Issue

Vol. 15 (2023)

Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01109-2
Yibing Luo
State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Jianye Li
State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Qiongling Ding
State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Hao Wang
State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Chuan Liu
State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Jin Wu
State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jin Wu

wujin8@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 15 (2023), Article Number: 136

Abstract

Breathing is an inherent human activity; however, the composition of the air we inhale and gas exhale remains unknown to us. To address this, wearable vapor sensors can help people monitor air composition in real time to avoid underlying risks, and for the early detection and treatment of diseases for home healthcare. Hydrogels with three-dimensional polymer networks and large amounts of water molecules are naturally flexible and stretchable. Functionalized hydrogels are intrinsically conductive, self-healing, self-adhesive, biocompatible, and room-temperature sensitive. Compared with traditional rigid vapor sensors, hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors can directly fit human skin or clothing, and are more suitable for real-time monitoring of personal health and safety. In this review, current studies on hydrogel-based vapor sensors are investigated. The required properties and optimization methods of wearable hydrogel-based sensors are introduced. Subsequently, existing reports on the response mechanisms of hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors are summarized. Related works on hydrogel-based vapor sensors for their application in personal health and safety monitoring are presented. Moreover, the potential of hydrogels in the field of vapor sensing is elucidated. Finally, the current research status, challenges, and future trends of hydrogel gas/humidity sensing are discussed.


Highlights:


1 A systematic summary of the research progress of hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors is presented.
2 The sensing mechanism of hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors is elaborated.
3 The potential of hydrogel-based vapor sensors in different fields of application is demonstrated.

Keywords

Health and safety monitoring Gas and humidity sensor Functionalized hydrogel Wearable sensor Flexible and stretchable sensor
Luo, Yibing, Jianye Li, Qiongling Ding, Hao Wang, Chuan Liu, and Jin Wu. 2023. “Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors”. Nano-Micro Letters 15 (May):136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01109-2.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. S.M. Majhi, A. Mirzaei, H.W. Kim, S.S. Kim, T.W. Kim, Recent advances in energy-saving chemiresistive gas sensors: A review. Nano Energy 79, 105369 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105369
  2. T. Li, W. Yin, S. Gao, Y. Sun, P. Xu et al., The combination of two-dimensional nanomaterials with metal oxide nanops for gas sensors: A review. Nanomaterials 12, 982 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060982
  3. L. Zhu, W. Zeng, Room-temperature gas sensing of ZnO-based gas sensor: A review. Sens. Actuator A Phys. 267, 242 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.10.021
  4. Z. Li, H. Li, Z. Wu, M. Wang, J. Luo et al., Advances in designs and mechanisms of semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures for high-precision gas sensors operated at room temperature. Mater. Horiz. 6, 470 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH01365A
  5. J. Wang, S. Fan, Y. Xia, C. Yang, S. Komarneni, Room-temperature gas sensors based on ZnO nanorod/Au hybrids: Visible-light-modulated dual selectivity to NO2 and NH3. J. Hazard. Mater. 381, 120919 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120919
  6. Z. Yuan, Q. Zhao, C. Xie, J. Liang, X. Duan et al., Gold-loaded tellurium nanobelts gas sensor for ppt-level NO2 detection at room temperature. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 355, 131300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.131300
  7. X. Bai, H. Lv, Z. Liu, J. Chen, J. Wang et al., Thin-layered MoS2 nanoflakes vertically grown on SnO2 nanotubes as highly effective room-temperature NO2 gas sensor. J. Hazard. Mater. 416, 125830 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125830
  8. D.J. Late, T. Doneux, M. Bougouma, Single-layer MoSe2 based NH3 gas sensor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 233103 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4903358
  9. T. Wang, D. Huang, Z. Yang, S. Xu, G. He et al., A review on graphene-based gas/vapor sensors with unique properties and potential applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 8, 95 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0073-1
  10. Z. Song, Z. Wei, B. Wang, Z. Luo, S. Xu et al., Sensitive room-temperature H2S gas sensors employing SnO2 quantum wire/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 28, 1205 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04850
  11. L. Sui, T. Yu, D. Zhao, X. Cheng, X. Zhang et al., In situ deposited hierarchical CuO/NiO nanowall arrays film sensor with enhanced gas sensing performance to H2S. J. Hazard. Mater. 385, 121570 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121570
  12. K.-R. Park, H.-B. Cho, J. Lee, Y. Song, W.-B. Kim et al., Design of highly porous SnO2-CuO nanotubes for enhancing H2S gas sensor performance. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 302, 127179 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127179
  13. X. Liu, S. Qiao, Y. Ma, Highly sensitive methane detection based on light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy with a 2.33 µm diode laser and adaptive Savitzky-Golay filtering. Opt. Express 30, 1304 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.446294
  14. G.P. Mishra, D. Kumar, V.S. Chaudhary, S. Kumar, Design and sensitivity improvement of microstructured-core photonic crystal fiber based sensor for methane and hydrogen fluoride detection. IEEE Sens. J. 22, 1265 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3131694
  15. Y. Chen, P. Xu, X. Li, Y. Ren, Y. Deng, High-performance H2 sensors with selectively hydrophobic micro-plate for self-aligned upload of Pd nanodots modified mesoporous In2O3 sensing-material. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 267, 83 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.180
  16. J.-H. Lee, J.-H. Kim, J.-Y. Kim, A. Mirzaei, H.W. Kim et al., Ppb-level selective hydrogen gas detection of Pd-functionalized In2O3-loaded ZnO nanofiber gas sensors. Sensors 19, 4276 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194276
  17. C. Dong, M. Jiang, Y. Tao, Y. Shen, Y. Lu et al., Nonaqueous synthesis of Pd-functionalized SnO2/In2O3 nanocomposites for excellent butane sensing properties. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 257, 419 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.175
  18. Y. Su, G. Chen, C. Chen, Q. Gong, G. Xie et al., Self-powered respiration monitoring enabled by a triboelectric nanogenerator. Adv. Mater. 33, 2101262 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101262
  19. A.T. Güntner, S. Abegg, K. Königstein, P.A. Gerber, A. Schmidt-Trucksäss et al., Breath sensors for health monitoring. ACS Sens. 4, 268 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.8b00937
  20. H. Haick, Y.Y. Broza, P. Mochalski, V. Ruzsanyi, A. Amann, Assessment, origin, and implementation of breath volatile cancer markers. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 1423 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60329F
  21. F. Güder, A. Ainla, J. Redston, B. Mosadegh, A. Glavan et al., Paper-based electrical respiration sensor. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 55, 5727 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201511805
  22. A. Amann, B.L. Costello De, W. Miekisch, J. Schubert, B. Buszewski et al., The human volatilome: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. J. Breath Res. 8, 034001 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/034001
  23. E. Lee, A. VahidMohammadi, B.C. Prorok, Y.S. Yoon, M. Beidaghi et al., Room temperature gas sensing of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene). ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 37184 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b11055
  24. H. Tai, S. Wang, Z. Duan, Y. Jiang, Evolution of breath analysis based on humidity and gas sensors: Potential and challenges. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 318, 128104 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128104
  25. W. Liu, Y. Zheng, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Yang et al., Ultrasensitive exhaled breath sensors based on anti-resonant hollow core fiber with in situ grown ZnO-Bi2O3 nanosheets. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 8, 2001978 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202001978
  26. G. Li, Z. Cheng, Q. Xiang, L. Yan, X. Wang et al., Bimetal PdAu decorated SnO2 nanosheets based gas sensor with temperature-dependent dual selectivity for detecting formaldehyde and acetone. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 283, 590 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.09.117
