Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Highly Aligned Graphene Aerogels for Multifunctional Composites

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01357-w
Ying Wu
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Chao An
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Yaru Guo
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Yangyang Zong
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Naisheng Jiang
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Qingbin Zheng
School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, People’s Republic of China
Zhong‑Zhen Yu
State Key Laboratory of Organic‑Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Zhong‑Zhen Yu

yuzz@mail.buct.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 118

Abstract

Stemming from the unique in-plane honeycomb lattice structure and the sp2 hybridized carbon atoms bonded by exceptionally strong carbon–carbon bonds, graphene exhibits remarkable anisotropic electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. To maximize the utilization of graphene's in-plane properties, pre-constructed and aligned structures, such as oriented aerogels, films, and fibers, have been designed. The unique combination of aligned structure, high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, thermal conductivity, and porous nature of highly aligned graphene aerogels allows for tailored and enhanced performance in specific directions, enabling advancements in diverse fields. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in highly aligned graphene aerogels and their composites. It highlights the fabrication methods of aligned graphene aerogels and the optimization of alignment which can be estimated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The oriented scaffolds endow graphene aerogels and their composites with anisotropic properties, showing enhanced electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties along the alignment at the sacrifice of the perpendicular direction. This review showcases remarkable properties and applications of aligned graphene aerogels and their composites, such as their suitability for electronics, environmental applications, thermal management, and energy storage. Challenges and potential opportunities are proposed to offer new insights into prospects of this material.


Highlights:
1 Aligned graphene building blocks take full advantages of the outstanding properties of graphene.
2 Comprehensive review of recent advancements in the utilization of highly aligned graphene aerogels for multifunctional applications.
3 By systematically summarizing the controlled assembly, aligned structural attributes, quantitative characterization methods, anisotropic properties, and multifunctional applications of graphene aerogels, this review enhances understanding of the material's potential for diverse applications, offering tailored properties and novel functionalities.

Keywords

Highly aligned graphene aerogels Quantitative characterization of alignment Multifunctional composites Anisotropic properties Multifunctional applications
Wu, Ying, Chao An, Yaru Guo, Yangyang Zong, Naisheng Jiang, Qingbin Zheng, and Zhong‑Zhen Yu. 2024. “Highly Aligned Graphene Aerogels for Multifunctional Composites”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (February):118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01357-w.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. C. Zhu, T.Y.-J. Han, E.B. Duoss, A.M. Golobic, J.D. Kuntz et al., Highly compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices. Nat. Commun. 6, 6962 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7962
  2. M.A. Worsley, P.J. Pauzauskie, T.Y. Olson, J. Biener, J.H. Satcher Jr. et al., Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(40), 14067–14069 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1072299
  3. Y. Lin, J. Chen, S. Dong, G. Wu, P. Jiang et al., Wet-resilient graphene aerogel for thermal conductivity enhancement in polymer nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 83, 219–227 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.051
  4. S. Xi, L. Wang, H. Xie, W. Yu, Superhydrophilic modified elastomeric RGO aerogel based hydrated salt phase change materials for effective solar thermal conversion and storage. ACS Nano 16, 3843–3851 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08581
  5. Z. Wang, X. Shen, N.M. Han, X. Liu, Y. Wu et al., Ultralow electrical percolation in graphene aerogel/epoxy composites. Chem. Mater. 28, 6731–6741 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03206
  6. Z. Wang, R. Wei, J. Gu, H. Liu, C. Liu et al., Ultralight, highly compressible and fire-retardant graphene aerogel with self-adjustable electromagnetic wave absorption. Carbon 139, 1126–1135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.014
  7. H.-Y. Zhao, C. Shu, P. Min, C. Li, W. Deng et al., Constructing anisotropic conical graphene aerogels with concentric annular structures for highly thermally conductive phase change composites towards efficient solar–thermal–electric energy conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 22488–22499 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA06457J
  8. W. Zhan, S. Yu, L. Gao, F. Wang, X. Fu et al., Bioinspired assembly of carbon nanotube into graphene aerogel with “cabbagelike” hierarchical porous structure for highly efficient organic pollutants cleanup. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 1093–1103 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b15322
  9. W. Qian, H. Fu, Y. Sun, Z. Wang, H. Wu et al., Scalable assembly of high-quality graphene films via electrostatic-repulsion aligning. Adv. Mater. 34, e2206101 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206101
  10. G. Yang, X. Zhang, R. Wang, X. Liu, J. Zhang et al., Ultra-stretchable graphene aerogels at ultralow temperatures. Mater. Horiz. 10, 1865–1874 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00014a
  11. Z. Wang, X. Shen, M.A. Garakani, X. Lin, Y. Wu et al., Graphene aerogel/epoxy composites with exceptional anisotropic structure and properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 5538–5549 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00146
  12. M. Wu, H. Geng, Y. Hu, H. Ma, C. Yang et al., Superelastic graphene aerogel-based metamaterials. Nat. Commun. 13, 4561 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32200-8
  13. Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, H. Li, Naturally dried graphene-based nanocomposite aerogels with exceptional elasticity and high electrical conductivity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 21565–21572 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04689
  14. F. Zhang, L. Guo, Y. Shi, Z. Jin, Y. Cheng et al., Structural engineering of graphite network for ultra-sensitive and durable strain sensors and strain-controlled switches. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139664 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139664
  15. X. Guo, S. Cheng, B. Yan, Y. Li, R. Huang et al., Free-standing graphene aerogel with improved through-plane thermal conductivity after being annealed at high temperature. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 608, 2407–2413 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.134
  16. X. Xie, Y. Zhou, H. Bi, K. Yin, S. Wan et al., Large-range control of the microstructures and properties of three-dimensional porous graphene. Sci. Rep. 3, 2117 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02117
  17. X. Tong, W. Li, J. Li, S. Lu, B. Wang et al., In situ generation of TiO2 in graphene aerogel and its epoxy composite for electromagnetic interference shielding performance. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 33, 5886–5898 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-07770-4
  18. G. Gorgolis, C. Galiotis, Graphene aerogels: a review. 2D Mater. 4, 032001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa7883
  19. Z. Wang, L. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, J. Liu et al., A review of graphene-based materials/polymer composite aerogels. Polymers 15, 1888 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081888
  20. G. Nassar, E. Daou, R. Najjar, M. Bassil, R. Habchi, A review on the current research on graphene-based aerogels and their applications. Carbon Trends 4, 100065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2021.100065
  21. Z. Cheng, R. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Cao, Y. Shen et al., Recent advances in graphene aerogels as absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Carbon 205, 112–137 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.01.032
  22. X. Shen, J.-K. Kim, Graphene and MXene-based porous structures for multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano Res. 16, 1387–1413 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4938-6
  23. J. Mao, J. Iocozzia, J. Huang, K. Meng, Y. Lai et al., Graphene aerogels for efficient energy storage and conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 772–799 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE03031B
  24. J. Yang, X. Shen, W. Yang, J.-K. Kim, Templating strategies for 3D-structured thermally conductive composites: recent advances and thermal energy applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 133, 101054 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101054
