. Shao, N. Song, L. Shi, P. Ding, Enhanced thermal-conductive and anti-dripping properties of polyamide composites by 3D graphene structures at low filler content. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 88, 305–314 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.06.007
  57. Y. Shi, W. Ma, L. Wu, D. Hu, J. Mo et al., Magnetically aligning multilayer graphene to enhance thermal conductivity of silicone rubber composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 136(37), 47951 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47951
  58. B. Li, S. Dong, X. Wu, C. Wang, X. Wang et al., Anisotropic thermal property of magnetically oriented carbon nanotube/graphene polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 147, 52–61 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.05.006
  59. H. Yan, R. Wang, Y. Li, W. Long, Thermal conductivity of magnetically aligned graphene-polymer composites with Fe3O4-decorated graphene nanosheets. J. Electron. Mater. 44(2), 658–666 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-014-3561-z
  60. G. Lian, C.C. Tuan, L. Li, S. Jiao, Q. Wang et al., Vertically aligned and interconnected graphene networks for high thermal conductivity of epoxy composites with ultralow loading. Chem. Mater. 28(17), 6096–6104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01595
  61. Z. Bo, H.R. Zhu, C.Y. Ying, H.C. Yang, S.H. Wu et al., Tree-inspired radially aligned, bimodal graphene frameworks for highly efficient and isotropic thermal transport. Nanoscale 11(44), 21249–21258 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07279a
  62. X. Liang, F. Dai, Epoxy nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide-constructed three-dimensional networks of single wall carbon nanotube for enhanced thermal management capability with low filler loading. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(2), 3051–3058 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20189
  63. K.M.F. Shahil, A.A. Balandin, Graphene-multilayer graphene nanocomposites as highly efficient thermal interface materials. Nano Lett. 12(2), 861–867 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203906r
  64. F. Yavari, H.R. Fard, K. Pashayi, M.A. Rafiee, A. Zamiri et al., Enhanced thermal conductivity in a nanostructured phase change composite due to low concentration graphene additives. J. Phys. Chem. C 115(17), 8753–8758 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp200838s
  65. M. Shtein, R. Nadiv, M. Buzaglo, K. Kahil, O. Regev, Thermally conductive graphene-polymer composites: size, percolation, and synergy effects. Chem. Mater. 27(6), 2100–2106 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm504550e
  66. A. Li, C. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, Graphene nanosheets-filled epoxy composites prepared by a fast dispersion method. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134(36), 45152 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45152
  67. S. Chen, Q. Liu, L. Gorbatikh, D. Seveno, Does thermal percolation exist in graphene-reinforced polymer composites? A molecular dynamics answer. J. Phys. Chem. C 125(1), 1018–1028 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c09249
  68. X. Wei, F. Xue, X.D. Qi, J.H. Yang, Z.W. Zhou et al., Photo- and electro-responsive phase change materials based on highly anisotropic microcrystalline cellulose/graphene nanoplatelet structure. Appl. Energy 236, 70–80 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.091
  69. W. Ren, L. Cao, D. Zhang, Composite phase change material based on reduced graphene oxide/expanded graphite aerogel with improved thermal properties and shape-stability. Int. J. Energy Res. 44(1), 242–256 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4900
  70. P. Liu, X. Li, P. Min, X. Chang, C. Shu et al., 3D lamellar-structured graphene aerogels for thermal interface composites with high through-plane thermal conductivity and fracture toughness. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 22 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00548-5
  71. G. Qi, J. Yang, R. Bao, D. Xia, M. Cao et al., Hierarchical graphene foam-based phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity and shape stability for efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion and storage. Nano Res. 10(3), 802–813 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1333-1
  72. G.Q. Tang, Z.G. Jiang, X.F. Li, H.B. Zhang, A. Dasari et al., Three dimensional graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive composites. Carbon 77, 592–599 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.063
  73. Y.R. Li, J. Chen, L. Huang, C. Li, J.D. Hong et al., Highly compressible macroporous graphene monoliths via an improved hydrothermal process. Adv. Mater. 26(28), 4789–4793 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400657
  74. Z.H. Tang, S.L. Shen, J. Zhuang, X. Wang, Noble-metal-promoted three-dimensional macroassembly of single-layered graphene oxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49(27), 4603–4607 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000270
  75. Z.H. Wu, C. Xu, C.Q. Ma, Z.B. Liu, H.M. Cheng et al., Synergistic effect of aligned graphene nanosheets in graphene foam for high-performance thermally conductive composites. Adv. Mater. 31(19), 8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900199
  76. M.A. Worsley, S. Charnvanichborikarn, E. Montalvo, S.J. Shin, E.D. Tylski et al., Toward macroscale, isotropic carbons with graphene-sheet-like electrical and mechanical properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24(27), 4259–4264 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201400316
  77. J. Yang, X.F. Li, S. Han, Y.T. Zhang, P. Min et al., Air-dried, high-density graphene hybrid aerogels for phase change composites with exceptional thermal conductivity and shape stability. J. Mater. Chem. A 4(46), 18067–18074 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07869a
  78. Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, H. Li, Naturally dried graphene-based nanocomposite aerogels with exceptional elasticity and high electrical conductivity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(25), 21565–21572 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04689
  79. Y. Tao, X. Xie, W. Lv, D.M. Tang, D. Kong et al., Towards ultrahigh volumetric capacitance: graphene derived highly dense but porous carbons for supercapacitors. Sci. Rep. 3, 2975 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02975
  80. X.B. Wang, J.Q. Li, Y.J. Luo, Effect of drying methods on the structure and thermal decomposition behavior of ammonium perchlorate/graphene composites. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 29(10), 2079–2086 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb201305021
  81. J.P. Vareda, A. Lamy-Mendes, L. Duraes, A reconsideration on the definition of the term aerogel based on current drying trends. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 258, 211–216 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.09.016
  82. C.W. Li, L. Qiu, B.Q. Zhang, D. Li, C.Y. Liu, Robust vacuum-/air-dried graphene aerogels and fast recoverable shape-memory hybrid foams. Adv. Mater. 28(7), 1510–1516 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504317