  27. H. Tai, Z. Duan, Y. Wang, S. Wang, Y. Jiang, Paper-based sensors for gas, humidity, and strain detections: A review. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 31037 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06435
  28. Y. Khan, A.E. Ostfeld, C.M. Lochner, A. Pierre, A.C. Arias, Monitoring of vital signs with flexible and wearable medical devices. Adv. Mater. 28, 4373 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504366
  29. T. Li, Y. Li, T. Zhang, Materials, structures, and functions for flexible and stretchable biomimetic sensors. Acc. Chem. Res. 52, 288 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00497
  30. Y. Sun, J.A. Rogers, Inorganic semiconductors for flexible electronics. Adv. Mater. 19, 1897 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602223
  31. B. Wang, A. Facchetti, Mechanically flexible conductors for stretchable and wearable e-skin and e-textile devices. Adv. Mater. 31, 1901408 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901408
  32. F. Guan, Z. Han, M. Jin, Z. Wu, Y. Chen et al., Durable and flexible bio-assembled RGO-BC/BC bilayer electrodes for pressure sensing. Adv. Fiber Mater. 3, 128 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-021-00066-y
  33. L. Sun, H. Huang, Q. Ding, Y. Guo, W. Sun et al., Highly transparent, stretchable, and self-healable ionogel for multifunctional sensors, triboelectric nanogenerator, and wearable fibrous electronics. Adv. Fiber Mater. 4, 98 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-021-00086-8
  34. Q. Li, C. Ding, W. Yuan, R. Xie, X. Zhou et al., Highly stretchable and permeable conductors based on shrinkable electrospun fiber mats. Adv. Fiber Mater. 3, 302 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-021-00079-7
  35. L. Li, S. Zhao, W. Ran, Z. Li, Y. Yan et al., Dual sensing signal decoupling based on tellurium anisotropy for VR interaction and neuro-reflex system application. Nat. Commun. 13, 5975 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33716-9
  36. Y. Zheng, Y. Wang, Z. Li, Z. Yuan, S. Guo et al., MXene quantum dots/perovskite heterostructure enabling highly specific ultraviolet detection for skin prevention. Matter 6, 506 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2022.11.020
  37. K. Xu, Y. Lu, K. Takei, Multifunctional skin-inspired flexible sensor systems for wearable electronics. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4, 1800628 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800628
  38. W. Chen, X. Yan, Progress in achieving high-performance piezoresistive and capacitive flexible pressure sensors: A review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 43, 175 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.11.010
  39. X. Wang, L. Dong, H. Zhang, R. Yu, C. Pan et al., Recent progress in electronic skin. Adv. Sci. 2, 1500169 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500169
  40. Z.F. Liu, S. Fang, F.A. Moura, J.N. Ding, N. Jiang et al., Hierarchically buckled sheath-core fibers for superelastic electronics, sensors, and muscles. Science 349, 400 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa7952
  41. Y. Liu, M. Li, J. Liu, X. Chen, Mechanism of surface wrinkle modulation for a stiff film on compliant substrate. J. Appl. Mech. 84, 051011 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036256
  42. J. Yun, Y. Lim, G.N. Jang, D. Kim, S.-J. Lee et al., Stretchable patterned graphene gas sensor driven by integrated micro-supercapacitor array. Nano Energy 19, 401 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.11.023
  43. L.T. Duy, T.Q. Trung, A. Hanif, S. Siddiqui, E. Roh et al., A stretchable and highly sensitive chemical sensor using multilayered network of polyurethane nanofibres with self-assembled reduced graphene oxide. 2D Mater. 4, 025062 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa6783
  44. S.J. Kim, H.-J. Koh, C.E. Ren, O. Kwon, K. Maleski et al., Metallic Ti3C2Tx MXene gas sensors with ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio. ACS Nano 12, 986 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07460
  45. X. Kou, N. Xie, F. Chen, T. Wang, L. Guo et al., Superior acetone gas sensor based on electrospun SnO2 nanofibers by Rh doping. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 256, 861 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.011
  46. S. Nie, D. Dastan, J. Li, W.-D. Zhou, S.-S. Wu et al., Gas-sensing selectivity of n-ZnO/p-Co3O4 sensors for homogeneous reducing gas. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 150, 109864 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2020.109864
  47. Z. Li, X. Liu, M. Zhou, S. Zhang, S. Cao et al., Plasma-induced oxygen vacancies enabled ultrathin ZnO films for highly sensitive detection of triethylamine. J. Hazard. Mater. 415, 125757 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125757
  48. Y. Liang, J. He, B. Guo, Functional hydrogels as wound dressing to enhance wound healing. ACS Nano 15, 12687 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04206
  49. N. Annabi, A. Tamayol, J.A. Uquillas, M. Akbari, L.E. Bertassoni et al., 25th anniversary : Rational design and applications of hydrogels in regenerative medicine. Adv. Mater. 26, 85 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201303233
  50. Z. Tong, L. Jin, J.M. Oliveira, R.L. Reis, Q. Zhong et al., Adaptable hydrogel with reversible linkages for regenerative medicine: Dynamic mechanical microenvironment for cells. Bioact. Mater. 6, 1375 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.029
  51. J. Tavakoli, Y. Tang, Hydrogel based sensors for biomedical applications: An updated review. Polymers 9, 364 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080364
  52. X. Liu, J. Liu, S. Lin, X. Zhao, Hydrogel machines. Mater. Today 36, 102 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.026
  53. E.M. Ahmed, Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. J. Adv. Res. 6, 105 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006
  54. O. Wichterle, D. Lím, Hydrophilic gels for biological use. Nature 185, 117 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1038/185117a0
  55. N. Dehbari, J. Tavakoli, J. Zhao, Y. Tang, In situ formed internal water channels improving water swelling and mechanical properties of water swellable rubber composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134, 44548 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44548
  56. M. Cretich, G. Pirri, F. Damin, I. Solinas, M. Chiari, A new polymeric coating for protein microarrays. Anal. Biochem. 332, 67 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.05.041
  57. J. Li, Q. Ding, H. Wang, Z. Wu, X. Gui, et al., Engineering Smart Composite Hydrogels for Wearable Disease Monitoring. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 105 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01079-5
  58. A.S. Hoffman, Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 18 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.010
  59. A. Khademhosseini, R. Langer, Microengineered hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 28, 5087 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.021
  60. K.T. Nguyen, J.L. West, Photopolymerizable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 23, 4307 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00175-8
  61. D.R. Griffin, W.M. Weaver, P.O. Scumpia, D. Di Carlo, T. Segura, Accelerated wound healing by injectable microporous gel scaffolds assembled from annealed building blocks. Nat. Mater. 14, 737 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4294
  62. J.L. Drury, D.J. Mooney, Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials 24, 4337 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00340-5
  63. K. Zhai, H. Wang, Q. Ding, Z. Wu, M. Ding et al., High-performance strain sensors based on organohydrogel microsphere film for wearable human–computer interfacing. Adv. Sci. 10, 2205632 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202205632
  64. W. Huang, S. Cheng, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, L. Chen et al., Noncompressible hemostasis and bone regeneration induced by an absorbable bioadhesive self-healing hydrogel. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2009189 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202009189
  65. E. Caló, V.V. Khutoryanskiy, Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products. Eur. Polym. J. 65, 252 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.024
  66. P. Thoniyot, M.J. Tan, A.A. Karim, D.J. Young, X.J. Loh, Nanop–hydrogel composites: Concept, design, and applications of these promising, multi-functional materials. Adv. Sci. 2, 1400010 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201400010
  67. Q. Ding, Z. Zhou, H. Wang, Z. Wu, K. Tao et al., Self-healable, recyclable, ultrastretchable, and high-performance NO2 sensors based on an organohydrogel for room and sub-zero temperature and wireless operation. SmartMat 4, e1141 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1141