  25. S. Yu, X. Shen, J.-K. Kim, Beyond homogeneous dispersion: oriented conductive fillers for high κ nanocomposites. Mater. Horiz. 8, 3009–3042 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1mh00907a
  26. X. Shen, Q. Zheng, J.-K. Kim, Rational design of two-dimensional nanofillers for polymer nanocomposites toward multifunctional applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 115, 100708 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100708
  27. M. Yang, N. Zhao, Y. Cui, W. Gao, Q. Zhao et al., Biomimetic architectured graphene aerogel with exceptional strength and resilience. ACS Nano 11, 6817–6824 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01815
  28. B. Yao, J. Chen, L. Huang, Q. Zhou, G. Shi, Base-induced liquid crystals of graphene oxide for preparing elastic graphene foams with long-range ordered microstructures. Adv. Mater. 28, 1623–1629 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504594
  29. H. Guo, T. Hua, J. Qin, Q. Wu, R. Wang et al., A new strategy of 3D printing lightweight lamellar graphene aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding and piezoresistive sensor applications. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2101699 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101699
  30. P. Zhang, J. Li, L. Lv, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, Vertically aligned graphene sheets membrane for highly efficient solar thermal generation of clean water. ACS Nano 11, 5087–5093 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01965
  31. Q. Liang, X. Yao, W. Wang, Y. Liu, C.P. Wong, A three-dimensional vertically aligned functionalized multilayer graphene architecture: an approach for graphene-based thermal interfacial materials. ACS Nano 5, 2392–2401 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200181e
  32. P. Li, Y. Liu, S. Shi, Z. Xu, W. Ma et al., Highly crystalline graphene fibers with superior strength and conductivities by plasticization spinning. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2006584 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006584
  33. H.-Y. Mi, X. Jing, A.L. Politowicz, E. Chen, H.-X. Huang et al., Highly compressible ultra-light anisotropic cellulose/graphene aerogel fabricated by bidirectional freeze drying for selective oil absorption. Carbon 132, 199–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.033
  34. X. Jiang, Z. Zhao, S. Zhou, H. Zou, P. Liu, Anisotropic and lightweight carbon/graphene composite aerogels for efficient thermal insulation and electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 45844–45852 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13000
  35. P. Liu, X. Li, X. Chang, P. Min, C. Shu et al., Highly anisotropic graphene aerogels fabricated by calcium ion-assisted unidirectional freezing for highly sensitive sensors and efficient cleanup of crude oil spills. Carbon 178, 301–309 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.03.014
  36. J. Dong, J. Zeng, B. Wang, Z. Cheng, J. Xu et al., Mechanically flexible carbon aerogel with wavy layers and springboard elastic supporting structure for selective oil/organic solvent recovery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 15910–15924 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02394
  37. Q. Peng, Y. Qin, X. Zhao, X. Sun, Q. Chen et al., Superlight, mechanically flexible, thermally superinsulating, and antifrosting anisotropic nanocomposite foam based on hierarchical graphene oxide assembly. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 44010–44017 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b14604
  38. W. Chang, X.-Y. Zhang, J. Qu, Z. Chen, Y.-J. Zhang et al., Freestanding Na3V2O2(PO4)2F/graphene aerogels as high-performance cathodes of sodium-ion full batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 41419–41428 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11074
  39. Y. Lin, F. Liu, G. ano, R. Bhavsar, I.A. Kinloch et al., Pristine graphene aerogels by room-temperature freeze gelation. Adv. Mater. 28, 7993–8000 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602393
  40. J. Kim, A.P. Tiwari, M. Choi, Q. Chen, J. Lee et al., Boosting bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis of graphitic C3N4 using non-covalently functionalized non-oxidized graphene aerogels as catalyst supports. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 15689–15697 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA02031A
  41. Y. Ham, V. Ri, J. Kim, Y. Yoon, J. Lee et al., Multi-redox phenazine/non-oxidized graphene/cellulose nanohybrids as ultrathick cathodes for high-energy organic batteries. Nano Res. 14, 1382–1389 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3187-9
  42. J. Kim, N.M. Han, J. Kim, J. Lee, J.K. Kim et al., Highly conductive and fracture-resistant epoxy composite based on non-oxidized graphene flake aerogel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 37507–37516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13415
  43. J. Jia, C.-M. Kan, X. Lin, X. Shen, J.-K. Kim, Effects of processing and material parameters on synthesis of monolayer ultralarge graphene oxide sheets. Carbon 77, 244–254 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.027
  44. X. Lin, X. Shen, Q. Zheng, N. Yousefi, L. Ye et al., Fabrication of highly-aligned, conductive, and strong graphene papers using ultralarge graphene oxide sheets. ACS Nano 6, 10708–10719 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn303904z
  45. Q. Zheng, W.H. Ip, X. Lin, N. Yousefi, K.K. Yeung et al., Transparent conductive films consisting of ultralarge graphene sheets produced by Langmuir-Blodgett assembly. ACS Nano 5, 6039–6051 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2018683
  46. Y. Zhu, S. Murali, W. Cai, X. Li, J.W. Suk et al., Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 22, 3906–3924 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001068
  47. O.C. Compton, S.T. Nguyen, Graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide, and graphene: versatile building blocks for carbon-based materials. Small 6, 711–723 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200901934
  48. D. Konios, M.M. Stylianakis, E. Stratakis, E. Kymakis, Dispersion behaviour of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 430, 108–112 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.033
  49. K. Erickson, R. Erni, Z. Lee, N. Alem, W. Gannett et al., Determination of the local chemical structure of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. 22, 4467–4472 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201000732
  50. Y. Ma, Y. Gu, Y. He, L. Wei, Y. Lian et al., Fast-charging and dendrite-free lithium metal anode enabled by partial lithiation of graphene aerogel. Nano Res. 15, 9792–9799 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4261-2
  51. J. Hu, J. Zhu, S. Ge, C. Jiang, T. Guo et al., Biocompatible, hydrophobic and resilience graphene/chitosan composite aerogel for efficient oil–water separation. Surf. Coat. Technol. 385, 125361 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125361
  52. L. Dou, X. Zhang, X. Cheng, Z. Ma, X. Wang et al., Hierarchical cellular structured ceramic nanofibrous aerogels with temperature-invariant superelasticity for thermal insulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 29056–29064 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b10018
  53. M. Liu, Z. Yang, H. Sun, C. Lai, X. Zhao et al., A hybrid carbon aerogel with both aligned and interconnected pores as interlayer for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Nano Res. 9, 3735–3746 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1244-1
  54. S. Wu, R.B. Ladani, J. Zhang, K. Ghorbani, X. Zhang et al., Strain sensors with adjustable sensitivity by tailoring the microstructure of graphene aerogel/PDMS nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 24853–24861 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06012
  55. Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, P. Li, C. Gao, Strong, conductive, lightweight, neat graphene aerogel fibers with aligned pores. ACS Nano 6, 7103–7113 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3021772
  56. M.-A. Shahbazi, M. Ghalkhani, H. Maleki, Directional freeze-ting: a bioinspired method to assemble multifunctional aligned porous structures for advanced applications. Adv. Eng. Mater. 22, 2000033 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000033
  57. G. Shao, D.A.H. Hanaor, X. Shen, A. Gurlo, Freeze ting: from low-dimensional building blocks to aligned porous structures-a review of novel materials, methods, and applications. Adv. Mater. 32, e1907176 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907176
  58. J.-H. Oh, J. Kim, H. Lee, Y. Kang, I.-K. Oh, Directionally antagonistic graphene oxide-polyurethane hybrid aerogel as a sound absorber. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 22650–22660 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b06361
  59. C. Wang, M. Huang, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene oxide aerogel ‘ink’ at room temperature, and ordered structures by freeze ting. Carbon 183, 620–627 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.07.046
  60. J. Yang, W. Yang, W. Chen, X. Tao, An elegant coupling: freeze-ting and versatile polymer composites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 109, 101289 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101289