  83. X. Xu, Q. Zhang, Y. Yu, W. Chen, H. Hu et al., Naturally dried graphene aerogels with superelasticity and tunable poisson’s ratio. Adv. Mater. 28(41), 9223–9230 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603079
  84. J. Yang, X.F. Li, S. Han, R.Z. Yang, P. Min et al., High-quality graphene aerogels for thermally conductive phase change composites with excellent shape stability. J. Mater. Chem. A 6(14), 5880–5886 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00078f
  85. A. Li, C. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, Thermal conductivity of graphene-polymer composites: mechanisms, properties, and applications. Polymers 9(9), 437 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090437
  86. T. Luo, J.R. Lloyd, Enhancement of thermal energy transport across graphene/graphite and polymer interfaces: a molecular dynamics study. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(12), 2495–2502 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201103048
  87. L. Zhang, H. Deng, Q. Fu, Recent progress on thermal conductive and electrical insulating polymer composites. Compos. Commun. 8, 74–82 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2017.11.004
  88. S. Colonna, O. Monticelli, J. Gomez, C. Novara, G. Saracco et al., Effect of morphology and defectiveness of graphene-related materials on the electrical and thermal conductivity of their polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 102, 292–300 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.032
  89. Q.R. Yang, Z.L. Zhang, X.F. Gong, E.R. Yao, T. Liu et al., Thermal conductivity of graphene-polymer composites: implications for thermal management. Heat Mass Trans. 56(6), 1931–1945 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-020-02821-0
  90. J. Chen, X. Chen, F. Meng, D. Li, X. Tian et al., Super-high thermal conductivity of polyamide-6/graphene-graphene oxide composites through in situ polymerization. High Perform. Polym. 29(5), 585–594 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008316655861
  91. H. Liu, Y. Liu, W.Q. Liu, J.L. Pan, S.Q. Huang et al., Preparation and properties of modified graphene oxide/polyurethane composites. Integr. Ferroelectr. 206(1), 1–9 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2020.1728617
  92. Y. Liu, K. Wu, F. Luo, M. Lu, F. Xiao et al., Significantly enhanced thermal conductivity in polyvinyl alcohol composites enabled by dopamine modified graphene nanoplatelets. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 117, 134–143 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.11.015
  93. E.E. Tkalya, M. Ghislandi, G. With, C.E. Koning, The use of surfactants for dispersing carbon nanotubes and graphene to make conductive nanocomposites. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 17(4), 225–231 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2012.03.001
  94. L. Guardia, M.J. Fernandez-Merino, J.I. Paredes, P. Solis-Fernandez, S. Villar-Rodil et al., High-throughput production of pristine graphene in an aqueous dispersion assisted by non-ionic surfactants. Carbon 49(5), 1653–1662 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.12.049
  95. C. Liu, C. Chen, H. Wang, M. Chen, D. Zhou et al., Synergistic effect of irregular shaped ps and graphene on the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites. Polym. Compos. 40(S2), E1294–E1300 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24968
  96. J. Jiang, S. Yang, L. Li, S. Bai, High thermal conductivity polylactic acid composite for 3D printing: synergistic effect of graphene and alumina. Polym. Adv. Technol. 31(6), 1291–1299 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4858
  97. J. Yu, H.K. Choi, H.S. Kim, S.Y. Kim, Synergistic effect of hybrid graphene nanoplatelet and multi-walled carbon nanotube fillers on the thermal conductivity of polymer composites and theoretical modeling of the synergistic effect. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 88, 79–85 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.022
  98. A. Dasari, Z.Z. Yu, Y.W. Mai, Electrically conductive and super-tough polyamide-based nanocomposites. Polymer 50(16), 4112–4121 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.06.026
  99. J. Hu, H.B. Zhang, S. Hong, Z.G. Jiang, C.X. Gui et al., Simultaneous improvement in both electrical conductivity and toughness of polyamide 6 nanocomposites filled with elastomer and carbon black ps. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53(6), 2270–2276 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie4035785
  100. D. Yan, X.F. Li, H.L. Ma, X.Z. Tang, Z. Zhang et al., Effect of compounding sequence on localization of carbon nanotubes and electrical properties of ternary nanocomposites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 49, 35–41 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.02.002
  101. W.Y. Si, J.Y. Sun, X.X. He, Y. Huang, J. Zhuang et al., Enhancing thermal conductivity via conductive network conversion from high to low thermal dissipation in polydimethylsiloxane composites. J. Mater. Chem. C 8(10), 3463–3475 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc06968b
  102. J.R. Huang, N. Li, L.H. Xiao, H.Q. Liu, Y.G. Wang et al., Fabrication of a highly tough, strong, and stiff carbon nanotube/epoxy conductive composite with an ultralow percolation threshold via self-assembly. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(26), 15731–15740 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta04256c
  103. O. Eksik, S.F. Bartolucci, T. Gupta, H. Fard, T. Borca-Tasciuc et al., A novel approach to enhance the thermal conductivity of epoxy nanocomposites using graphene core-shell additives. Carbon 101, 239–244 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.095
  104. X.Y. Qi, D. Yan, Z.G. Jiang, Y.K. Cao, Z.Z. Yu et al., Enhanced electrical conductivity in polystyrene nanocomposites at ultra-low graphene content. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3(8), 3130–3133 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/am200628c
  105. S. Salimian, A. Zadhoush, M. Naeimirad, R. Kotek, S. Ramakrishna, A review on aerogel: 3D nanoporous structured fillers in polymer-based nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 39(10), 3383–3408 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24412
  106. C. Li, G. Shi, Three-dimensional graphene architectures. Nanoscale 4(18), 5549–5563 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr31467c
  107. E. Barrios, D. Fox, Y.Y.L. Sip, R. Catarata, J.E. Calderon et al., Nanomaterials in advanced, high-performance aerogel composites: a review. Polymers 11(4), 41 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040726
  108. P. Dai, Y. Jiao, H. Ma, X. Zeng, Y. Lu et al., Radiation synthesis of polysilane-modified graphene oxide for improving thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of silicone rubber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 136(29), 47776 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47776
  109. X. Huang, Y.X. Lin, G. Fang, Thermal properties of polyvinyl butyral/graphene composites as encapsulation materials for solar cells. Sol. Energy 161, 187–193 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.051