  68. H. Zhi, J. Gao, L. Feng, Hydrogel-based gas sensors for NO2 and NH3. ACS Sens. 5, 772 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b02383
  69. Y. Wei, H. Wang, Q. Ding, Z. Wu, H. Zhang et al., Hydrogel- and organohydrogel-based stretchable, ultrasensitive, transparent, room-temperature and real-time NO2 sensors and the mechanism. Mater. Horiz. 9, 1921 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MH00284A
  70. J. Wu, Z. Wu, W. Huang, X. Yang, Y. Liang et al., Stretchable, stable, and room-temperature gas sensors based on self-healing and transparent organohydrogels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 52070 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17669
  71. L. Liu, T. Fei, X. Guan, X. Lin, H. Zhao et al., Room temperature ammonia gas sensor based on ionic conductive biomass hydrogels. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 320, 128318 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128318
  72. L. Liu, T. Fei, X. Guan, H. Zhao, T. Zhang, Humidity-activated ammonia sensor with excellent selectivity for exhaled breath analysis. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 334, 129625 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129625
  73. R. Wang, M. Zhang, Y. Guan, M. Chen, Y. Zhang, A CO2-responsive hydrogel film for optical sensing of dissolved CO2. Soft Matter 15, 6107 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM00958B
  74. J. Wu, K. Tao, J. Zhang, Y. Guo, J. Miao et al., Chemically functionalized 3D graphene hydrogel for high performance gas sensing. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 8130 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA01426G
  75. Y. Lin, Z. Wu, C. Li, Q. Ding, K. Tao et al., Deformable, transparent, high-performance, room-temperature oxygen sensors based on ion-conductive, environment-tolerant, and green organohydrogels. EcoMat 4, e12220 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12220
  76. L. Liu, T. Fei, X. Guan, H. Zhao, T. Zhang, Highly sensitive and chemically stable NH3 sensors based on an organic acid-sensitized cross-linked hydrogel for exhaled breath analysis. Biosens. Bioelectron. 191, 113459 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113459
  77. Y. Liang, Z. Wu, Y. Wei, Q. Ding, M. Zilberman et al., Self-healing, self-adhesive and stable organohydrogel-based stretchable oxygen sensor with high performance at room temperature. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00787-0
  78. Y. Gao, F. Jia, G. Gao, Ultra-thin, transparent, anti-freezing organohydrogel film responded to a wide range of humidity and temperature. Chem. Eng. J. 430, 132919 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132919
  79. M. Xia, N. Pan, C. Zhang, C. Zhang, W. Fan et al., Self-powered multifunction ionic skins based on gradient polyelectrolyte hydrogels. ACS Nano 16, 4714 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c11505
  80. Q. Ding, Z. Wu, K. Tao, Y. Wei, W. Wang et al., Environment tolerant, adaptable and stretchable organohydrogels: Preparation, optimization, and applications. Mater. Horiz. 9, 1356 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MH01871J
  81. A. Bag, N. Lee, Recent advancements in development of wearable gas sensors. Adv. Mater. Technol. 6, 2000883 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000883
  82. Y. Liu, L. Wang, Y. Mi, S. Zhao, S. Qi et al., Transparent stretchable hydrogel sensors: materials, design and applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 10, 13351 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TC01104B
  83. B. Guo, Z. Ma, L. Pan, Y. Shi, Properties of conductive polymer hydrogels and their application in sensors. J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B: Polym. Phys. 57, 1606 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24899
  84. Z. Wu, X. Yang, J. Wu, Conductive hydrogel- and organohydrogel-based stretchable sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 2128 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c21841
  85. A.M. Rosales, K.S. Anseth, The design of reversible hydrogels to capture extracellular matrix dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 15012 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2015.12
  86. Z. Sun, C. Song, C. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wu, Hydrogel-based controlled drug delivery for cancer treatment: A review. Mol. Pharmaceutics 17, 373 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01020
  87. Z. Wang, H. Li, Z. Tang, Z. Liu, Z. Ruan et al., Hydrogel electrolytes for flexible aqueous energy storage devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1804560 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201804560
  88. T. Jiang, J.G. Munguia-Lopez, K. Gu, M.M. Bavoux, S. Flores-Torres et al., Engineering bioprintable alginate/gelatin composite hydrogels with tunable mechanical and cell adhesive properties to modulate tumor spheroid growth kinetics. Biofabrication 12, 015024 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab3a5c
  89. A. Fatimi, O.V. Okoro, D. Podstawczyk, J. Siminska-Stanny, A. Shavandi, Natural hydrogel-based bio-inks for 3d bioprinting in tissue engineering: A review. Gels 8, 179 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8030179
  90. M.K. Włodarczyk-Biegun, A. del Campo, 3D bioprinting of structural proteins. Biomaterials 134, 180 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.019
  91. J.W. Chang, S.A. Park, J.-K. Park, J.W. Choi, Y.-S. Kim et al., Tissue-engineered tracheal reconstruction using three-dimensionally printed artificial tracheal graft: Preliminary report. Artif. Organs 38, E95 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.12310
  92. K. Gul, R.-Y. Gan, C.-X. Sun, G. Jiao, D.-T. Wu et al., Recent advances in the structure, synthesis, and applications of natural polymeric hydrogels. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62, 3817 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1870034
  93. M. Klein, E. Poverenov, Natural biopolymer-based hydrogels for use in food and agriculture. J. Sci. Food Agric. 100, 2337 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10274
  94. S. Ahmad, M. Ahmad, K. Manzoor, R. Purwar, S. Ikram, A review on latest innovations in natural gums based hydrogels: Preparations & applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 136, 870 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.113
  95. J. Liu, H. Wang, R. Ou, X. Yi, T. Liu et al., Anti-bacterial silk-based hydrogels for multifunctional electrical skin with mechanical-thermal dual sensitive integration. Chem. Eng. J. 426, 130722 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130722
  96. X. Liu, Y. Yang, M.E. Inda, S. Lin, J. Wu et al., Magnetic living hydrogels for intestinal localization, retention, and diagnosis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2010918 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202010918
  97. M.K. Shin, G.M. Spinks, S.R. Shin, S.I. Kim, S.J. Kim, Nanocomposite hydrogel with high toughness for bioactuators. Adv. Mater. 21, 1712 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802205
  98. L. Liu, S. Jiang, Y. Sun, S. Agarwal, Giving direction to motion and surface with ultra-fast speed using oriented hydrogel fibers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 1021 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503612
  99. J. Odent, S. Vanderstappen, A. Toncheva, E. Pichon, T.J. Wallin et al., Hierarchical chemomechanical encoding of multi-responsive hydrogel actuators via 3D printing. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 15395 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA03547H
  100. J. Liu, S. Lin, X. Liu, Z. Qin, Y. Yang et al., Fatigue-resistant adhesion of hydrogels. Nat. Commun. 11, 1071 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14871-3
  101. H. Lei, L. Dong, Y. Li, J. Zhang, H. Chen et al., Stretchable hydrogels with low hysteresis and anti-fatigue fracture based on polyprotein cross-linkers. Nat. Commun. 11, 4032 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17877-z
  102. M.L. Pita-López, G. Fletes-Vargas, H. Espinosa-Andrews, R. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Physically cross-linked chitosan-based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A state-of-the-art review. Eur. Polym. J. 145, 110176 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110176
  103. M. Guo, L.M. Pitet, H.M. Wyss, M. Vos, P.Y.W. Dankers et al., Tough stimuli-responsive supramolecular hydrogels with hydrogen-bonding network junctions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 6969 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja500205v
  104. X. Zhao, Y. Liang, Y. Huang, J. He, Y. Han et al., Physical double-network hydrogel adhesives with rapid shape adaptability, fast self-healing, antioxidant and NIR/pH stimulus-responsiveness for multidrug-resistant bacterial infection and removable wound dressing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1910748 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910748
  105. H. Sun, Y. Zhao, C. Wang, K. Zhou, C. Yan et al., Ultra-stretchable, durable and conductive hydrogel with hybrid double network as high performance strain sensor and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 76, 105035 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105035