  61. D. Fan, X. Yang, J. Liu, P. Zhou, X. Zhang, Highly aligned graphene/biomass composite aerogels with anisotropic properties for strain sensing. Compos. Commun. 27, 100887 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100887
  62. L. Quan, C. Wang, Y. Xu, J. Qiu, H. Zhang et al., Electromagnetic properties of graphene aerogels made by freeze-ting. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131337 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131337
  63. X. Zhu, C. Yang, P. Wu, Z. Ma, Y. Shang et al., Precise control of versatile microstructure and properties of graphene aerogel via freezing manipulation. Nanoscale 12, 4882–4894 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07861d
  64. X.-H. Li, P. Liu, X. Li, F. An, P. Min et al., Vertically aligned, ultralight and highly compressive all-graphitized graphene aerogels for highly thermally conductive polymer composites. Carbon 140, 624–633 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.016
  65. N.M. Han, Z. Wang, X. Shen, Y. Wu, X. Liu et al., Graphene size-dependent multifunctional properties of unidirectional graphene aerogel/epoxy nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 6580–6592 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19069
  66. W. Gao, N. Zhao, W. Yao, Z. Xu, H. Bai et al., Effect of flake size on the mechanical properties of graphene aerogels prepared by freeze ting. RSC Adv. 7, 33600–33605 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA05557A
  67. U.G.K. Wegst, M. Schecter, A.E. Donius, P.M. Hunger, Biomaterials by freeze ting. Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 368, 2099–2121 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0014
  68. U.G.K. Wegst, H. Bai, E. Saiz, A.P. Tomsia, R.O. Ritchie, Bioinspired structural materials. Nat. Mater. 14, 23–36 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4089
  69. L. Estevez, A. Kelarakis, Q. Gong, E.H. Da’as, E.P. Giannelis, Multifunctional graphene/platinum/Nafion hybrids via ice templating. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 6122–6125 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja200244s
  70. J.L. Vickery, A.J. Patil, S. Mann, Fabrication of graphene–polymer nanocomposites with higher-order three-dimensional architectures. Adv. Mater. 21, 2180–2184 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200803606
  71. Z. He, M. Qin, C. Han, X. Bai, Y. Wu et al., Pectin/graphene oxide aerogel with bamboo-like structure for enhanced dyes adsorption. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 652, 129837 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129837
  72. S. Long, Y. Feng, F. He, S. He, H. Hong et al., An ultralight, supercompressible, superhydrophobic and multifunctional carbon aerogel with a specially designed structure. Carbon 158, 137–145 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.065
  73. V. Rodríguez-Mata, González-Domı́nguez JM, Benito AM, Maser WK, García-Bordejé E, Reduced graphene oxide aerogels with controlled continuous microchannels for environmental remediation. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2, 1210–1222 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b02101
  74. P. Min, J. Liu, X. Li, F. An, P. Liu et al., Thermally conductive phase change composites featuring anisotropic graphene aerogels for real-time and fast-charging solar-thermal energy conversion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1805365 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201805365
  75. C. Shen, J.E. Calderon, E. Barrios, M. Soliman, A. Khater et al., Anisotropic electrical conductivity in polymer derived ceramics induced by graphene aerogels. J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 11708–11716 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC03846A
  76. Z. Lin, W. Jiang, Z. Chen, L. Zhong, C. Liu, Shape-memory and anisotropic carbon aerogel from biomass and graphene oxide. Molecules 26, 5715 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185715
  77. M. Farbod, M. Madadi Jaberi, Fabrication of graphene aerogel and graphene/carbon nanotube composite aerogel by freeze ting under ambient pressure and comparison of their properties. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct. 29, 244–250 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2020.1832995
  78. Z. He, X. Li, H. Wang, F. Su, D. Wang et al., Synergistic regulation of the microstructure for multifunctional graphene aerogels by a dual template method. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 22544–22553 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00525
  79. X.-J. Yu, J. Qu, Z. Yuan, P. Min, S.-M. Hao et al., Anisotropic CoFe2O4@Graphene hybrid aerogels with high flux and excellent stability as building blocks for rapid catalytic degradation of organic contaminants in a flow-type setup. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 34222–34231 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b10287
  80. B. Jiang, K. Liang, Z. Yang, K. Guo, F. Shaik et al., FeCoNiB@Boron-doped vertically aligned graphene arrays: a self-supported electrocatalyst for overall water splitting in a wide pH range. Electrochim. Acta 386, 138459 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138459
  81. P. Yang, G. Tontini, J. Wang, I.A. Kinloch, S. Barg, Ice-templated hybrid graphene oxide-graphene nanoplatelet lamellar architectures: tuning mechanical and electrical properties. Nanotechnology 32, 205601 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abdf8f
  82. S. Kang, S. Qiao, Y. Cao, Z. Hu, J. Yu et al., Compression strain-dependent tubular carbon nanofibers/graphene aerogel absorber with ultrabroad absorption band. Chem. Eng. J. 433, 133619 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133619
  83. Z. Zeng, N. Wu, W. Yang, H. Xu, Y. Liao et al., Sustainable-macromolecule-assisted preparation of cross-linked, ultralight, flexible graphene aerogel sensors toward low-frequency strain/pressure to high-frequency vibration sensing. Small 18, e2202047 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202047
  84. L. Liu, J. Zhang, G. Shi, H. Zhang, B. Wang et al., An elastic and lamellar piezoresistive graphene/MXene aerogel. J. Mater. Sci. 57, 11202–11214 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07356-9
  85. Z. Chen, Y. Hu, H. Zhuo, L. Liu, S. Jing et al., Compressible, elastic, and pressure-sensitive carbon aerogels derived from 2D titanium carbide nanosheets and bacterial cellulose for wearable sensors. Chem. Mater. 31, 3301–3312 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00259
  86. P. Feng, X. Wang, J. Yang, Biomimetic, highly reusable and hydrophobic graphene/polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanofiber aerogels as oil-removing absorbents. Polymers 14, 1077 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061077
  87. P. Min, X. Li, P. Liu, J. Liu, X.-Q. Jia et al., Rational design of soft yet elastic lamellar graphene aerogels via bidirectional freezing for ultrasensitive pressure and bending sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2103703 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103703
  88. M. Cao, S.-L. Li, J.-B. Cheng, A.-N. Zhang, Y.-Z. Wang et al., Fully bio-based, low fire-hazard and superelastic aerogel without hazardous cross-linkers for excellent thermal insulation and oil clean-up absorption. J. Hazard. Mater. 403, 123977 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123977
  89. M. Wang, C. Shao, S. Zhou, J. Yang, F. Xu, Super-compressible, fatigue resistant and anisotropic carbon aerogels for piezoresistive sensors. Cellulose 25, 7329–7340 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2080-0
  90. Y. Dai, X. Wu, Z. Liu, H.-B. Zhang, Z.-Z. Yu, Highly sensitive, robust and anisotropic MXene aerogels for efficient broadband microwave absorption. Compos. Part B Eng. 200, 108263 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108263
  91. Q. Xu, X. Chang, Z. Zhu, L. Xu, X. Chen et al., Flexible pressure sensors with high pressure sensitivity and low detection limit using a unique honeycomb-designed polyimide/reduced graphene oxide composite aerogel. RSC Adv. 11, 11760–11770 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA10929K
  92. Y. Wu, Z. Wang, X. Shen, X. Liu, N.M. Han et al., Graphene/boron nitride-polyurethane microlaminates for exceptional dielectric properties and high energy densities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 26641–26652 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b08031
  93. G. Xu, M. Li, T. Wu, C. Teng, Highly compressible and anisotropic polyimide aerogels containing aramid nanofibers. React. Funct. Polym. 154, 104672 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104672
  94. J. Yang, Y. Chen, K. Gao, Y. Li, S. Wang et al., Biomimetic superelastic sodium alginate-based sponges with porous sandwich-like architectures. Carbohydr. Polym. 272, 118527 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118527
  95. H. Bai, Y. Chen, B. Delattre, A.P. Tomsia, R.O. Ritchie, Bioinspired large-scale aligned porous materials assembled with dual temperature gradients. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500849 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500849
  96. K. Zhou, C. Chen, M. Lei, Q. Gao, S. Nie et al., Reduced graphene oxide-based highly sensitive pressure sensor for wearable electronics via an ordered structure and enhanced interlayer interaction mechanism. RSC Adv. 10, 2150–2159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08653f