  110. F.E. Alam, W. Dai, M. Yang, S. Du, X. Li et al., In situ formation of a cellular graphene framework in thermoplastic composites leading to superior thermal conductivity. J. Mater. Chem. A (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00750g
  111. Z.H. Tang, H.L. Kang, Z.L. Shen, B.C. Guo, L.Q. Zhang et al., Grafting of polyester onto graphene for electrically and thermally conductive composites. Macromolecules 45(8), 3444–3451 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma300450t
  112. H. Yuan, Y. Wang, T. Li, Y. Wang, P. Ma et al., Fabrication of thermally conductive and electrically insulating polymer composites with isotropic thermal conductivity by constructing a three-dimensional interconnected network. Nanoscale 11(23), 11360–11368 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02491c
  113. E.C. Cho, J.H. Huang, C.P. Li, C.W. Chang-Jian, K.C. Lee et al., Graphene-based thermoplastic composites and their application for led thermal management. Carbon 10, 66–73 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.097
  114. Y. Liu, M. Lu, K. Wu, E. Jiao, L. Liang et al., Enhanced thermal conduction of functionalized graphene nanoflake/polydimethylsiloxane composites via thermoluminescence strategy. Compos. Sci. Technol. 213(8), 108940 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108940
  115. W. Dai, L. Lv, T. Ma, X. Wang, J. Ying et al., Multiscale structural modulation of anisotropic graphene framework for polymer composites achieving highly efficient thermal energy management. Adv. Sci. 8(7), 2003734 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202003734
  116. J. Gong, Z. Liu, J. Yu, D. Dai, W. Dai et al., Graphene woven fabric-reinforced polyimide films with enhanced and anisotropic thermal conductivity. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 87, 290–296 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.010
  117. T. Yang, Z. Jiang, H. Han, X. Cai, Y. Liu et al., Welding dopamine modified graphene nanosheets onto graphene foam for high thermal conductive composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 205(15), 108509 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108509
  118. H. Liao, W. Chen, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, A phase change material encapsulated in a mechanically strong graphene aerogel with high thermal conductivity and excellent shape stability. Compos. Sci. Technol. 189(22), 108010 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108010
  119. R. Wang, L.X. Wu, D.X. Zhuo, J.H. Zhang, Y.D. Zheng, Fabrication of polyamide 6 nanocomposite with improved thermal conductivity and mechanical properties via incorporation of low graphene content. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57(32), 10967–10976 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01070
  120. Y. Li, W. Wei, Y. Wang, N. Kadhim, Y. Mei et al., Construction of highly aligned graphene-based aerogels and their epoxy composites towards high thermal conductivity. J. Mater. Chem. C 7(38), 11783–11789 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02937k
  121. Z. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Li, W. Dai, Q. Yan et al., Graphene foam-embedded epoxy composites with significant thermal conductivity enhancement. Nanoscale 11(38), 17600–17606 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03968f
  122. Y.J. Zhong, M. Zhou, F.Q. Huang, T.Q. Lin, D.Y. Wan, Effect of graphene aerogel on thermal behavior of phase change materials for thermal management. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 113, 195–200 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.01.046
  123. Y.X. Xu, K.X. Sheng, C. Li, G.Q. Shi, Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process. ACS Nano 4(7), 4324–4330 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101187z
  124. H. Hu, Z. Zhao, W. Wan, Y. Gogotsi, J. Qiu, Ultralight and highly compressible graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. 25(15), 2219–2223 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204530
  125. Y. Gong, S. Yang, Z. Liu, L. Ma, R. Vajtai et al., Graphene-network-backboned architectures for high-performance lithium storage. Adv. Mater. 25(29), 3979–3984 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301051
  126. H.P. Cong, X.C. Ren, P. Wang, S.H. Yu, Macroscopic multifunctional graphene-based hydrogels and aerogels by a metal ion induced self-assembly process. ACS Nano 6(3), 2693–2703 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn300082k
  127. J. Liu, Y. Liu, H.B. Zhang, Y. Dai, Z. Liu et al., Superelastic and multifunctional graphene based aerogels by interfacial reinforcement with graphitized carbon at high temperatures. Carbon 132, 95–103 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.026
  128. Y.Q. Sun, Q. Wu, G.Q. Shi, Supercapacitors based on self-assembled graphene organogel. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13(38), 17249–17254 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp22409c
  129. Y.L. He, J.H. Li, L.F. Li, J.B. Chen, J.Y. Li, The synergy reduction and self-assembly of graphene oxide via gamma-ray irradiation in an ethanediamine aqueous solution. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 27(3), 8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-016-0068-8
  130. L. Zhang, P. He, K. Song, J. Zhang, B. Zhang et al., Three-dimensional graphene hybrid SiO2 hierarchical dual-network aerogel with low thermal conductivity and high elasticity. Coatings 10(5), 455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050455
  131. S.Y. Dong, L.J. Xia, T. Guo, F.Y. Zhang, L.F. Cui et al., Controlled synthesis of flexible graphene aerogels macroscopic monolith as versatile agents for wastewater treatment. Appl. Surf. Sci. 445(1), 30–38 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.03.132
  132. K.X. Sheng, Y.X. Xu, C. Li, G.Q. Shi, High-performance self-assembled graphene hydrogels prepared by chemical reduction of graphene oxide. New Carbon Mater. 26(1), 9–15 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5805(11)60062-0
  133. W.C. Wan, F. Zhang, S. Yu, R.Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Hydrothermal formation of graphene aerogel for oil sorption: the role of reducing agent, reaction time and temperature. New J. Chem. 40(4), 3040–3046 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nj03086b
  134. S. Yan, G.Z. Zhang, F.B. Li, L. Zhang, S.T. Wang et al., Large-area superelastic graphene aerogels based on a room-temperature reduction self-assembly strategy for sensing and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) capture. Nanoscale 11(21), 10372–10380 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02071c
  135. C.M. Zhang, Y.J. Chen, H. Li, H.Z. Liu, Facile fabrication of polyurethane/epoxy IPNs filled graphene aerogel with improved damping, thermal and mechanical properties. RSC Adv. 8(48), 27390–27399 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04718a
  136. Y.X. Xu, G.Q. Shi, X.F. Duan, Self-assembled three-dimensional graphene macrostructures: synthesis and applications in supercapacitors. Acc. Chem. Res. 48(6), 1666–1675 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00117