  106. Q. Chen, L. Zhu, H. Chen, H. Yan, L. Huang et al., A novel design strategy for fully physically linked double network hydrogels with tough, fatigue resistant, and self-healing properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 1598 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201404357
  107. A. Phadke, C. Zhang, B. Arman, C.-C. Hsu, R.A. Mashelkar et al., Rapid self-healing hydrogels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 4383 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201122109
  108. Y.S. Zhang, A. Khademhosseini, Advances in engineering hydrogels. Science 356, eaaf3627 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf3627
  109. H. Kamata, Y. Akagi, Y. Kayasuga-Kariya, U. Chung, T. Sakai, “Nonswellable” hydrogel without mechanical hysteresis. Science 343, 873 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247811
  110. Z. Han, P. Wang, Y. Lu, Z. Jia, S. Qu et al., A versatile hydrogel network–repairing strategy achieved by the covalent-like hydrogen bond interaction. Sci. Adv. 8, eabl5066 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl5066
  111. T. Sakai, T. Matsunaga, Y. Yamamoto, C. Ito, R. Yoshida et al., Design and fabrication of a high-strength hydrogel with ideally homogeneous network structure from tetrahedron-like macromonomers. Macromolecules 41, 5379 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma800476x
  112. K. Haraguchi, T. Takehisa, Nanocomposite hydrogels: A unique organic-inorganic network structure with extraordinary mechanical, optical, and swelling/De-swelling properties. Adv. Mater. 14, 1120 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020816)14:16%3c1120::AID-ADMA1120%3e3.0.CO;2-9
  113. F. Berto, P. Lazzarin, Recent developments in brittle and quasi-brittle failure assessment of engineering materials by means of local approaches. Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep. 75, 1 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2013.11.001
  114. R. Kotani, S. Yokoyama, S. Nobusue, S. Yamaguchi, A. Osuka et al., Bridging pico-to-nanonewtons with a ratiometric force probe for monitoring nanoscale polymer physics before damage. Nat. Commun. 13, 303 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-27972-y
  115. R.A. Korver, I.T. Koevoets, C. Testerink, Out of shape during stress: a key role for auxin. Trends Plant Sci. 23, 783 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011
  116. T. Matsunaga, T. Sakai, Y. Akagi, U. Chung, M. Shibayama, SANS and SLS studies on tetra-arm PEG gels in as-prepared and swollen states. Macromolecules 42, 6245 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma901013q
  117. A. Sugimura, M. Asai, T. Matsunaga, Y. Akagi, T. Sakai et al., Mechanical properties of a polymer network of Tetra-PEG gel. Polym. J. 45, 300 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.149
  118. M.A. Darabi, A. Khosrozadeh, R. Mbeleck, Y. Liu, Q. Chang et al., Skin-inspired multifunctional autonomic-intrinsic conductive self-healing hydrogels with pressure sensitivity, stretchability, and 3d printability. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700533 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700533
  119. Y. Wang, F. Chen, Z. Liu, Z. Tang, Q. Yang et al., A highly elastic and reversibly stretchable all-polymer supercapacitor. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 58, 15707 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908985
  120. H. Li, H. Zheng, Y.J. Tan, S.B. Tor, K. Zhou, Development of an ultrastretchable double-network hydrogel for flexible strain sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 12814 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c19104
  121. S. Tang, J. Yang, L. Lin, K. Peng, Y. Chen et al., Construction of physically crosslinked chitosan/sodium alginate/calcium ion double-network hydrogel and its application to heavy metal ions removal. Chem. Eng. J. 393, 124728 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124728
  122. Q. Chen, L. Zhu, C. Zhao, Q. Wang, J. Zheng, A robust, one-pot synthesis of highly mechanical and recoverable double network hydrogels using thermoreversible sol-gel polysaccharide. Adv. Mater. 25, 4171 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300817
  123. D. Chimene, R. Kaunas, A.K. Gaharwar, Hydrogel bioink reinforcement for additive manufacturing: a focused review of emerging strategies. Adv. Mater. 32, 1902026 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902026
  124. T.L. Sun, T. Kurokawa, S. Kuroda, A.B. Ihsan, T. Akasaki et al., Physical hydrogels composed of polyampholytes demonstrate high toughness and viscoelasticity. Nat. Mater. 12, 932 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3713
  125. S. Xia, S. Song, G. Gao, Robust and flexible strain sensors based on dual physically cross-linked double network hydrogels for monitoring human-motion. Chem. Eng. J. 354, 817 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.053
  126. J. Wu, Z. Wu, S. Han, B.-R. Yang, X. Gui et al., Extremely deformable, transparent, and high-performance gas sensor based on ionic conductive hydrogel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 2364 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17437
  127. Z. Wang, Y. Cong, J. Fu, Stretchable and tough conductive hydrogels for flexible pressure and strain sensors. J. Mater. Chem. B 8, 3437 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB02570G
  128. B. Yao, H. Wang, Q. Zhou, M. Wu, M. Zhang et al., Ultrahigh-conductivity polymer hydrogels with arbitrary structures. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700974 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700974
  129. X. Hu, X.-X. Xia, S.-C. Huang, Z.-G. Qian, Development of adhesive and conductive resilin-based hydrogels for wearable sensors. Biomacromol 20, 3283 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00389
  130. X. Bai, Y. Yu, H.H. Kung, B. Wang, J. Jiang, Si@SiOx/graphene hydrogel composite anode for lithium-ion battery. J. Power Sources 306, 42 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.102
  131. Z. Chen, J.W.F. To, C. Wang, Z. Lu, N. Liu et al., A three-dimensionally interconnected carbon nanotube–conducting polymer hydrogel network for high-performance flexible battery electrodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1400207 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400207
  132. Z. Wang, H. Zhou, J. Lai, B. Yan, H. Liu et al., Extremely stretchable and electrically conductive hydrogels with dually synergistic networks for wearable strain sensors. J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 9200 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC02505C
  133. J. Chen, Q. Peng, T. Thundat, H. Zeng, Stretchable, injectable, and self-healing conductive hydrogel enabled by multiple hydrogen bonding toward wearable electronics. Chem. Mater. 31, 4553 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01239
  134. L. Pan, G. Yu, D. Zhai, H.R. Lee, W. Zhao et al., Hierarchical nanostructured conducting polymer hydrogel with high electrochemical activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 9287 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202636109
  135. J. Wu, K. Tao, J. Miao, L.K. Norford, Improved selectivity and sensitivity of gas sensing using a 3d reduced graphene oxide hydrogel with an integrated microheater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 27502 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b09695
  136. P. Wei, T. Chen, G. Chen, H. Liu, I.T. Mugaanire et al., Conductive self-healing nanocomposite hydrogel skin sensors with antifreezing and thermoresponsive properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 3068 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20254
  137. W. Zhang, J. Ma, W. Zhang, P. Zhang, W. He et al., A multidimensional nanostructural design towards electrochemically stable and mechanically strong hydrogel electrodes. Nanoscale 12, 6637 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR01414A
  138. G. Su, J. Cao, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Yin et al., Human-tissue-inspired anti-fatigue-fracture hydrogel for a sensitive wide-range human–machine interface. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 2074 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA08111A
  139. R. An, B. Zhang, L. Han, X. Wang, Y. Zhang et al., Strain-sensitivity conductive MWCNTs composite hydrogel for wearable device and near-infrared photosensor. J. Mater. Sci. 54, 8515 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03438-3
  140. X. Zhang, N. Sheng, L. Wang, Y. Tan, C. Liu et al., Supramolecular nanofibrillar hydrogels as highly stretchable, elastic and sensitive ionic sensors. Mater. Horiz. 6, 326 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH01188E
  141. Y.-J. Liu, W.-T. Cao, M.-G. Ma, P. Wan, Ultrasensitive wearable soft strain sensors of conductive, self-healing, and elastic hydrogels with synergistic “soft and hard” hybrid networks. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 25559 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07639