  97. W. Ma, Z. Ma, Y. Cai, R. Du, Z. Xu et al., Elastic aerogel with tunable wettability for self-cleaning electronic skin. ACS Mater. Lett. 2, 1575–1582 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00464
  98. W. Xu, Y. Xing, J. Liu, H. Wu, Y. Cui et al., Efficient water transport and solar steam generation via radially, hierarchically structured aerogels. ACS Nano 13, 7930–7938 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b02331
  99. C. Wang, X. Chen, B. Wang, M. Huang, B. Wang et al., Freeze-ting produces a graphene oxide aerogel with a radial and centrosymmetric structure. ACS Nano 12, 5816–5825 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01747
  100. F. Su, J. Mok, J. McKittrick, Radial-concentric freeze ting inspired by porcupine fish spines. Ceramics 2, 161–179 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics2010015
  101. L. Fan, J.-L. Li, Z. Cai, X. Wang, Creating biomimetic anisotropic architectures with co-aligned nanofibers and macrochannels by manipulating ice crystallization. ACS Nano 12, 5780–5790 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01648
  102. Y. Lin, Q. Kang, H. Wei, H. Bao, P. Jiang et al., Spider web-inspired graphene skeleton-based high thermal conductivity phase change nanocomposites for battery thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 180 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00702-7
  103. R. Yu, Y. Shi, D. Yang, Y. Liu, J. Qu et al., Graphene oxide/chitosan aerogel microspheres with honeycomb-cobweb and radially oriented microchannel structures for broad-spectrum and rapid adsorption of water contaminants. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 21809–21819 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04655
  104. A. Ouyang, A. Cao, S. Hu, Y. Li, R. Xu et al., Polymer-coated graphene aerogel beads and supercapacitor application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 11179–11187 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01965
  105. Y. Liu, D. Yang, Y. Shi, L. Song, R. Yu et al., Silver phosphate/graphene oxide aerogel microspheres with radially oriented microchannels for highly efficient and continuous removal of pollutants from wastewaters. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 11228–11240 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00561
  106. B. Dan, N. Behabtu, A. Martinez, J.S. Evans, D.V. Kosynkin et al., Liquid crystals of aqueous, giant graphene oxide flakes. Soft Matter 7, 11154–11159 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SM06418E
  107. R. Narayan, J.E. Kim, J.Y. Kim, K.E. Lee, S.O. Kim, Graphene oxide liquid crystals: discovery, evolution and applications. Adv. Mater. 28, 3045–3068 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505122
  108. R. Jalili, S.H. Aboutalebi, D. Esrafilzadeh, K. Konstantinov, J.M. Razal et al., Formation and processability of liquid crystalline dispersions of graphene oxide. Mater. Horiz. 1, 87–91 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3MH00050H
  109. K.E. Lee, J.E. Kim, U.N. Maiti, J. Lim, J.O. Hwang et al., Liquid crystal size selection of large-size graphene oxide for size-dependent N-doping and oxygen reduction catalysis. ACS Nano 8, 9073–9080 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5024544
  110. J.E. Kim, T.H. Han, S.H. Lee, J.Y. Kim, C.W. Ahn et al., Graphene oxide liquid crystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 3043–3047 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201004692
  111. S. Padmajan Sasikala, J. Lim, I.H. Kim, H.J. Jung, T. Yun et al., Graphene oxide liquid crystals: a frontier 2D soft material for graphene-based functional materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 6013–6045 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00299A
  112. Z. Xu, C. Gao, Aqueous liquid crystals of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 5, 2908–2915 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200069w
  113. Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene chiral liquid crystals and macroscopic assembled fibres. Nat. Commun. 2, 571 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1583
  114. S. Thakur, N. Karak, Alternative methods and nature-based reagents for the reduction of graphene oxide: a review. Carbon 94, 224–242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.06.030
  115. E. Garcia-Bordejé, A.M. Benito, W.K. Maser, Graphene aerogels via hydrothermal gelation of graphene oxide colloids: fine-tuning of its porous and chemical properties and catalytic applications. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 292, 102420 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102420
  116. X. Wu, K. Hou, J. Huang, J. Wang, S. Yang, Graphene-based cellular materials with extremely low density and high pressure sensitivity based on self-assembled graphene oxide liquid crystals. J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 8717–8725 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC01853G
  117. Y. Liu, Q. Shi, C. Hou, Q. Zhang, Y. Li et al., Versatile mechanically strong and highly conductive chemically converted graphene aerogels. Carbon 125, 352–359 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.072
  118. J.D. Afroze, M.J. Abden, Z. Yuan, C. Wang, L. Wei et al., Core-shell structured graphene aerogels with multifunctional mechanical, thermal and electromechanical properties. Carbon 162, 365–374 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.057
  119. Q. Meng, H. Wan, W. Zhu, T. Duan, W. Yao, Naturally dried, double nitrogen-doped 3D graphene aerogels modified by plant extracts for multifunctional applications. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 1172–1181 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03460
  120. W. Zhan, X. Fu, F. Wang, W. Zhang, G. Bai et al., Effect of aromatic amine modified graphene aerogel on the curing kinetics and interfacial interaction of epoxy composites. J. Mater. Sci. 55, 10558–10571 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04746-9
  121. J.-K. Xiao, J.-Z. Gong, M. Dai, Y.-F. Zhang, S.-G. Wang et al., Reduced graphene oxide/Ag nanop aerogel for efficient solar water evaporation. J. Alloys Compd. 930, 167404 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167404
  122. D. Dai, Y. Zhou, W. Xiao, Z. Hao, H. Zhang et al., Multiple functional base-induced highly ordered graphene aerogels. J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 8849–8854 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC01985F
  123. W. Deng, Q. Fang, H. Huang, X. Zhou, J. Ma et al., Oriented arrangement: the origin of versatility for porous graphene materials. Small 13, 1701231 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701231
  124. Y. Jiang, H. Shao, C. Li, T. Xu, Y. Zhao et al., Versatile graphene oxide putty-like material. Adv. Mater. 28, 10287–10292 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603284
  125. Z. Xiong, C. Liao, W. Han, X. Wang, Mechanically tough large-area hierarchical porous graphene films for high-performance flexible supercapacitor applications. Adv. Mater. 27, 4469–4475 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501983
  126. Z. Tang, S. Shen, J. Zhuang, X. Wang, Noble-metal-promoted three-dimensional macroassembly of single-layered graphene oxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4603–4607 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000270
  127. P. Kumar, U.N. Maiti, K.E. Lee, S.O. Kim, Rheological properties of graphene oxide liquid crystal. Carbon 80, 453–461 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.08.085
  128. P. Poulin, R. Jalili, W. Neri, F. Nallet, T. Divoux et al., Superflexibility of graphene oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 11088–11093 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605121113
  129. Y.H. Shim, H. Ahn, S. Lee, S.O. Kim, S.Y. Kim, Universal alignment of graphene oxide in suspensions and fibers. ACS Nano 15, 13453–13462 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03954
  130. Y. Jiang, F. Guo, J. Zhang, Z. Xu, F. Wang et al., Aligning curved stacking bands to simultaneously strengthen and toughen lamellar materials. Mater. Horiz. 10, 556–565 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2mh01023b
  131. Y. Jiang, F. Guo, Z. Xu, W. Gao, C. Gao, Artificial colloidal liquid metacrystals by shearing microlithography. Nat. Commun. 10, 4111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11941-z
  132. D.K. Maurya, S. Deo, D.Y. Khanukaeva, Analysis of Stokes flow of micropolar fluid through a porous cylinder. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 44, 6647–6665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.7214
  133. Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene in macroscopic order: liquid crystals and wet-spun fibers. Acc. Chem. Res. 47, 1267–1276 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar4002813
  134. F. Wang, Y. Jiang, Y. Liu, F. Guo, W. Fang et al., Liquid crystalline 3D printing for superstrong graphene microlattices with high density. Carbon 159, 166–174 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.039
  135. L. He, J. Ye, M. Shuai, Z. Zhu, X. Zhou et al., Graphene oxide liquid crystals for reflective displays without polarizing optics. Nanoscale 7, 1616–1622 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR06008C