  137. X.T. Zhang, Z.Y. Sui, B. Xu, S.F. Yue, Y.J. Luo et al., Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources. J. Mater. Chem. 21(18), 6494–6497 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm10239g
  138. Y.P. Xia, W.W. Cui, H.Z. Zhang, F. Xu, L.X. Sun et al., Synthesis of three-dimensional graphene aerogel encapsulated n-octadecane for enhancing phase-change behavior and thermal conductivity. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(29), 15191–15199 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03432f
  139. W.Y. Zhang, Q.Q. Kong, Z.C. Tao, J.C. Wei, L.J. Xie et al., 3D thermally cross-linked graphene aerogel-enhanced silicone rubber elastomer as thermal interface material. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 6(12), 8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201900147
  140. Z.P. Chen, W.C. Ren, L.B. Gao, B.L. Liu, S.F. Pei et al., Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition. Nat. Mater. 10(6), 424–428 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3001
  141. X.C. Dong, X.W. Wang, L.H. Wang, H. Song, H. Zhang et al., 3D graphene foam as a monolithic and macroporous carbon electrode for electrochemical sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4(6), 3129–3133 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/am300459m
  142. W. Li, S. Gao, L. Wu, S.Q. Qiu, Y.F. Guo et al., High-density three-dimension graphene macroscopic objects for high-capacity removal of heavy metal ions. Sci. Rep. 3, 2125 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02125
  143. H. Ji, D.P. Sellan, M.T. Pettes, X. Kong, J. Ji et al., Enhanced thermal conductivity of phase change materials with ultrathin-graphite foams for thermal energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(3), 1185–1192 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42573h
  144. X.H. Cao, Y.M. Shi, W.H. Shi, G. Lu, X. Huang et al., Preparation of novel 3D graphene networks for supercapacitor applications. Small 7(22), 3163–3168 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201100990
  145. X. Xie, G.H. Yu, N. Liu, Z.N. Bao, C.S. Criddle et al., Graphene-sponges as high-performance low-cost anodes for microbial fuel cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 5(5), 6862–6866 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee03583a
  146. D.D. Nguyen, N.H. Tai, S.B. Lee, W.S. Kuo, Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties of graphene-based sponges fabricated using a facile dip coating method. Energy Environ. Sci. 5(7), 7908–7912 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21848h
  147. F. Zhang, Y. Feng, W. Feng, Three-dimensional interconnected networks for thermally conductive polymer composites: design, preparation, properties, and mechanisms. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 142, 100580 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100580
  148. J. Yang, G.Q. Qi, R.Y. Bao, K. Yi, M. Li et al., Hybridizing graphene aerogel into three-dimensional graphene foam for high-performance composite phase change materials. Energy Storage Mater. 13, 88–95 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.12.028
  149. F. Xue, Y. Lu, X.D. Qi, J.H. Yang, Y. Wang, Melamine foam-templated graphene nanoplatelet framework toward phase change materials with multiple energy conversion abilities. Chem. Eng. J. 365, 20–29 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.023
  150. C. Wu, X. Huang, G. Wang, L. Lv, G. Chen et al., Correction: highly conductive nanocomposites with three-dimensional, compactly interconnected graphene networks via a self-assembly process. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(4), 403–403 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201390000
  151. B.G. Choi, M. Yang, W.H. Hong, J.W. Choi, Y.S. Huh, 3D macroporous graphene frameworks for supercapacitors with high energy and power densities. ACS Nano 6(5), 4020–4028 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3003345
  152. H. Fang, S.L. Bai, C.P. Wong, Microstructure engineering of graphene towards highly thermal conductive composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 112, 216–238 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.06.010
  153. C. Zhu, T.Y. Liu, F. Qian, W. Chen, S. Chandrasekaran et al., 3D printed functional nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage. Nano Today 15, 107–120 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2017.06.007
  154. E. Garcia-Tunon, S. Barg, J. Franco, R. Bell, S. Eslava et al., Printing in three dimensions with graphene. Adv. Mater. 27(10), 1688–1693 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405046
  155. Y.G. Yao, K.K. Fu, C.Y. Yan, J.Q. Dai, Y.N. Chen et al., Three-dimensional printable high-temperature and high-rate heaters. ACS Nano 10(5), 5272–5279 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b01059
  156. S. Dul, L. Fambri, A. Pegoretti, Fused deposition modelling with ABS-graphene nanocomposites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 85, 181–191 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.03.013
  157. N. Nguyen, J.G. Park, S.L. Zhang, R. Liang, Recent advances on 3D printing technique for thermal-related applications. Adv. Eng. Mater. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700876
  158. J. Ma, P. Wang, L. Dong, Y. Ruan, H. Lu, Highly conductive, mechanically strong graphene monolith assembled by three-dimensional printing of large graphene oxide. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 534, 12–19 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.096
  159. Q.Q. Zhang, F. Zhang, X. Xu, C. Zhou, D. Lin, Three-dimensional printing hollow polymer template-mediated graphene lattices with tailorable architectures and multifunctional properties. ACS Nano 12(2), 1096–1106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b06095
  160. C. Zhu, T. Liu, F. Qian, T.Y.J. Han, E.B. Duoss et al., Supercapacitors based on three-dimensional hierarchical graphene aerogels with periodic macropores. Nano Lett. 16(6), 3448–3456 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04965
  161. J.J. Moyano, J. Mosa, M. Aparicio, D. Perez-Coll, M. Belmonte et al., Strong and light cellular silicon carbonitride-reduced graphene oxide material with enhanced electrical conductivity and capacitive response. Addit. Manuf. 30, 100849 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100849
  162. J.H. Huang, B.N. Zhang, P. Valdiserri, X. Huang, G.Q. Yin et al., Thermal flow self-assembled anisotropic chemically derived graphene aerogels and their thermal conductivity enhancement. Nanomaterials 9(9), 15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091226
  163. N. Burger, A. Laachachi, B. Mortazavi, M. Ferriol, M. Lutz et al., Alignments and network of graphite fillers to improve thermal conductivity of epoxy-based composites. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 89, 505–513 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.065
  164. X.J. Tian, M.E. Itkis, E.B. Bekyarova, R.C. Haddon, Anisotropic thermal and electrical properties of thin thermal interface layers of graphite nanoplatelet-based composites. Sci. Rep. 3(1), 6 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01710