  142. Z. Wang, J. Chen, Y. Cong, H. Zhang, T. Xu et al., Ultrastretchable strain sensors and arrays with high sensitivity and linearity based on super tough conductive hydrogels. Chem. Mater. 30, 8062 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03999
  143. Y. Peng, B. Yan, Y. Li, J. Lan, L. Shi et al., Antifreeze and moisturizing high conductivity PEDOT/PVA hydrogels for wearable motion sensor. J. Mater. Sci. 55, 1280 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04101-7
  144. Y. Peng, M. Pi, X. Zhang, B. Yan, Y. Li et al., High strength, antifreeze, and moisturizing conductive hydrogel for human-motion detection. Polymer 196, 122469 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122469
  145. Q. Wang, X. Pan, C. Lin, D. Lin, Y. Ni et al., Biocompatible, self-wrinkled, antifreezing and stretchable hydrogel-based wearable sensor with PEDOT:sulfonated lignin as conductive materials. Chem. Eng. J. 370, 1039 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.287
  146. L. Guan, S. Yan, X. Liu, X. Li, G. Gao, Wearable strain sensors based on casein-driven tough, adhesive and anti-freezing hydrogels for monitoring human-motion. J. Mater. Chem. B 7, 5230 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB01340G
  147. A. Keller, J. Pham, H. Warren, Conducting hydrogels for edible electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. B 5, 5318 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01247K
  148. C.-J. Lee, H. Wu, Y. Hu, M. Young, H. Wang et al., Ionic conductivity of polyelectrolyte hydrogels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 5845 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b15934
  149. X. Li, H. Charaya, G.M. Bernard, J.A.W. Elliott, V.K. Michaelis et al., Low-temperature ionic conductivity enhanced by disrupted ice formation in polyampholyte hydrogels. Macromolecules 51, 2723 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02498
  150. Z. Wu, L. Rong, J. Yang, Y. Wei, K. Tao et al., Ion-conductive hydrogel-based stretchable, self-healing, and transparent NO2 sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity at room temperature. Small 17, 2104997 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202104997
  151. H. Yuk, T. Zhang, G.A. Parada, X. Liu, X. Zhao, Skin-inspired hydrogel–elastomer hybrids with robust interfaces and functional microstructures. Nat. Commun. 7, 12028 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12028
  152. Z. Wu, Q. Ding, Z. Li, Z. Zhou, L. Luo et al., Ultrasensitive, stretchable, and transparent humidity sensor based on ion-conductive double-network hydrogel thin films. Sci. China Mater. 65, 2540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-2022-1
  153. G. Cai, J. Wang, K. Qian, J. Chen, S. Li et al., Extremely stretchable strain sensors based on conductive self-healing dynamic cross-links hydrogels for human-motion detection. Adv. Sci. 4, 1600190 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600190
  154. T. Li, L. Li, H. Sun, Y. Xu, X. Wang et al., Porous ionic membrane based flexible humidity sensor and its multifunctional applications. Adv. Sci. 4, 1600404 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600404
  155. X.-F. Zhang, X. Ma, T. Hou, K. Guo, J. Yin et al., Inorganic salts induce thermally reversible and anti-freezing cellulose hydrogels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 7366 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902578
  156. S. Huang, L. Hou, T. Li, Y. Jiao, P. Wu, Antifreezing hydrogel electrolyte with ternary hydrogen bonding for high-performance zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 34, 2110140 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202110140
  157. G. Chen, J. Huang, J. Gu, S. Peng, X. Xiang et al., Highly tough supramolecular double network hydrogel electrolytes for an artificial flexible and low-temperature tolerant sensor. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 6776 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA00002G
  158. Y. Bai, B. Chen, F. Xiang, J. Zhou, H. Wang et al., Transparent hydrogel with enhanced water retention capacity by introducing highly hydratable salt. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 151903 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4898189
  159. Y. Ye, Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, X. Han, F. Jiang, Cellulose nanofibrils enhanced, strong, stretchable, freezing-tolerant ionic conductive organohydrogel for multi-functional sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2003430 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202003430
  160. D.H. Rasmussen, A.P. Mackenzie, Phase diagram for the system water–dimethylsulphoxide. Nature 220, 1315 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1038/2201315a0
  161. W.P. Williams, P.J. Quinn, L.I. Tsonev, R.D. Koynova, The effects of glycerol on the phase behaviour of hydrated distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine and its possible relation to the mode of action of cryoprotectants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr. 1062, 123 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(91)90383-J
  162. M. Matsugami, T. Takamuku, T. Otomo, T. Yamaguchi, Thermal properties and mixing state of ethylene glycol-water binary solutions by calorimetry, large-angle X-ray scattering, and small-angle neutron scattering. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 12372 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp061456r
  163. Q. Rong, W. Lei, L. Chen, Y. Yin, J. Zhou et al., Anti-freezing, conductive self-healing organohydrogels with stable strain-sensitivity at subzero temperatures. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 56, 14159 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201708614
  164. D. Xia, P. Wang, X. Ji, N.M. Khashab, J.L. Sessler et al., Functional supramolecular polymeric networks: the marriage of covalent polymers and macrocycle-based host–guest interactions. Chem. Rev. 120, 6070 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00839
  165. Z. Hu, D. Zhang, F. Lu, W. Yuan, X. Xu et al., Multistimuli-responsive intrinsic self-healing epoxy resin constructed by host–guest interactions. Macromolecules 51, 5294 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01124
  166. Z. Qin, X. Sun, Q. Yu, H. Zhang, X. Wu et al., Carbon nanotubes/hydrophobically associated hydrogels as ultrastretchable, highly sensitive, stable strain, and pressure sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 4944 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b21659
  167. R. Yu, Y. Yang, J. He, M. Li, B. Guo, Novel supramolecular self-healing silk fibroin-based hydrogel via host–guest interaction as wound dressing to enhance wound healing. Chem. Eng. J. 417, 128278 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128278
  168. X. Dai, Y. Zhang, L. Gao, T. Bai, W. Wang et al., A mechanically strong, highly stable, thermoplastic, and self-healable supramolecular polymer hydrogel. Adv. Mater. 27, 3566 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500534
  169. D. Zhao, M. Feng, L. Zhang, B. He, X. Chen et al., Facile synthesis of self-healing and layered sodium alginate/polyacrylamide hydrogel promoted by dynamic hydrogen bond. Carbohydr. Polym. 256, 117580 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117580
  170. C.-H. Li, J.-L. Zuo, Self-healing polymers based on coordination bonds. Adv. Mater. 32, 1903762 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903762
  171. Y. Yang, M.W. Urban, Self-healing polymeric materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 7446 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60109A
  172. Y. Wang, Q. Chen, M. Chen, Y. Guan, Y. Zhang, PHEMA hydrogel films crosslinked with dynamic disulfide bonds: Synthesis, swelling-induced mechanical instability and self-healing. Polym. Chem. 10, 4844 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9PY00670B
  173. M. Chen, J. Tian, Y. Liu, H. Cao, R. Li et al., Dynamic covalent constructed self-healing hydrogel for sequential delivery of antibacterial agent and growth factor in wound healing. Chem. Eng. J. 373, 413 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.043
  174. G. Deng, F. Li, H. Yu, F. Liu, C. Liu et al., Dynamic hydrogels with an environmental adaptive self-healing ability and dual responsive sol–gel transitions. ACS Macro Lett. 1, 275 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/mz200195n
  175. P. Li, S. Liu, X. Yang, S. Du, W. Tang et al., Low-drug resistance carbon quantum dots decorated injectable self-healing hydrogel with potent antibiofilm property and cutaneous wound healing. Chem. Eng. J. 403, 126387 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126387
  176. S. Talebian, M. Mehrali, N. Taebnia, C.P. Pennisi, F.B. Kadumudi et al., Self-healing hydrogels: The next paradigm shift in tissue engineering? Adv. Sci. 6, 1801664 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201801664
  177. J. Amirian, Y. Zeng, M.I. Shekh, G. Sharma, F.J. Stadler et al., In-situ crosslinked hydrogel based on amidated pectin/oxidized chitosan as potential wound dressing for skin repairing. Carbohydr. Polym. 251, 117005 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117005