  136. L.C. Geonzon, M. Kobayashi, Y. Adachi, Effect of shear flow on the hydrodynamic drag force of a spherical p near a wall evaluated using optical tweezers and microfluidics. Soft Matter 17, 7914–7920 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00876e
  137. M. Cao, Z. Li, J. Lu, B. Wang, H. Lai et al., Vertical array of graphite oxide liquid crystal by microwire shearing for highly thermally conductive composites. Adv. Mater. 35, e2300077 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300077
  138. J. Ma, S. Lin, Y. Jiang, P. Li, H. Zhang et al., Digital programming graphene oxide liquid crystalline hybrid hydrogel by shearing microlithography. ACS Nano 14, 2336–2344 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b09503
  139. H. Geng, X. Liu, G. Shi, G. Bai, J. Ma et al., Graphene oxide restricts growth and recrystallization of ice crystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 997–1001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201609230
  140. X. Zhang, P. Liu, Y. Duan, M. Jiang, J. Zhang, Graphene/cellulose nanocrystals hybrid aerogel with tunable mechanical strength and hydrophilicity fabricated by ambient pressure drying technique. RSC Adv. 7, 16467–16473 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA28178H
  141. F. Gong, W. Wang, H. Li, D.D. Xia, Q. Dai et al., Solid waste and graphite derived solar steam generator for highly-efficient and cost-effective water purification. Appl. Energy 261, 114410 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114410
  142. J. Liu, Z. Khanam, S. Ahmed, T. Wang, H. Wang et al., Flexible antifreeze Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor based on gel electrolyte with graphene electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 16454–16468 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02242
  143. C. Huang, J. Peng, Y. Cheng, Q. Zhao, Y. Du et al., Ultratough nacre-inspired epoxy–graphene composites with shape memory properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 2787–2794 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA10725D
  144. X. Meng, J. Yang, S. Ramakrishna, Y. Sun, Y. Dai, Gradient vertical channels within aerogels based on N-doped graphene meshes toward efficient and salt-resistant solar evaporation. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 4955–4965 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00853
  145. C.-Z. Qi, X. Wu, J. Liu, X.-J. Luo, H.-B. Zhang et al., Highly conductive calcium ion-reinforced MXene/sodium alginate aerogel meshes by direct ink writing for electromagnetic interference shielding and Joule heating. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 135, 213–220 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.06.046
  146. Y. Jiang, Z. Xu, T. Huang, Y. Liu, F. Guo et al., Direct 3D printing of ultralight graphene oxide aerogel microlattices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1707024 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201707024
  147. X. Zhao, W. Gao, W. Yao, Y. Jiang, Z. Xu et al., Ion diffusion-directed assembly approach to ultrafast coating of graphene oxide thick multilayers. ACS Nano 11, 9663–9670 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03480
  148. G. Shao, X. Shen, X. Huang, Multilevel structural design and heterointerface engineering of a host–guest binary aerogel toward multifunctional broadband microwave absorption. ACS Mater. Lett. 4, 1787–1797 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00634
  149. L. Qiu, J.Z. Liu, S.L.Y. Chang, Y. Wu, D. Li, Biomimetic superelastic graphene-based cellular monoliths. Nat. Commun. 3, 1241 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2251
  150. X. Huang, G. Yu, Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, G. Shao, Design of cellular structure of graphene aerogels for electromagnetic wave absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 426, 131894 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131894
  151. H. Yang, T. Zhang, M. Jiang, Y. Duan, J. Zhang, Ambient pressure dried graphene aerogels with superelasticity and multifunctionality. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 19268–19272 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA06452J
  152. Z.-L. Yu, N. Yang, L.-C. Zhou, Z.-Y. Ma, Y.-B. Zhu et al., Bioinspired polymeric woods. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat7223 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat7223
  153. K.C. Lai, L.Y. Lee, B.Y.Z. Hiew, S. Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, S. Gan, Environmental application of three-dimensional graphene materials as adsorbents for dyes and heavy metals: review on ice-templating method and adsorption mechanisms. J. Environ. Sci. (China) 79, 174–199 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.11.023
  154. W. Gao, N. Zhao, T. Yu, J. Xi, A. Mao et al., High-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding realized in nacre-mimetic graphene/polymer composite with extremely low graphene loading. Carbon 157, 570–577 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.051
  155. Y. Wang, B. Yao, H. Chen, H. Wang, C. Li et al., Preparation of anisotropic conductive graphene aerogel/polydimethylsiloxane composites as LEGO® modulars. Eur. Polym. J. 112, 487–492 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.036
  156. H.-L. Gao, Y.-B. Zhu, L.-B. Mao, F.-C. Wang, X.-S. Luo et al., Super-elastic and fatigue resistant carbon material with lamellar multi-arch microstructure. Nat. Commun. 7, 12920 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12920
  157. Z. Wang, N.M. Han, Y. Wu, X. Liu, X. Shen et al., Ultrahigh dielectric constant and low loss of highly-aligned graphene aerogel/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites with insulating barriers. Carbon 123, 385–394 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.079
  158. F. Guo, X. Shen, J. Zhou, D. Liu, Q. Zheng et al., Highly thermally conductive dielectric nanocomposites with synergistic alignments of graphene and boron nitride nanosheets. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1910826 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910826
  159. G. Li, X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Fang, From anisotropic graphene aerogels to electron- and photo-driven phase change composites. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 17042–17049 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA07587H
  160. G. Li, Z. Chu, X. Gong, M. Xiao, Q. Dong et al., A wide-range linear and stable piezoresistive sensor based on methylcellulose-reinforced, lamellar, and wrinkled graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2101021 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101021
  161. N. Ni, S. Barg, E. Garcia-Tunon, F.M. Perez, M. Miranda et al., Understanding mechanical response of elastomeric graphene networks. Sci. Rep. 5, 13712 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13712
  162. T. Liu, M. Huang, X. Li, C. Wang, C.-X. Gui et al., Highly compressible anisotropic graphene aerogels fabricated by directional freezing for efficient absorption of organic liquids. Carbon 100, 456–464 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.038
  163. Y. Qin, Q. Peng, Y. Zhu, X. Zhao, Z. Lin et al., Lightweight, mechanically flexible and thermally superinsulating rGO/polyimide nanocomposite foam with an anisotropic microstructure. Nanoscale Adv. 1, 4895–4903 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9na00444k
  164. X. Zhao, W. Wu, D. Drummer, Y. Wang, S. Cui et al., SiC nanowires bridged graphene aerogels with a vertically aligned structure for highly thermal conductive epoxy resin composites and their mechanism. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 5, 2548–2557 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00015
  165. F. An, X. Li, P. Min, P. Liu, Z.-G. Jiang et al., Vertically aligned high-quality graphene foams for anisotropically conductive polymer composites with ultrahigh through-plane thermal conductivities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 17383–17392 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04230
  166. P. Liu, X. Li, P. Min, X. Chang, C. Shu et al., 3D lamellar-structured graphene aerogels for thermal interface composites with high through-plane thermal conductivity and fracture toughness. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 22 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00548-5
  167. Y. Cui, S.I. Kundalwal, S. Kumar, Gas barrier performance of graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Carbon 98, 313–333 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.018
  168. X. Tang, H. Zhou, Z. Cai, D. Cheng, P. He et al., Generalized 3D printing of graphene-based mixed-dimensional hybrid aerogels. ACS Nano 12, 3502–3511 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b00304
  169. W.-L. Song, M.-S. Cao, M.-M. Lu, S. Bi, C.-Y. Wang et al., Flexible graphene/polymer composite films in sandwich structures for effective electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 66, 67–76 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.043
  170. Y. Wu, Z. Wang, X. Liu, X. Shen, Q. Zheng et al., Ultralight graphene foam/conductive polymer composites for exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 9059–9069 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01017