  165. W.F. Zhao, J. Kong, H. Liu, Q. Zhuang, J.W. Gu et al., Ultra-high thermally conductive and rapid heat responsive poly(benzobisoxazole) nanocomposites with self-aligned graphene. Nanoscale 8(48), 19984–19993 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr06622d
  166. J.D. Renteria, S. Ramirez, H. Malekpour, B. Alonso, A. Centeno et al., Strongly anisotropic thermal conductivity of free-standing reduced graphene oxide films annealed at high temperature. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(29), 4664–4672 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201501429
  167. F. Conrado, M. Pavese, A continuous 3D-graphene network to overcome threshold issues and contact resistance in thermally conductive graphene nanocomposites. J. Nanomater. 2017, 1–11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8974174
  168. K. Wu, D. Liu, C. Lei, S. Xue, Q. Fu, Is filler orientation always good for thermal management performance: a visualized study from experimental results to simulative analysis. Chem. Eng. J. 394(15), 124929 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124929
  169. Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, P.G. Li, C. Gao, Strong, conductive, lightweight, neat graphene aerogel fibers with aligned pores. ACS Nano 6(8), 7103–7113 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3021772
  170. L. Onsager, The effects of shape on the interaction of colloidal ps. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 51(4), 627–639 (1949). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb27296.x
  171. R. Narayan, J.E. Kim, J.Y. Kim, K.E. Lee, S.O. Kim, Graphene oxide liquid crystals: discovery, evolution and applications. Adv. Mater. 28(16), 3045–3068 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505122
  172. F. Guo, F. Kim, T.H. Han, V.B. Shenoy, J.X. Huang et al., Hydration-responsive folding and unfolding in graphene oxide liquid crystal phases. ACS Nano 5(10), 8019–8025 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2025644
  173. Z. Xu, C. Gao, Aqueous liquid crystals of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 5(4), 2908–2915 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200069w
  174. Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene chiral liquid crystals and macroscopic assembled fibres. Nat. Commun. 2, 571 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1583
  175. B.W. Yao, J. Chen, L. Huang, Q.Q. Zhou, G.Q. Shi, Base-induced liquid crystals of graphene oxide for preparing elastic graphene foams with long-range ordered microstructures. Adv. Mater. 28(8), 1623–1629 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504594
  176. Z. Wang, X. Shen, M.A. Garakani, X. Lin, Y. Wu et al., Graphene aerogel/epoxy composites with exceptional anisotropic structure and properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(9), 5538–5549 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00146
  177. X.W. Yang, L. Qiu, C. Cheng, Y.Z. Wu, Z.F. Ma et al., Ordered gelation of chemically converted graphene for next-generation electroconductive hydrogel films. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50(32), 7325–7328 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201100723
  178. K.W. Putz, O.C. Compton, C. Segar, Z. An, S.T. Nguyen et al., Evolution of order during vacuum-assisted self-assembly of graphene oxide paper and associated polymer nanocomposites. ACS Nano 5(8), 6601–6609 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn202040c
  179. L. Kou, Z. Liu, T.Q. Huang, B.N. Zheng, Z.Y. Tian et al., Wet-spun, porous, orientational graphene hydrogel films for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Nanoscale 7(9), 4080–4087 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr07038k
  180. G. Li, X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Fang, From anisotropic graphene aerogels to electron- and photo-driven phase change composites. J. Mater. Chem. A 4(43), 17042–17049 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07587h
  181. G. Li, D. Dong, G. Hong, L. Yan, X. Zhang et al., High-efficiency cryo-thermocells assembled with anisotropic holey graphene aerogel electrodes and a eutectic redox electrolyte. Adv. Mater. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901403
  182. K. Huang, J. Yang, S. Dong, Q. Feng, X. Zhang et al., Anisotropy of graphene scaffolds assembled by three-dimensional printing. Carbon 130, 1–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.120
  183. Y.C. Jia, H. He, Y. Geng, B. Huang, X.D. Peng, High through-plane thermal conductivity of polymer based product with vertical alignment of graphite flakes achieved via 3D printing. Compos. Sci. Technol. 145, 55–61 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.03.035
  184. J. Huang, Z. Li, X. Wu, J. Wang, S. Yang, Poly(vinyl alcohol)-mediated graphene aerogels with tailorable architectures and advanced properties for anisotropic sensing. J. Phys. Chem. C 123(6), 3781–3789 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b11327
  185. J. Huang, X. Huang, M. He, B. Zhang, G. Feng et al., Control of graphene aerogel self-assembly in strongly acidic solution via solution polarity tuning. RSC Adv. 9(37), 21155–21163 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02658d
  186. E. Garcia-Bordeje, S. Victor-Roman, O. Sanahuja-Parejo, A.M. Benito, W.K. Maser, Control of the microstructure and surface chemistry of graphene aerogels via pH and time manipulation by a hydrothermal method. Nanoscale 10(7), 3526–3539 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr08732b
  187. H. Zhang, A.I. Cooper, Aligned porous structures by directional freezing. Adv. Mater. 19(11), 1529–1533 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200700154
  188. Z. Yu, T. Dai, S. Yuan, H. Zou, P. Liu, Electromagnetic interference shielding performance of anisotropic polyimide/graphene composite aerogels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(27), 30990–31001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07122
  189. T. Liu, M.L. Huang, X.F. Li, C.J. Wang, C.X. Gui et al., Highly compressible anisotropic graphene aerogels fabricated by directional freezing for efficient absorption of organic liquids. Carbon 100, 456–464 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.038
  190. X.H. Li, X.F. Li, K.N. Liao, P. Min, T. Lium et al., Thermally annealed anisotropic graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive epoxy composites with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding efficiencies. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(48), 33230–33239 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12295
  191. F. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, L. Dai, Graphene oxide nanoribbon assembly toward moisturepowered information storage. Adv. Mater. 29(3), 1604972 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604972
  192. P. Zhang, J. Li, L. Lv, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, Vertically aligned graphene sheets membrane for highly efficient solar thermal generation of clean water. ACS Nano 11(5), 5087–5093 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01965
  193. L. Qiu, J.Z. Liu, S.L.Y. Chang, Y.Z. Wu, D. Li, Biomimetic superelastic graphene-based cellular monoliths. Nat. Commun. 3, 1241 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2251