  178. H. Zhang, H. Xia, Y. Zhao, Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel can autonomously self-heal. ACS Macro Lett. 1, 1233 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/mz300451r
  179. S. Owusu-Nkwantabisah, J. Gillmor, S. Switalski, M.R. Mis, G. Bennett et al., Synergistic thermoresponsive optical properties of a composite self-healing hydrogel. Macromolecules 50, 3671 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00355
  180. D.C. Tuncaboylu, M. Sari, W. Oppermann, O. Okay, Tough and self-healing hydrogels formed via hydrophobic interactions. Macromolecules 44, 4997 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200579v
  181. N. Holten-Andersen, M.J. Harrington, H. Birkedal, B.P. Lee, P.B. Messersmith et al., PH-induced metal-ligand cross-links inspired by mussel yield self-healing polymer networks with near-covalent elastic moduli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 2651 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015862108
  182. L. Shi, H. Carstensen, K. Hölzl, M. Lunzer, H. Li et al., Dynamic coordination chemistry enables free directional printing of biopolymer hydrogel. Chem. Mater. 29, 5816 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00128
  183. T. Kakuta, Y. Takashima, M. Nakahata, M. Otsubo, H. Yamaguchi et al., Preorganized hydrogel: self-healing properties of supramolecular hydrogels formed by polymerization of host–guest-monomers that contain cyclodextrins and hydrophobic guest groups. Adv. Mater. 25, 2849 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201205321
  184. K. Miyamae, M. Nakahata, Y. Takashima, A. Harada, Self-healing, expansion–contraction, and shape-memory properties of a preorganized supramolecular hydrogel through host–guest interactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 8984 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201502957
  185. L. Han, L. Yan, K. Wang, L. Fang, H. Zhang et al., Tough, self-healable and tissue-adhesive hydrogel with tunable multifunctionality. NPG Asia Mater. 9, e372 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2017.33
  186. L. Han, X. Lu, K. Liu, K. Wang, L. Fang et al., Mussel-inspired adhesive and tough hydrogel based on nanoclay confined dopamine polymerization. ACS Nano 11, 2561 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05318
  187. L. Li, W. Smitthipong, H. Zeng, Mussel-inspired hydrogels for biomedical and environmental applications. Polym. Chem. 6, 353 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4py01415d
  188. L. Li, B. Yan, J. Yang, L. Chen, H. Zeng, Novel mussel-inspired injectable self-healing hydrogel with anti-biofouling property. Adv. Mater. 27, 1294 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405166
  189. G. Deng, C. Tang, F. Li, H. Jiang, Y. Chen, Covalent cross-linked polymer gels with reversible sol−gel transition and self-healing properties. Macromolecules 43, 1191 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9022197
  190. T. Elshaarani, H. Yu, L. Wang, R.S.U. Zain-ul-Abdin et al., Synthesis of hydrogel-bearing phenylboronic acid moieties and their applications in glucose sensing and insulin delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B 6, 3831 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB03332J
  191. Y. Chen, Z. Tan, W. Wang, Y.Y. Peng, R. Narain, Injectable, self-healing, and multi-responsive hydrogels via dynamic covalent bond formation between benzoxaborole and hydroxyl groups. Biomacromol 20, 1028 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01652
  192. V. Yesilyurt, M.J. Webber, E.A. Appel, C. Godwin, R. Langer et al., Injectable self-healing glucose-responsive hydrogels with ph-regulated mechanical properties. Adv. Mater. 28, 86 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201502902
  193. J.A. Yoon, J. Kamada, K. Koynov, J. Mohin, R. Nicolaÿ et al., Self-healing polymer films based on thiol-disulfide exchange reactions and self-healing kinetics measured using atomic force microscopy. Macromolecules 45, 142 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2015134
  194. J. Canadell, H. Goossens, B. Klumperman, Self-healing materials based on disulfide links. Macromolecules 44, 2536 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2001492
  195. Y. Zhang, L. Tao, S. Li, Y. Wei, Synthesis of multiresponsive and dynamic chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled release of bioactive molecules. Biomacromol 12, 2894 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/bm200423f
  196. Z. Wei, J.H. Yang, J. Zhou, F. Xu, M. Zrínyi et al., Self-healing gels based on constitutional dynamic chemistry and their potential applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 8114 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00219A
  197. G.A. Barcan, X. Zhang, R.M. Waymouth, Structurally dynamic hydrogels derived from 1,2-dithiolanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 5650 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b02161
  198. Z. Wei, J.H. Yang, X.J. Du, F. Xu, M. Zrinyi et al., Dextran-based self-healing hydrogels formed by reversible diels–alder reaction under physiological conditions. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 34, 1464 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201300494
  199. L. Zhou, C. Dai, L. Fan, Y. Jiang, C. Liu et al., Injectable self-healing natural biopolymer-based hydrogel adhesive with thermoresponsive reversible adhesion for minimally invasive surgery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2007457 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202007457
  200. F. Gao, Z. Xu, Q. Liang, H. Li, L. Peng et al., Osteochondral regeneration with 3d-printed biodegradable high-strength supramolecular polymer reinforced-gelatin hydrogel scaffolds. Adv. Sci. 6, 1900867 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900867
  201. J. Shao, C. Ruan, H. Xie, Z. Li, H. Wang et al., Black-phosphorus-incorporated hydrogel as a sprayable and biodegradable photothermal platform for postsurgical treatment of cancer. Adv. Sci. 5, 1700848 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700848
  202. Y. Liang, Z. Li, Y. Huang, R. Yu, B. Guo, Dual-dynamic-bond cross-linked antibacterial adhesive hydrogel sealants with on-demand removability for post-wound-closure and infected wound healing. ACS Nano 15, 7078 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c00204
  203. D. Gan, W. Xing, L. Jiang, J. Fang, C. Zhao et al., Plant-inspired adhesive and tough hydrogel based on Ag-Lignin nanops-triggered dynamic redox catechol chemistry. Nat. Commun. 10, 1487 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09351-2
  204. L. Han, L. Yan, M. Wang, K. Wang, L. Fang et al., Transparent, adhesive, and conductive hydrogel for soft bioelectronics based on light-transmitting polydopamine-doped polypyrrole nanofibrils. Chem. Mater. 30, 5561 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01446
  205. G. Ge, Y. Zhang, J. Shao, W. Wang, W. Si et al., Stretchable, transparent, and self-patterned hydrogel-based pressure sensor for human motions detection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1802576 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802576
  206. Y. Liang, Q. Ding, H. Wang, Z. Wu, J. Li et al., Humidity sensing of stretchable and transparent hydrogel films for wireless respiration monitoring. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 183 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00934-1
  207. Z. Chen, J. Wang, A. Umar, Y. Wang, H. Li et al., Three-dimensional crumpled graphene-based nanosheets with ultrahigh NO2 gas sensibility. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 11819 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01229
  208. J. Wu, K. Tao, Y. Guo, Z. Li, X. Wang et al., A 3D chemically modified graphene hydrogel for fast, highly sensitive, and selective gas sensor. Adv. Sci. 4, 1600319 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600319
  209. J. Wu, Y. Wei, H. Ding, Z. Wu, X. Yang et al., Green synthesis of 3D chemically functionalized graphene hydrogel for high-performance NH3 and NO2 detection at room temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 20623 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c00578
  210. J. Wu, Z. Wu, H. Ding, Y. Wei, W. Huang et al., Three-dimensional graphene hydrogel decorated with SnO2 for high-performance no2 sensing with enhanced immunity to humidity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 2634 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b18098
  211. H.D. Kim, J. Heo, Y. Hwang, S.Y. Kwak, O.K. Park et al., Extracellular-matrix-based and Arg-Gly-Asp–modified photopolymerizing hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 21, 757 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0233
  212. X. Pan, Q. Wang, D. Ning, L. Dai, K. Liu et al., Ultraflexible self-healing guar gum-glycerol hydrogel with injectable, antifreeze, and strain-sensitive properties. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 4, 3397 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00657
  213. Z. Wu, W. Shi, H. Ding, B. Zhong, W. Huang et al., Ultrastable, stretchable, highly conductive and transparent hydrogels enabled by salt-percolation for high-performance temperature and strain sensing. J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 13668 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC02506F