  171. X.-H. Li, X. Li, K.-N. Liao, P. Min, T. Liu et al., Thermally annealed anisotropic graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive epoxy composites with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding efficiencies. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 33230–33239 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12295
  172. Z. Yu, T. Dai, S. Yuan, H. Zou, P. Liu, Electromagnetic interference shielding performance of anisotropic polyimide/graphene composite aerogels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 30990–31001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07122
  173. A. Motaghi, A. Hrymak, G.H. Motlagh, Electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of hybrid carbon/polymer composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 41744 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41744
  174. R. Taherian, Development of an equation to model electrical conductivity of polymer-based carbon nanocomposites. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 3, M26–M38 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.023406jss
  175. J. Li, J.-K. Kim, Percolation threshold of conducting polymer composites containing 3D randomly distributed graphite nanoplatelets. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 2114–2120 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.010
  176. P. Liu, Z. Jin, G. Katsukis, L.W. Drahushuk, S. Shimizu et al., Layered and scrolled nanocomposites with aligned semi-infinite graphene inclusions at the platelet limit. Science 353, 364–367 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4362
  177. J. Jia, X. Sun, X. Lin, X. Shen, Y.-W. Mai et al., Exceptional electrical conductivity and fracture resistance of 3D interconnected graphene foam/epoxy composites. ACS Nano 8, 5774–5783 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500590g
  178. L. Qiu, D. Liu, Y. Wang, C. Cheng, K. Zhou et al., Mechanically robust, electrically conductive and stimuli-responsive binary network hydrogels enabled by superelastic graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. 26, 3333–3337 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305359
  179. H. Hosseini, M. Kokabi, S.M. Mousavi, BC/rGO conductive nanocomposite aerogel as a strain sensor. Polymer 137, 82–96 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.068
  180. N. Yousefi, X. Lin, Q. Zheng, X. Shen, J.R. Pothnis et al., Simultaneous in situ reduction, self-alignment and covalent bonding in graphene oxide/epoxy composites. Carbon 59, 406–417 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.034
  181. N. Yousefi, M.M. Gudarzi, Q. Zheng, S.H. Aboutalebi, F. Sharif et al., Self-alignment and high electrical conductivity of ultralarge graphene oxide–polyurethane nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 12709–12717 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM30590A
  182. A.S. Wajid, H.S. Tanvir Ahmed, S. Das, F. Irin, A.F. Jankowski et al., High-performance pristine graphene/epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 298, 339–347 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201200043
  183. J. Liang, Y. Wang, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, Z. Liu et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon 47, 922–925 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.12.038
  184. C. Gao, S. Zhang, F. Wang, B. Wen, C. Han et al., Graphene networks with low percolation threshold in ABS nanocomposites: selective localization and electrical and rheological properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 12252–12260 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am501843s
  185. D. Wang, X. Zhang, J.-W. Zha, J. Zhao, Z.-M. Dang et al., Dielectric properties of reduced graphene oxide/polypropylene composites with ultralow percolation threshold. Polymer 54, 1916–1922 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.02.012
  186. H. Pang, T. Chen, G. Zhang, B. Zeng, Z.-M. Li, An electrically conducting polymer/graphene composite with a very low percolation threshold. Mater. Lett. 64, 2226–2229 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.07.001
  187. L. Yang, Z. Wang, Y. Ji, J. Wang, G. Xue, Highly ordered 3D graphene-based polymer composite materials fabricated by “p-constructing” method and their outstanding conductivity. Macromolecules 47, 1749–1756 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma402364r
  188. P. Wang, H. Chong, J. Zhang, H. Lu, Constructing 3D graphene networks in polymer composites for significantly improved electrical and mechanical properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 22006–22017 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07328
  189. D.-X. Yan, H. Pang, B. Li, R. Vajtai, L. Xu et al., Structured reduced graphene oxide/polymer composites for ultra-efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 559–566 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201403809
  190. Q. Zhang, X. Xu, H. Li, G. Xiong, H. Hu et al., Mechanically robust honeycomb graphene aerogel multifunctional polymer composites. Carbon 93, 659–670 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.102
  191. G. Tang, Z.-G. Jiang, X. Li, H.-B. Zhang, A. Dasari et al., Three dimensional graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive composites. Carbon 77, 592–599 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.063
  192. Z. Fan, F. Gong, S.T. Nguyen, H.M. Duong, Advanced multifunctional graphene aerogel–Poly (methyl methacrylate) composites: experiments and modeling. Carbon 81, 396–404 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.09.072
  193. R. Ram, M. Rahaman, A. Aldalbahi, D. Khastgir, Determination of percolation threshold and electrical conductivity of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/short carbon fiber (SCF) composites: effect of SCF aspect ratio. Polym. Int. 66, 573–582 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5294
  194. X. Liu, X. Sun, Z. Wang, X. Shen, Y. Wu et al., Planar porous graphene woven fabric/epoxy composites with exceptional electrical, mechanical properties, and fracture toughness. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 21455–21464 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06476
  195. X. Shen, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Y.-B. He et al., A three-dimensional multilayer graphene web for polymer nanocomposites with exceptional transport properties and fracture resistance. Mater. Horiz. 5, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MH00984D
  196. X.-Y. Qi, D. Yan, Z. Jiang, Y.-K. Cao, Z.-Z. Yu et al., Enhanced electrical conductivity in polystyrene nanocomposites at ultra-low graphene content. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 3130–3133 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/am200628c
  197. X. Wang, H. Bai, Z. Yao, A. Liu, G. Shi, Electrically conductive and mechanically strong biomimetic chitosan/reduced graphene oxide composite films. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 9032–9036 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM01852J
  198. F.-Y. Yuan, H.-B. Zhang, X. Li, H.-L. Ma, X.-Z. Li et al., In situ chemical reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide for electrically conductive phenol formaldehyde composites. Carbon 68, 653–661 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.046
  199. L. Yang, W. Weng, X. Fei, L. Pan, X. Li et al., Revealing the interrelation between hydrogen bonds and interfaces in graphene/PVA composites towards highly electrical conductivity. Chem. Eng. J. 383, 123126 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123126
  200. V.H. Pham, T.T. Dang, S.H. Hur, E.J. Kim, J.S. Chung, Highly conductive poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-reduced graphene oxide composite prepared by self-assembly of PMMA latex and graphene oxide through electrostatic interaction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 2630–2636 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/am300297j
  201. P. Yang, S. Ghosh, T. Xia, J. Wang, M.A. Bissett et al., Joule heating and mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene based aerogel composite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 218, 109199 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109199
  202. C. Huang, J. Peng, S. Wan, Y. Du, S. Dou et al., Ultra-tough inverse artificial nacre based on epoxy-graphene by freeze-ting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 58, 7636–7640 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902410
  203. L.-C. Tang, Y.-J. Wan, D. Yan, Y.-B. Pei, L. Zhao et al., The effect of graphene dispersion on the mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon 60, 16–27 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.050
  204. M. Fang, Z. Zhang, J. Li, H. Zhang, H. Lu et al., Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 9635–9643 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM01620A
  205. S. Chandrasekaran, N. Sato, F. Tölle, R. Mülhaupt, B. Fiedler et al., Fracture toughness and failure mechanism of graphene based epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 97, 90–99 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.03.014
  206. L. Peng, Z. Xu, Z. Liu, Y. Guo, P. Li et al., Ultrahigh thermal conductive yet superflexible graphene films. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700589 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700589