  194. J. Kim, N.M. Han, J. Kim, J. Lee, J.K. Kim et al., Highly conductive and fracture-resistant epoxy composite based on non-oxidized graphene flake aerogel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(43), 37507–37516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13415
  195. L.J. Zhou, S.C. Zhai, Y.M. Chen, Z.Y. Xu, Anisotropic cellulose nanofibers/polyvinyl alcohol/graphene aerogels fabricated by directional freeze-drying as effective oil adsorbents. Polymers 11(4), 15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040712
  196. H.L. Gao, Y.B. Zhu, L.B. Mao, F.C. Wang, X.S. Luo et al., Super-elastic and fatigue resistant carbon material with lamellar multi-arch microstructure. Nat. Commun. 7, 12920 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12920
  197. C.J. Huang, J.S. Peng, Y.R. Cheng, Q. Zhao, Y. Du et al., Ultratough nacre-inspired epoxy-graphene composites with shape memory properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(6), 2787–2794 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10725d
  198. W.W. Gao, N.F. Zhao, T. Yu, J.B. Xi, A.R. Mao et al., High-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding realized in nacre-mimetic graphene/polymer composite with extremely low graphene loading. Carbon 157, 570–577 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.051
  199. H. Bai, Y. Chen, B. Delattre, A.P. Tomsia, R.O. Ritchie, Bioinspired large-scale aligned porous materials assembled with dual temperature gradients. Sci. Adv. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500849
  200. C. Wang, X. Chen, B. Wang, M. Huang, B. Wang et al., Freeze-casting produces a graphene oxide aerogel with a radial and centrosymmetric structure. ACS Nano 12(6), 5816–5825 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01747
  201. Q. Zhang, F. Zhang, S.P. Medarametla, H. Li, C. Zhou et al., 3D printing of graphene aerogels. Small 12(13), 1702–1708 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201503524
  202. J. Kuang, L.Q. Liu, Y. Gao, D. Zhou, Z. Chen et al., A hierarchically structured graphene foam and its potential as a large-scale strain-gauge sensor. Nanoscale 5(24), 12171–12177 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr03379a
  203. M. Li, W. Tao, S. Lu, C. Zhao, Porous 3-D scaffolds from regenerated antheraea pernyi silk fibroin. Polym. Adv. Technol. 19(3), 207–212 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.998
  204. J. Yang, L.S. Tang, R.Y. Bao, L. Bai, Z.Y. Liu et al., An ice-templated assembly strategy to construct graphene oxide/boron nitride hybrid porous scaffolds in phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity and shape stability for light–thermal–electric energy conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 4(48), 18841–18851 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta08454k
  205. W. Gao, N. Zhao, W. Yao, Z. Xu, H. Bai et al., Effect of flake size on the mechanical properties of graphene aerogels prepared by freeze casting. RSC Adv. 7(53), 33600–33605 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05557a
  206. L.J. Zhou, Z.Y. Xu, Ultralight, highly compressible, hydrophobic and anisotropic lamellar carbon aerogels from graphene/polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanofiber aerogel as oil removing absorbents. J. Hazard. Mater. 388(15), 121804 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121804
  207. C. Huang, J. Peng, S. Wan, Y. Du, S. Dou et al., Ultra-tough inverse artificial nacre based on epoxy-graphene by freeze-casting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(23), 7636–7640 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902410
  208. Y.X. Liu, N. Fang, B. Liu, L.N. Song, B.Y. Wen et al., Aligned porous chitosan/graphene oxide scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Lett. 233, 78–81 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.08.108
  209. H.Y. Mi, X. Jing, A.L. Politowicz, E. Chen, H.X. Huang et al., Highly compressible ultra-light anisotropic cellulose/graphene aerogel fabricated by bidirectional freeze drying for selective oil absorption. Carbon 132, 199–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.033
  210. L. Wang, M. Fang, Y.J. Xia, J.X. Hou, X.R. Nan et al., Preparation and biological properties of silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide scaffolds with an oriented channel-like structure. RSC Adv. 10(17), 10118–10128 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09710d
  211. C. Shen, J.E. Calderon, E. Barrios, M. Soliman, A. Khater et al., Anisotropic electrical conductivity in polymer derived ceramics induced by graphene aerogels. J. Mater. Chem. C 5(45), 11708–11716 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc03846a
  212. C. Li, J. Yu, S.L. Xue, Z. Cheng, G. Sun et al., Wood-inspired multi-channel tubular graphene network for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Carbon 139, 522–530 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.07.023
  213. Z.D. Liu, Y.P. Chen, W. Dai, Y.M. Wu, M.J. Wang et al., Anisotropic thermal conductive properties of cigarette filter-templated graphene/epoxy composites. RSC Adv. 8(2), 1065–1070 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11574a
  214. H.N. Huang, H. Bi, M. Zhou, F. Xu, T.Q. Lin et al., A three-dimensional elastic macroscopic graphene network for thermal management application. J. Mater. Chem. A 2(43), 18215–18218 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta03801k
  215. H. Bi, I.W. Chen, T.Q. Lin, F.Q. Huang, A new tubular graphene form of a tetrahedrally connected cellular structure. Adv. Mater. 27(39), 5943–5949 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201502682
  216. H. Bi, T. Lin, F. Xu, Y. Tang, Z. Liu et al., New graphene form of nanoporous monolith for excellent energy storage. Nano Lett. 16(1), 349–354 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03923
  217. X. Shen, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Y.B. He et al., A three-dimensional multilayer graphene web for polymer nanocomposites with exceptional transport properties and fracture resistance. Mater. Horiz. 5(2), 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00984d
  218. G.B. Xue, K. Liu, Q. Chen, P.H. Yang, J. Li et al., Robust and low-cost flame-treated wood for high-performance solar steam generation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(17), 15052–15057 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01992
  219. L. Chen, N. Song, L.Y. Shi, P. Ding, Anisotropic thermally conductive composite with wood-derived carbon scaffolds. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 112, 18–24 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.05.023
  220. C. Wan, Y. Jiao, S. Wei, X. Li, W. Tian et al., Scalable top-to-bottom design on low tortuosity of anisotropic carbon aerogels for fast and reusable passive capillary absorption and separation of organic leakages. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(51), 47846–47857 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b13686
  221. Y. Li, K.K. Fu, C. Chen, W. Luo, T. Gao et al., Enabling high-areal-capacity lithium-sulfur batteries: designing anisotropic and low-tortuosity porous architectures. ACS Nano 11(5), 4801–4807 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01172