  214. Z. Wu, H. Wang, Q. Ding, K. Tao, W. Shi et al., A self-powered, rechargeable, and wearable hydrogel patch for wireless gas detection with extraordinary performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202300046
  215. R. Ghosh, A.K. Nayak, S. Santra, D. Pradhan, P.K. Guha, Enhanced ammonia sensing at room temperature with reduced graphene oxide/tin oxide hybrid films. RSC Adv. 5, 50165 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA06696D
  216. A. Bag, D.-B. Moon, K.-H. Park, C.-Y. Cho, N.-E. Lee, Room-temperature-operated fast and reversible vertical-heterostructure-diode gas sensor composed of reduced graphene oxide and AlGaN/GaN. Sens. Actuator B-Chem. 296, 126684 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126684
  217. S.Y. Hong, J.H. Oh, H. Park, J.Y. Yun, S.W. Jin et al., Polyurethane foam coated with a multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline nanocomposite for a skin-like stretchable array of multi-functional sensors. NPG Asia Mater. 9, e448 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2017.194
  218. S. Davies, P. Spanel, D. Smith, Quantitative analysis of ammonia on the breath of patients in end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int. 52, 223 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1997.324
  219. G. Konvalina, H. Haick, Sensors for breath testing: from nanomaterials to comprehensive disease detection. Acc. Chem. Res. 47, 66 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar400070m
  220. C. Turner, P. Španěl, D. Smith, A longitudinal study of ammonia, acetone and propanol in the exhaled breath of 30 subjects using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. SIFT-MS. Physiol. Meas. 27, 321 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/27/4/001
  221. Y.R. Choi, Y.-G. Yoon, K.S. Choi, J.H. Kang, Y.-S. Shim et al., Role of oxygen functional groups in graphene oxide for reversible room-temperature NO2 sensing. Carbon 91, 178 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.082
  222. W. Yuan, A. Liu, L. Huang, C. Li, G. Shi, High-performance NO2 sensors based on chemically modified graphene. Adv. Mater. 25, 766 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201203172
  223. R. Maughan, Carbohydrate metabolism. Surgery 27, 6 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2008.12.002
  224. G. Hedenstierna, Oxygen and anesthesia: what lung do we deliver to the post-operative ward? Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 56, 675 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02689.x
  225. Y.H. Kim, K.Y. Kim, Y.R. Choi, Y.-S. Shim, J.-M. Jeon et al., Ultrasensitive reversible oxygen sensing by using liquid-exfoliated MoS2 nanops. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 6070 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA01277A
  226. R. Arieli, Calculated risk of pulmonary and central nervous system oxygen toxicity: A toxicity index derived from the power equation. Diving Hyperb. Med. 49, 154 (2019). https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm49.3.154-160
  227. A.L. Harabin, S.S. Survanshi, L.D. Homer, A model for predicting central nervous system oxygen toxicity from hyperbaric oxygen exposures in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 132, 19 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1995.1082
  228. R. Arieli, M. Truman, A. Abramovich, Recovery from central nervous system oxygen toxicity in the rat at oxygen pressures between 100 and 300 kPa. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 867 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0843-2
  229. J. Ernsting, Breathing systems in aerospace. in IEE Seminar on Low Flow Anaesthesia Breathing Systems - Technology, Safety and Economics (Ref. No. 1999/060) 7/1 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1049/ic:19990341
  230. C. Lim, Y.J. Hong, J. Jung, Y. Shin, S.-H. Sunwoo et al., Tissue-like skin-device interface for wearable bioelectronics by using ultrasoft, mass-permeable, and low-impedance hydrogels. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd3716 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3716
  231. V. De Santis, M. Singer, Tissue oxygen tension monitoring of organ perfusion: rationale, methodologies, and literature review. Br. J. Anaesth. 115, 357 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aev162
  232. K.K. Tremper, W.C. Shoemaker, Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of critically ill adults, with and without low flow shock. Crit. Care Med. 9, 706 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198110000-00007
  233. F. Liebisch, A. Weltin, J. Marzioch, G.A. Urban, J. Kieninger, Zero-consumption Clark-type microsensor for oxygen monitoring in cell culture and organ-on-chip systems. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 322, 128652 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128652
  234. C.A. Erdmann, M.G. Apte, Mucous membrane and lower respiratory building related symptoms in relation to indoor carbon dioxide concentrations in the 100-building BASE dataset. Indoor Air 14, 127 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00298.x
  235. H.J. Yoon, D.H. Jun, J.H. Yang, Z. Zhou, S.S. Yang et al., Carbon dioxide gas sensor using a graphene sheet. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 157, 310 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.03.035
  236. S.M. Hafiz, R. Ritikos, T.J. Whitcher, N.M. Razib, D.C.S. Bien et al., A practical carbon dioxide gas sensor using room-temperature hydrogen plasma reduced graphene oxide. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 193, 692 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.017
  237. X. Li, B. Tang, B. Wu, C. Hsu, X. Wang, Highly sensitive diffraction grating of hydrogels as sensors for carbon dioxide detection. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 60, 4639 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00211
  238. X. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. Lei, Fluorescence based explosive detection: from mechanisms to sensory materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 8019 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00496A
  239. L. Senesac, T.G. Thundat, Nanosensors for trace explosive detection. Mater. Today 11, 28 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(08)70017-8
  240. P.-C. Chen, S. Sukcharoenchoke, K. Ryu, L. Gomez de Arco, A. Badmaev et al., 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) chemical sensing based on aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes and ZnO nanowires. Adv. Mater. 22, 1900 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200904005
  241. S. Armenta, F.A. Esteve-Turrillas, M. Alcalà, Analysis of hazardous chemicals by “stand alone” drift tube ion mobility spectrometry: a review. Anal. Methods 12, 1163 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AY02268F
  242. L. Barron, E. Gilchrist, Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 806, 27 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.047
  243. M.N. Baldin, S.M. Bobrovnikov, A.B. Vorozhtsov, E.V. Gorlov, V.M. Gruznov et al., Effectiveness of combined laser and gas chromatographic remote detection of traces of explosives. Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 32, 227 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856019020039
  244. M.E. Walsh, Determination of nitroaromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester explosives in soil by gas chromatography and an electron capture detector. Talanta 54, 427 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(00)00541-5
  245. C. Crespy, P. Duvauchelle, V. Kaftandjian, F. Soulez, P. Ponard, Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction to identify explosive substances: Spectra analysis procedure optimization. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. 623, 1050 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.08.023
  246. H. Itozaki, Nuclear quadrupole resonance for explosive detection. in Anti-personnel Landmine Detection for Humanitarian Demining: The Current Situation and Future Direction for Japanese Research and Development (eds. Furuta, K. & Ishikawa, J.) 147 (Springer, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-346-4_9
  247. J. Choi, J.-H. Kim, J.-W. Oh, J.-M. Nam, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based detection of hazardous chemicals in various phases and matrices with plasmonic nanostructures. Nanoscale 11, 20379 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR07439B
  248. A.S. Chajistamatiou, E.B. Bakeas, Identification of thiocyanates by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry in explosive residues used as a possible marker to indicate black powder usage. Talanta 195, 456 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.097
  249. T. Puttasakul, C. Pintavirooj, C. Sangma, W. Sukjee, Hydrogel based-electrochemical gas sensor for explosive material detection. IEEE Sens. J. 19, 8556 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2922170
  250. G. Wang, Y. Li, Z. Cai, X. Dou, A colorimetric artificial olfactory system for airborne improvised explosive identification. Adv. Mater. 32, 1907043 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907043