  207. P. Liu, F. An, X. Lu, X. Li, P. Min et al., Highly thermally conductive phase change composites with excellent solar-thermal conversion efficiency and satisfactory shape stability on the basis of high-quality graphene-based aerogels. Compos. Sci. Technol. 201, 108492 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108492
  208. G. Lian, C.-C. Tuan, L. Li, S. Jiao, Q. Wang et al., Vertically aligned and interconnected graphene networks for high thermal conductivity of epoxy composites with ultralow loading. Chem. Mater. 28, 6096–6104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01595
  209. J. Yang, E. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Qu et al., Cellulose/graphene aerogel supported phase change composites with high thermal conductivity and good shape stability for thermal energy storage. Carbon 98, 50–57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.082
  210. J. Yang, G.-Q. Qi, Y. Liu, R.-Y. Bao, Z.-Y. Liu et al., Hybrid graphene aerogels/phase change material composites: thermal conductivity, shape-stabilization and light-to-thermal energy storage. Carbon 100, 693–702 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.063
  211. K.M.F. Shahil, A.A. Balandin, Graphene-multilayer graphene nanocomposites as highly efficient thermal interface materials. Nano Lett. 12, 861–867 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203906r
  212. X. Shen, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Y.-B. He et al., Multilayer graphene enables higher efficiency in improving thermal conductivities of graphene/epoxy composites. Nano Lett. 16, 3585–3593 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00722
  213. M. Shtein, R. Nadiv, M. Buzaglo, K. Kahil, O. Regev, Thermally conductive graphene-polymer composites: size, percolation, and synergy effects. Chem. Mater. 27, 2100–2106 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm504550e
  214. A. Li, C. Zhang, Y.-F. Zhang, RGO/TPU composite with a segregated structure as thermal interface material. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 101, 108–114 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.06.009
  215. A. Gao, F. Zhao, F. Wang, G. Zhang, S. Zhao et al., Highly conductive and light-weight acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer/reduced graphene nanocomposites with segregated conductive structure. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 122, 1–7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.04.019
  216. K.H. Kim, J.U. Jang, G.Y. Yoo, S.H. Kim, M.J. Oh et al., Enhanced electrical and thermal conductivities of polymer composites with a segregated network of graphene nanoplatelets. Materials 16, 5329 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155329
  217. N. Song, D. Cao, X. Luo, Q. Wang, P. Ding et al., Highly thermally conductive polypropylene/graphene composites for thermal management. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 135, 105912 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105912
  218. H. Ji, D.P. Sellan, M.T. Pettes, X. Kong, J. Ji et al., Enhanced thermal conductivity of phase change materials with ultrathin-graphite foams for thermal energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1185–1192 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42573H
  219. Q. Yan, J. Gao, D. Chen, P. Tao, L. Chen et al., A highly orientational architecture formed by covalently bonded graphene to achieve high through-plane thermal conductivity of polymer composites. Nanoscale 14, 11171–11178 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nr02265f
  220. J. Gong, Z. Liu, J. Yu, D. Dai, W. Dai et al., Graphene woven fabric-reinforced polyimide films with enhanced and anisotropic thermal conductivity. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 87, 290–296 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.010
  221. C. Shu, H.-Y. Zhao, S. Zhao, W. Deng, P. Min et al., Highly thermally conductive phase change composites with anisotropic graphene/cellulose nanofiber hybrid aerogels for efficient temperature regulation and solar-thermal-electric energy conversion applications. Compos. Part B Eng. 248, 110367 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110367
  222. N. Yousefi, X. Sun, X. Lin, X. Shen, J. Jia et al., Highly aligned graphene/polymer nanocomposites with excellent dielectric properties for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Mater. 26, 5480–5487 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305293
  223. C.A. Bashur, L.A. Dahlgren, A.S. Goldstein, Effect of fiber diameter and orientation on fibroblast morphology and proliferation on electrospun poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) meshes. Biomaterials 27, 5681–5688 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.005
  224. I.C. Parrag, P.W. Zandstra, K.A. Woodhouse, Fiber alignment and coculture with fibroblasts improves the differentiated phenotype of murine embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109, 813–822 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.23353
  225. S.H. McGee, R.L. McCullough, Characterization of fiber orientation in short-fiber composites. J. Appl. Phys. 55, 1394–1403 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333230
  226. M. Guc, S. Levcenko, I.V. Bodnar, V. Izquierdo-Roca, X. Fontane et al., Polarized Raman scattering study of kesterite type Cu2ZnSnS4 single crystals. Sci. Rep. 6, 19414 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19414
  227. Z. Zhang, C.-S. Lee, W. Zhang, Vertically aligned graphene nanosheet arrays: synthesis, properties and applications in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700678 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700678
  228. Y. Wu, X. Lin, X. Shen, X. Sun, X. Liu et al., Exceptional dielectric properties of chlorine-doped graphene oxide/poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites. Carbon 89, 102–112 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.074
  229. K. Chu, F. Wang, X.-H. Wang, D.-J. Huang, Anisotropic mechanical properties of graphene/copper composites with aligned graphene. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 713, 269–277 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.080
  230. Z. Li, R.J. Young, N.R. Wilson, I.A. Kinloch, C. Vallés et al., Effect of the orientation of graphene-based nanoplatelets upon the Young’s modulus of nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 123, 125–133 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.12.005
  231. Z. Li, R.J. Young, I.A. Kinloch, N.R. Wilson, A.J. Marsden et al., Quantitative determination of the spatial orientation of graphene by polarized Raman spectroscopy. Carbon 88, 215–224 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.072
  232. H. Yang, H. Hu, Z. Ni, C.K. Poh, C. Cong et al., Comparison of surface-enhanced Raman scattering on graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene surfaces. Carbon 62, 422–429 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.027
  233. T. Chatterjee, C.A. Mitchell, V.G. Hadjiev, R. Krishnamoorti, Oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes–poly(ethylene oxide) nanocomposites. Macromolecules 45, 9357–9363 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma301476r
  234. R. Pérez, S. Banda, Z. Ounaies, Determination of the orientation distribution function in aligned single wall nanotube polymer nanocomposites by polarized Raman spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 103, 074302 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2885347
  235. T. Liu, S. Kumar, Quantitative characterization of SWNT orientation by polarized Raman spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 378, 257–262 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(03)01287-9
  236. C.-S. Tsao, E.-W. Huang, M.-H. Wen, T.-Y. Kuo, S.-L. Jeng et al., Phase transformation and precipitation of an Al–Cu alloy during non-isothermal heating studied by in situ small-angle and wide-angle scattering. J. Alloys Compd. 579, 138–146 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.201
  237. S.A. Pabit, A.M. Katz, I.S. Tolokh, A. Drozdetski, N. Baker et al., Understanding nucleic acid structural changes by comparing wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) experiments to molecular dynamics simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 144, 205102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4950814
  238. J. Jing, Y. Chen, S. Shi, L. Yang, P. Lambin, Facile and scalable fabrication of highly thermal conductive polyethylene/graphene nanocomposites by combining solid-state shear milling and FDM 3D-printing aligning methods. Chem. Eng. J. 402, 126218 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126218
  239. S. Ansari, A. Kelarakis, L. Estevez, E.P. Giannelis, Oriented arrays of graphene in a polymer matrix by in situ reduction of graphite oxide nanosheets. Small 6, 205–209 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900765
  240. G. Xin, T. Yao, H. Sun, S.M. Scott, D. Shao et al., Highly thermally conductive and mechanically strong graphene fibers. Science 349, 1083–1087 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa6502
  241. Z. Xu, Y. Liu, X. Zhao, L. Peng, H. Sun et al., Ultrastiff and strong graphene fibers via full-scale synergetic defect engineering. Adv. Mater. 28, 6449–6456 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201506426