  222. Y. Yuan, X. Sun, M. Yang, F. Xu, Z. Lin et al., Stiff, thermally stable and highly anisotropic wood-derived carbon composite monoliths for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(25), 21371–21381 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04523
  223. C. Wang, Y. Ding, Y. Yuan, X. He, S. Wu et al., Graphene aerogel composites derived from recycled cigarette filters for electromagnetic wave absorption. J. Mater. Chem. C 3(45), 11893–11901 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tc03127c
  224. H.M. Fang, Y.H. Zhao, Y.F. Zhang, Y.J. Ren, S.L. Baio, Three-dimensional graphene foam-filled elastomer composites with high thermal and mechanical properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(31), 26447–26459 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07650
  225. D. Han, Y.H. Zhao, Y.F. Zhang, S.L. Bai, Vertically and compactly rolled-up reduced graphene oxide film/epoxy composites: a two-stage reduction method for graphene-based thermal interfacial materials. RSC Adv. 5(114), 94426–94435 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra16780a
  226. Y.F. Zhang, Y.J. Ren, H.C. Guo, S.L. Bai, Enhanced thermal properties of pdms composites containing vertically aligned graphene tubes. Appl. Therm. Eng. 150, 840–848 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.029
  227. Y.F. Zhang, D. Han, Y.H. Zhao, S.L. Bai, High-performance thermal interface materials consisting of vertically aligned graphene film and polymer. Carbon 109, 552–557 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.051
  228. J. Yang, G.Q. Qi, Y. Liu, R.Y. Bao, Z.Y. Liu et al., Hybrid graphene aerogels/phase change material composites: thermal conductivity, shape-stabilization and light-to-thermal energy storage. Carbon 100, 693–702 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.063
  229. F. An, X. Li, P. Min, H. Li, Z. Dai et al., Highly anisotropic graphene/boron nitride hybrid aerogels with long-range ordered architecture and moderate density for highly thermally conductive composites. Carbon 126, 119–127 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.011
  230. J. Yang, L.S. Tang, L. Bai, R.Y. Bao, Z. Liu et al., Photodriven shape-stabilized phase change materials with optimized thermal conductivity by tailoring the microstructure of hierarchically ordered hybrid porous scaffolds. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6(5), 6761–6770 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00565
  231. Y. Guo, J. He, H. Wang, Z. Su, Q. Qu et al., Boron nitride-graphene sponge as skeleton filled with epoxy resin for enhancing thermal conductivity and electrical insulation. Polym. Compos. 40(2), 1600–1611 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25095
  232. Q. Chen, X. Yan, L. Wu, Y. Xiao, S. Wang et al., Small-nanostructure-size-limited phonon transport within composite films made of single-wall carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxides. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(4), 5435–5444 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20551
  233. Z. Ali, X. Kong, M. Li, X. Hou, L. Li et al., Ultrahigh thermal conductivity of epoxy composites with hybrid carbon fiber and graphene filler. Fibers Polym. 23, 463–470 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-3164-2
  234. X. Wei, X.Z. Jin, N. Zhang, X.D. Qi, J.H. Yang et al., Constructing cellulose nanocrystal/graphene nanoplatelet networks in phase change materials toward intelligent thermal management. Carbohydr. Polym. 253(1), 117290 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117290
  235. X.T. Yang, S.G. Fan, Y. Li, Y.Q. Guo, Y.G. Li et al., Synchronously improved electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductivity for epoxy nanocomposites by constructing 3D copper nanowires/thermally annealed graphene aerogel framework. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 128, 105670 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105670
  236. Z.G. Wang, Y.L. Yang, R.T. Lan, K. Dai, H.J. Duan et al., Significantly enhanced thermal conductivity and flame retardance by silicon carbide nanowires/graphene oxide hybrid network. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 139, 106093 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106093
  237. G.Q. Qi, J. Yang, R.Y. Bao, Z.Y. Liu, W. Yang et al., Enhanced comprehensive performance of polyethylene glycol based phase change material with hybrid graphene nanomaterials for thermal energy storage. Carbon 88, 196–205 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.03.009
  238. I. Jo, M.T. Pettes, J. Kim, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi et al., Thermal conductivity and phonon transport in suspended few-layer hexagonal boron nitride. Nano Lett. 13(2), 550–554 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl304060g
  239. Y.K. Kim, J.Y. Chung, J.G. Lee, Y.K. Baek, P.W. Shin, Synergistic effect of spherical Al2O3 ps and bn nanoplates on the thermal transport properties of polymer composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 98, 184–191 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.03.030
  240. J. Yang, L.S. Tang, R.Y. Bao, L. Bai, Z.Y. Liu et al., Largely enhanced thermal conductivity of poly (ethylene glycol)/boron nitride composite phase change materials for solar-thermal-electric energy conversion and storage with very low content of graphene nanoplatelets. Chem. Eng. J. 315, 481–490 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.045
  241. S. Vinod, C.S. Tiwary, P.A.D. Autreto, J. Taha-Tijerina, S. Ozden et al., Low-density three-dimensional foam using self-reinforced hybrid two-dimensional atomic layers. Nat. Commun. 5, 4541 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5541
  242. Y. Yao, J. Sun, X. Zeng, R. Sun, J.B. Xu et al., Construction of 3D skeleton for polymer composites achieving a high thermal conductivity. Small 14(13), 1704044 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201704044
  243. T. Huang, X. Zeng, Y. Yao, R. Sun, F. Meng et al., Boron nitride@graphene oxide hybrids for epoxy composites with enhanced thermal conductivity. RSC Adv. 6(42), 35847–35854 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra27315c
  244. T. Huang, X. Zeng, Y. Yao, R. Sun, F. Meng et al., A novel h-BN-RGO hybrids for epoxy resin composites achieving enhanced high thermal conductivity and energy density. RSC Adv. 7(38), 23355–23362 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28503a
  245. L.B. Shao, L.Y. Shi, X.H. Li, N. Song, P. Ding, Synergistic effect of BN and graphene nanosheets in 3D framework on the enhancement of thermal conductive properties of polymeric composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 135, 83–91 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.09.013
  246. X.L. Cui, P. Ding, N. Zhuang, L.Y. Shi, N. Song et al., Thermal conductive and mechanical properties of polymeric composites based on solution-exfoliated boron nitride and graphene nanosheets: a morphology-promoted synergistic effect. ACS Appl. Mater. 7(34), 19068–19075 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04444