  251. R. Kumar, N. Goel, M. Kumar, UV-activated MoS2 based fast and reversible no2 sensor at room temperature. ACS Sens. 2, 1744 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.7b00731
  252. S.-J. Choi, H.-J. Choi, W.-T. Koo, D. Huh, H. Lee et al., Metal–organic framework-templated PdO-Co3O4 nanocubes functionalized by SWCNTs: Improved NO2 reaction kinetics on flexible heating film. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 40593 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b11317
  253. U. Yaqoob, D.-T. Phan, A.S.M.I. Uddin, G.-S. Chung, Highly flexible room temperature NO2 sensor based on MWCNTs-WO3 nanops hybrid on a PET substrate. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 221, 760 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.137
  254. S.S. Shendage, V.L. Patil, S.A. Vanalakar, S.P. Patil, N.S. Harale et al., Sensitive and selective NO2 gas sensor based on WO3 nanoplates. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 240, 426 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.177
  255. S. Zhao, Y. Shen, P. Zhou, X. Zhong, C. Han et al., Design of Au@WO3 core−shell structured nanospheres for ppb-level NO2 sensing. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 282, 917 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.142
  256. J. Liu, S. Li, B. Zhang, Y. Xiao, Y. Gao et al., Ultrasensitive and low detection limit of nitrogen dioxide gas sensor based on flower-like ZnO hierarchical nanostructure modified by reduced graphene oxide. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 249, 715 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.04.190
  257. C. Liu, H. Tai, P. Zhang, Z. Yuan, X. Du et al., A high-performance flexible gas sensor based on self-assembled PANI-CeO2 nanocomposite thin film for trace-level NH3 detection at room temperature. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 261, 587 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.12.022
  258. B. Sakthivel, L. Manjakkal, G. Nammalvar, High performance CuO nanorectangles-based room temperature flexible NH3 sensor. IEEE Sens. J. 17, 6529 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2749334
  259. D.K. Bandgar, S.T. Navale, M. Naushad, R.S. Mane, F.J. Stadler et al., Ultra-sensitive polyaniline–iron oxide nanocomposite room temperature flexible ammonia sensor. RSC Adv. 5, 68964 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA11512D
  260. M. Wu, M. He, Q. Hu, Q. Wu, G. Sun et al., Ti3C2 MXene-based sensors with high selectivity for NH3 detection at room temperature. ACS Sens. 4, 2763 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b01308
  261. J.R. Stetter, W.R. Penrose, S. Yao, Sensors, chemical sensors, electrochemical sensors, and ECS. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, S11 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1539051
  262. R.N. Dean, A.K. Rane, M.E. Baginski, J. Richard, Z. Hartzog et al., A capacitive fringing field sensor design for moisture measurement based on printed circuit board technology. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 61, 1105 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2011.2173041
  263. A. Salehi, A. Nikfarjam, D.J. Kalantari, Highly sensitive humidity sensor using Pd/porous GaAs schottky contact. IEEE Sens. J. 6, 1415 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2006.881371
  264. F. Aziz, M.H. Sayyad, K. Sulaiman, B.H. Majlis, K.S. Karimov et al., Influence of humidity conditions on the capacitive and resistive response of an Al/VOPc/Pt co-planar humidity sensor. Meas. Sci. Technol. 23, 014001 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/1/014001
  265. L. Xu, R. Wang, Q. Xiao, D. Zhang, Y. Liu, Micro humidity sensor with high sensitivity and quick response/recovery based on ZnO/TiO2 composite nanofibers. Chinese Phys. Lett. 28, 070702 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/28/7/070702
  266. J.-H. Kim, S.-M. Hong, J.-S. Lee, B.-M. Moon, K. Kim, High sensitivity capacitive humidity sensor with a novel polyimide design fabricated by MEMS technology. in 2009 4th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems 703 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/NEMS.2009.5068676
  267. C. Jung, S.-J. Kim, J. Jang, J.H. Ko, D. Kim et al., Disordered-nanop–based etalon for ultrafast humidity-responsive colorimetric sensors and anti-counterfeiting displays. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm8598 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm8598
  268. M.M.F. Choi, O.L. Tse, Humidity-sensitive optode membrane based on a fluorescent dye immobilized in gelatin film. Anal. Chim. Acta 378, 127 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00614-X
  269. M.C. Moreno-Bondi, G. Orellana, M. Bedoya, Fibre optic sensors for humidity monitoring, in Optical Sensors: Industrial Environmental and Diagnostic Applications. ed. by R. Narayanaswamy, O.S. Wolfbeis (Springer, Germany, 2004), p.251. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09111-1_11
  270. J. Wu, Z. Wu, H. Xu, Q. Wu, C. Liu et al., An intrinsically stretchable humidity sensor based on anti-drying, self-healing and transparent organohydrogels. Mater. Horiz. 6, 595 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH01160E
  271. J.C. Tellis, C.A. Strulson, M.M. Myers, K.A. Kneas, Relative humidity sensors based on an environment-sensitive fluorophore in hydrogel films. Anal. Chem. 83, 928 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac102616w
  272. A. Buchberger, S. Peterka, A.M. Coclite, A. Bergmann, Fast optical humidity sensor based on hydrogel thin film expansion for harsh environment. Sensors 19, 999 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19050999
  273. Y. Pang, J. Jian, T. Tu, Z. Yang, J. Ling et al., Wearable humidity sensor based on porous graphene network for respiration monitoring. Biosens. Bioelectron. 116, 123 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.038
  274. Y. Wang, R. Duan, Z. Tong, B. Wang, Z. Zhang et al., Sensitively humidity-driven actuator and sensor derived from natural skin system. Sens. Actuator B Chem. 370, 132388 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132388
  275. J. Zhang, X.-X. Wang, B. Zhang, S. Ramakrishna, M. Yu et al., In situ assembly of well-dispersed ag nanops throughout electrospun alginate nanofibers for monitoring human breath—smart fabrics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 19863 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01718
  276. S. Zeng, J. Zhang, G. Zu, J. Huang, Transparent, flexible, and multifunctional starch-based double-network hydrogels as high-performance wearable electronics. Carbohydr. Polym. 267, 118198 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118198
  277. Q. Ding, H. Wang, Z. Zhou, Z. Wu, K. Tao et al., Stretchable, self-healable, and breathable biomimetic iontronics with superior humidity-sensing performance for wireless respiration monitoring. SmartMat 4, e1147 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1147
  278. J. Wang, J. Jiu, M. Nogi, T. Sugahara, S. Nagao et al., A highly sensitive and flexible pressure sensor with electrodes and elastomeric interlayer containing silver nanowires. Nanoscale 7, 2926 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR06494A
  279. Q. Hua, J. Sun, H. Liu, R. Bao, R. Yu et al., Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing. Nat. Commun. 9, 244 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02685-9
  280. H.-H. Chou, A. Nguyen, A. Chortos, J.W.F. To, C. Lu et al., A chameleon-inspired stretchable electronic skin with interactive colour changing controlled by tactile sensing. Nat. Commun. 6, 8011 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9011
  281. F. Zhang, Y. Zang, D. Huang, C. Di, D. Zhu, Flexible and self-powered temperature–pressure dual-parameter sensors using microstructure-frame-supported organic thermoelectric materials. Nat. Commun. 6, 8356 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9356
  282. S. Xiang, D. Liu, C. Jiang, W. Zhou, D. Ling et al., Liquid-metal-based dynamic thermoregulating and self-powered electronic skin. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2100940 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100940
  283. Y. Fu, H. He, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, L. Xing et al., Self-powered, stretchable, fiber-based electronic-skin for actively detecting human motion and environmental atmosphere based on a triboelectrification/gas-sensing coupling effect. J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 1231 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC04272D
  284. B. Ying, Q. Wu, J. Li, X. Liu, An ambient-stable and stretchable ionic skin with multimodal sensation. Mater. Horiz. 7, 477 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9MH00715F
  285. X. Pan, Q. Wang, R. Guo, S. Cao, H. Wu et al., An adaptive ionic skin with multiple stimulus responses and moist-electric generation ability. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 17498 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA13407G
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3876 Download : 2929

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 > >>