  242. Y. Cheng, G. Cui, C. Liu, Z. Liu, L. Yan et al., Electric Current aligning component units during graphene fiber joule heating. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2103493 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103493
  243. J.J. Hermans, P.H. Hermans, D. Vermaas, A. Weidinger, Quantitative evaluation of orientation in cellulose fibres from the X-ray fibre diagram. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 65, 427–447 (1946). https://doi.org/10.1002/recl.19460650605
  244. S. Lin, J. Tang, K. Zhang, T.S. Suzuki, Q. Wei et al., High-rate supercapacitor using magnetically aligned graphene. J. Power. Sources 482, 228995 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228995
  245. X. Lu, X. Feng, J.R. Werber, C. Chu, I. Zucker et al., Enhanced antibacterial activity through the controlled alignment of graphene oxide nanosheets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, E9793–E9801 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710996114
  246. L. Wu, M. Ohtani, M. Takata, A. Saeki, S. Seki et al., Magnetically induced anisotropic orientation of graphene oxide locked by in situ hydrogelation. ACS Nano 8, 4640–4649 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5003908
  247. X. Wang, W. Yu, L. Wang, H. Xie, Vertical orientation graphene/MXene hybrid phase change materials with anisotropic properties, high enthalpy, and photothermal conversion. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 65, 882–892 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-021-1997-4
  248. C. Shu, H.-Y. Zhao, X.-H. Lu, P. Min, Y. Zhang et al., High-quality anisotropic graphene aerogels and their thermally conductive phase change composites for efficient solar–thermal–electrical energy conversion. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11, 11991–12003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02154
  249. H. Ren, M. Tang, B. Guan, K. Wang, J. Yang et al., Hierarchical graphene foam for efficient omnidirectional solar-thermal energy conversion. Adv. Mater. 29, 1702590 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702590
  250. K.-T. Lin, H. Lin, T. Yang, B. Jia, Structured graphene metamaterial selective absorbers for high efficiency and omnidirectional solar thermal energy conversion. Nat. Commun. 11, 1389 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15116-z
  251. K. Sun, H. Dong, Y. Kou, H. Yang, H. Liu et al., Flexible graphene aerogel-based phase change film for solar-thermal energy conversion and storage in personal thermal management applications. Chem. Eng. J. 419, 129637 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129637
  252. Z. Luo, D. Yang, J. Liu, H.-Y. Zhao, T. Zhao et al., Nature-inspired solar-thermal gradient reduced graphene oxide aerogel-based bilayer phase change composites for self-adaptive personal thermal management. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2212032 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202212032
  253. G. Qi, J. Yang, R. Bao, D. Xia, M. Cao et al., Hierarchical graphene foam-based phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity and shape stability for efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion and storage. Nano Res. 10, 802–813 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1333-1
  254. J. Feng, X. Liu, F. Lin, S. Duan, K. Zeng et al., Aligned channel Gelatin@nanoGraphite aerogel supported form-stable phase change materials for solar-thermal energy conversion and storage. Carbon 201, 756–764 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.09.064
  255. X. Wu, L. Tang, S. Zheng, Y. Huang, J. Yang et al., Hierarchical unidirectional graphene aerogel/polyaniline composite for high performance supercapacitors. J. Power. Sources 397, 189–195 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.031
  256. Q. Huang, S. Ni, M. Jiao, X. Zhong, G. Zhou et al., Aligned carbon-based electrodes for fast-charging batteries: a review. Small 17, e2007676 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202007676
  257. Z.P. Cano, D. Banham, S. Ye, A. Hintennach, J. Lu et al., Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets. Nat. Energy 3, 279–289 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0108-1
  258. J.B. Goodenough, K.-S. Park, The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 1167–1176 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3091438
  259. G.-L. Zhu, C.-Z. Zhao, J.-Q. Huang, C. He, J. Zhang et al., Fast charging lithium batteries: recent progress and future prospects. Small 15, e1805389 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805389
  260. K.-H. Chen, M.J. Namkoong, V. Goel, C. Yang, S. Kazemiabnavi et al., Efficient fast-charging of lithium-ion batteries enabled by laser-patterned three-dimensional graphite anode architectures. J. Power. Sources 471, 228475 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228475
  261. G. Tan, L. Chong, R. Amine, J. Lu, C. Liu et al., Toward highly efficient electrocatalyst for Li-O2 batteries using biphasic N-doping Cobalt@Graphene multiple-capsule heterostructures. Nano Lett. 17, 2959–2966 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00207
  262. J. Zhou, M. Xie, F. Wu, G. Wei, Y. Mei et al., Toward uniform Li plating/stripping by optimizing Li-ion transport and nucleation of engineered graphene aerogel. Chem. Eng. J. 427, 130967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130967
  263. L. Dong, L. Zhang, S. Lin, Z. Chen, Y. Wang et al., Building vertically-structured, high-performance electrodes by interlayer-confined reactions in accordion-like, chemically expanded graphite. Nano Energy 70, 104482 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104482
  264. H. Chen, A. Pei, J. Wan, D. Lin, R. Vilá et al., Tortuosity effects in lithium-metal host anodes. Joule 4, 938–952 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.008
  265. S. Long, Y. Feng, F. He, J. Zhao, T. Bai et al., Biomass-derived, multifunctional and wave-layered carbon aerogels toward wearable pressure sensors, supercapacitors and triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 85, 105973 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105973
  266. J.D. Afroze, L. Tong, M.J. Abden, Y. Chen, Multifunctional hierarchical graphene-carbon fiber hybrid aerogels for strain sensing and energy storage. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 6, 18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00594-0
  267. P.-X. Li, G.-Z. Guan, X. Shi, L. Lu, Y.-C. Fan et al., Bidirectionally aligned MXene hybrid aerogels assembled with MXene nanosheets and microgels for supercapacitors. Rare Met. 42, 1249–1260 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02189-6
  268. Y. Zhao, Y. Alsaid, B. Yao, Y. Zhang, B. Zhang et al., Wood-inspired morphologically tunable aligned hydrogel for high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1909133 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201909133
  269. Y. Yoon, K. Lee, S. Kwon, S. Seo, H. Yoo et al., Vertical alignments of graphene sheets spatially and densely piled for fast ion diffusion in compact supercapacitors. ACS Nano 8, 4580–4590 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500150j
  270. Z. Peng, C. Yu, W. Zhong, Facile preparation of a 3D porous aligned graphene-based wall network architecture by confined self-assembly with shape memory for artificial muscle, pressure sensor, and flexible supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 17739–17753 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00987
  271. H. Liu, T. Xu, C. Cai, K. Liu, W. Liu et al., Multifunctional superelastic, superhydrophilic, and ultralight nanocellulose-based composite carbon aerogels for compressive supercapacitor and strain sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2270149 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202270149
  272. L.E. Bell, Cooling, heating, generating power, and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems. Science 321, 1457–1461 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158899
  273. G. Li, D. Dong, G. Hong, L. Yan, X. Zhang et al., High-efficiency cryo-thermocells assembled with anisotropic holey graphene aerogel electrodes and a eutectic redox electrolyte. Adv. Mater. 31, e1901403 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901403
  274. J. Duan, B. Yu, L. Huang, B. Hu, M. Xu et al., Liquid-state thermocells: opportunities and challenges for low-grade heat harvesting. Joule 5, 768–779 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.009
  275. E. Zhu, K. Pang, Y. Chen, S. Liu, X. Liu et al., Ultra-stable graphene aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding. Sci. China Mater. 66, 1106–1113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-022-2208-x
  276. T. Chen, M. Li, L. Zhou, X. Ding, D. Lin et al., Bio-inspired biomass-derived carbon aerogels with superior mechanical property for oil–water separation. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 6458–6465 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00910
  277. C. Dai, W. Sun, Z. Xu, J. Liu, J. Chen et al., Assembly of ultralight dual network graphene aerogel with applications for selective oil absorption. Langmuir 36, 13698–13707 (2020).
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3037 Download : 2290

Most read articles by the same author(s)