  247. E. Pop, D. Mann, Q. Wang, K.E. Goodson, H.J. Dai, Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube above room temperature. Nano Lett. 6(1), 96–100 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl052145f
  248. E.T. Thostenson, Z.F. Ren, T.W. Chou, Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61(13), 1899–1912 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(01)00094-x
  249. G.J. Chen, Y.P. Su, D.Y. Jiang, L.J. Pan, S. Li, An experimental and numerical investigation on a paraffin wax/graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes composite material for solar thermal storage applications. Appl. Energy 264(15), 114786 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114786
  250. H. Sun, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Multifunctional, ultra-flyweight, synergistically assembled carbon aerogels. Adv. Mater. 25(18), 2554–2560 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204576
  251. Y.J. Xiao, W.Y. Wang, X.J. Chen, T. Lin, Y.T. Zhang et al., Hybrid network structure and thermal conductive properties in poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites based on carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 90, 614–625 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.08.029
  252. X. Dong, Y. Ma, G. Zhu, Y. Huang, J. Wang et al., Synthesis of graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid foam and its use as a novel three-dimensional electrode for electrochemical sensing. J. Mater. Chem. 22(33), 17044–17048 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm33286h
  253. Y.P. Chen, X. Hou, R.Y. Kang, Y. Liang, L.C. Guo et al., Highly flexible biodegradable cellulose nanofiber/graphene heat-spreader films with improved mechanical properties and enhanced thermal conductivity. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(46), 12739–12745 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc04859b
  254. A. Javadi, Q. Zheng, F. Payen, A. Javadi, Y. Altin et al., Polyvinyl alcohol-cellulose nanofibrils-graphene oxide hybrid organic aerogels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(13), 5969–5975 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/am400171y
  255. X. Du, M. Zhou, S. Deng, Z. Du, X. Cheng et al., Poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted nanofibrillated cellulose/graphene hybrid aerogels supported phase change composites with superior energy storage capacity and solar-thermal conversion efficiency. Cellulose 27(8), 4679–4690 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03110-z
  256. J. Yang, E. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Qu et al., Cellulose/graphene aerogel supported phase change composites with high thermal conductivity and good shape stability for thermal energy storage. Carbon 98, 50–57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.082
  257. F. Xue, X.Z. Jin, W.Y. Wang, X.D. Qi, J.H. Yang et al., Melamine foam and cellulose nanofiber co-mediated assembly of graphene nanoplatelets to construct three-dimensional networks towards advanced phase change materials. Nanoscale 12, 4005–4017 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr10696k
  258. H. Wu, S. Deng, Y. Shao, J. Yang, X. Qi et al., Multiresponsive shape-adaptable phase change materials with cellulose nanofiber/graphene nanoplatelet hybrid-coated melamine foam for light/electro-to-thermal energy storage and utilization. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(50), 46851–46863 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b16612
  259. S. Yang, Y. Ji, Y. Wu, J. Ma, Z. Zou et al., Air-dried graphene-based sponge for water/oil separation and strain sensing. Colloids Surf. A 555, 358–364 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.018
  260. C.Z. Liu, S.B. Ye, J.C. Feng, The preparation of compressible and fire-resistant sponge-supported reduced graphene oxide aerogel for electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Asian J. 11(18), 2586–2593 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201600905
  261. W.L. Liu, H.B. Jiang, Y. Ru, X.H. Zhang, J.L. Qiao, Conductive graphene-melamine sponge prepared via microwave irradiation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(29), 24776–24783 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b06070
  262. S. Li, Y. Li, X. Han, X. Zhao, Y. Zhao, High-efficiency enhancement on thermal and electrical properties of epoxy nanocomposites with core-shell carbon foam template-coated graphene. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 120, 95–105 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.01.032
  263. H.Y. Wu, S.T. Li, Y.W. Shao, X.Z. Jin, X.D. Qi et al., Melamine foam/reduced graphene oxide supported form-stable phase change materials with simultaneous shape memory property and light-to-thermal energy storage capability. Chem. Eng. J. 379(1), 122373 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122373
  264. F. Nazeer, Z. Ma, L. Gao, F. Wang, M.A. Khan et al., Thermal and mechanical properties of copper-graphite and copper-reduced graphene oxide composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 163, 77–85 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.004
  265. J. Chen, X. Gao, Directional dependence of electrical and thermal properties in graphene-nanoplatelet-based composite materials. Results Phys. 15, 102608 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102608
  266. J. Shen, P. Zhang, L.X. Song, J.P. Li, B.Q. Ji et al., Polyethylene glycol supported by phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol/graphene aerogel as a high thermal stability phase change material. Compos. Part B Eng. 179, 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107545
  267. P.F. Liu, F. An, X.Y. Lu, X.F. Li, P. Min et al., Highly thermally conductive phase change composites with excellent solar-thermal conversion efficiency and satisfactory shape stability on the basis of high-quality graphene-based aerogels. Compos. Sci. Technol. 201(5), 108492 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108492
  268. P. Min, J. Liu, X. Li, F. An, P. Liu et al., Thermally conductive phase change composites featuring anisotropic graphene aerogels for real-time and fast-charging solar-thermal energy conversion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(51), 1805365 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201805365
  269. T. Du, Z. Xiong, L. Delgado, W. Liao, J. Peoples et al., Wide range continuously tunable and fast thermal switching based on compressible graphene composite foams. Nat. Commun. 12, 4915 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25083-8
  270. C.P. Feng, L.B. Chen, G.L. Tian, L. Bai, R.Y. Bao et al., Robust polymer-based paper-like thermal interface materials with a through-plane thermal conductivity over 9 Wm-1k-1. Chem. Eng. J. 392(15), 123784 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123784
  271. H. Hou, W. Dai, Q.W. Yan, L. Lv, F.E. Alam et al., Graphene size-dependent modulation of graphene frameworks contributing to the superior thermal conductivity of epoxy composites. J. Mater. Chem. A 6(25), 12091–12097 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03937b
  272. J.N. Shi, M.D. Ger, Y.M. Liu, Y.C. Fan, N
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 6659 Download : 5043

Most read articles by the same author(s)