Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Recent Advances in Spectrally Selective Daytime Radiative Cooling Materials

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01771-8
An‑Quan Xie
National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Hui Qiu
National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Wangkai Jiang
National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Yu Wang
National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Shichao Niu
Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Ke‑Qin Zhang
National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
Ghim Wei Ho
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
Xiao‑Qiao Wang
National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Xiao‑Qiao Wang

xqwang@suda.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 264

Abstract

Daytime radiative cooling is an eco-friendly and passive cooling technology that operates without external energy input. Materials designed for this purpose are engineered to possess high reflectivity in the solar spectrum and high emissivity within the atmospheric transmission window. Unlike broadband-emissive daytime radiative cooling materials, spectrally selective daytime radiative cooling (SSDRC) materials exhibit predominant mid-infrared emission in the atmospheric transmission window. This selective mid-infrared emission suppresses thermal radiation absorption beyond the atmospheric transmission window range, thereby improving the net cooling power of daytime radiative cooling. This review elucidates the fundamental characteristics of SSDRC materials, including their molecular structures, micro- and nanostructures, optical properties, and thermodynamic principles. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the design and fabrication of SSDRC materials in three typical forms, i.e., fibrous materials, membranes, and particle coatings, highlighting their respective cooling mechanisms and performance. Furthermore, the practical applications of SSDRC in personal thermal management, outdoor building cooling, and energy harvesting are summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects are discussed to guide researchers in advancing SSDRC materials.


Highlights:
1 This review comprehensively presents recent advancements in spectrally selective daytime radiative cooling (SSDRC) materials, focusing on their fundamental characteristics, primarily concerning their structures and properties.
2 The fabrication principles and corresponding operational mechanisms of several typical SSDRC materials are systematically introduced.
3 Based on the latest research, this review highlights the innovative applications in personal thermal management, outdoor building cooling, and energy harvesting, while also discussing the challenges and prospects for the future development of daytime radiative cooling.

Keywords

Daytime radiative cooling Spectrum-selective emission Metamaterials Personal thermal management Energy harvesting
Xie, An‑Quan, Hui Qiu, Wangkai Jiang, Yu Wang, Shichao Niu, Ke‑Qin Zhang, Ghim Wei Ho, and Xiao‑Qiao Wang. 2025. “Recent Advances in Spectrally Selective Daytime Radiative Cooling Materials”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (May):264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01771-8.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. H.D. Matthews, S. Wynes, Current global efforts are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 °C. Science 376(6600), 1404–1409 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo3378
  2. S. So, J. Yun, B. Ko, D. Lee, M. Kim et al., Radiative cooling for energy sustainability: from fundamentals to fabrication methods toward commercialization. Adv. Sci. 11(2), 2305067 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202305067
  3. M.-C. Huang, M. Yang, X.-J. Guo, C.-H. Xue, H.-D. Wang et al., Scalable multifunctional radiative cooling materials. Prog. Mater. Sci. 137, 101144 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101144
  4. Z. Li, Q. Chen, Y. Song, B. Zhu, J. Zhu, Fundamentals, materials, and applications for daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5(5), 1901007 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201901007
  5. S. Fan, W. Li, Photonics and thermodynamics concepts in radiative cooling. Nat. Photonics 16(3), 182–190 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00921-9
  6. X. Yin, R. Yang, G. Tan, S. Fan, Terrestrial radiative cooling: Using the cold universe as a renewable and sustainable energy source. Science 370(6518), 786–791 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0971
  7. A.P. Raman, M.A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, S. Fan, Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight. Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13883
  8. P. Das, S. Rudra, K.C. Maurya, B. Saha, Ultra-emissive MgO-PVDF polymer nanocomposite paint for passive daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Mater. Technol. 8(24), 2301174 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202301174
  9. N. Cheng, D. Miao, C. Wang, Y. Lin, A.A. Babar et al., Nanosphere-structured hierarchically porous PVDF-HFP fabric for passive daytime radiative cooling via one-step water vapor-induced phase separation. Chem. Eng. J. 460, 141581 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141581
  10. D. Li, X. Liu, W. Li, Z. Lin, B. Zhu et al., Scalable and hierarchically designed polymer film as a selective thermal emitter for high-performance all-day radiative cooling. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16(2), 153–158 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-00800-4
  11. Z. Ding, H. Li, X. Li, X. Fan, J. Jaramillo-Fernandez et al., Designer SiO2 metasurfaces for efficient passive radiative cooling. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 11(3), 2300603 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202300603
  12. C. Park, C. Park, S. Park, J. Lee, Y.S. Kim et al., Hybrid emitters with raspberry-like hollow SiO2 spheres for passive daytime radiative cooling. Chem. Eng. J. 459, 141652 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141652
  13. Q. Zhang, T. Wang, R. Du, J. Zheng, H. Wei et al., Highly stable polyimide composite nanofiber membranes with spectrally selective for passive daytime radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(30), 40069–40076 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c09549
  14. K. Yao, H. Ma, M. Huang, H. Zhao, J. Zhao et al., Near-perfect selective photonic crystal emitter with nanoscale layers for daytime radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2(9), 5512–5519 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b01097
  15. L. Du, R. Li, W. Chen, Colored textiles based on noniridescent structural color of ZnS@SiO2 colloidal crystals for daytime passive radiative cooling. Chem. Eng. J. 475, 146431 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146431
  16. J. Zhao, F. Nan, L. Zhou, H. Huang, G. Zhou et al., Free-standing, colored, polymer film with composite opal photonic crystal structure for efficient passive daytime radiative cooling. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 251, 112136 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2022.112136
  17. X. Hou, K. Zhang, X. Lai, L. Hu, F. Vogelbacher et al., Brilliant colorful daytime radiative cooling coating mimicking scarab beetle. Matter 8(1), 101898 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2024.10.016
  18. Y. Zhai, Y. Ma, S.N. David, D. Zhao, R. Lou et al., Scalable-manufactured randomized glass-polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling. Science 355(6329), 1062–1066 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai7899
  19. Y. Jin, Y. Jeong, K. Yu, Infrared-reflective transparent hyperbolic metamaterials for use in radiative cooling windows. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(1), 2207940 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202207940
  20. H. Yin, C. Fan, Ultra-broadband thermal emitter for daytime radiative cooling with metal-insulator-metal metamaterials. Chin. Phys. Lett. 40(7), 077801 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/40/7/077801
  21. H. Fan, K. Wang, Y. Ding, Y. Qiang, Z. Yang et al., Core–shell composite nanofibers with high temperature resistance, hydrophobicity and breathability for efficient daytime passive radiative cooling. Adv. Mater. 36(40), 2406987 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202406987
  22. W. Jing, S. Zhang, W. Zhang, Z. Chen, C. Zhang et al., Scalable and flexible electrospun film for daytime subambient radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 29558–29566 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05364
  23. H. Guo, B. Ma, J. Yu, X. Wang, Y. Si, Photonic metafabric with biomimetic triangular light track for passive radiative cooling. Adv. Fiber Mater. 7(1), 106–116 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-024-00467-9
  24. X. Wu, J. Li, F. Xie, X.-E. Wu, S. Zhao et al., A dual-selective thermal emitter with enhanced subambient radiative cooling performance. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 815 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45095-4
  25. R. Wu, C. Sui, T.-H. Chen, Z. Zhou, Q. Li et al., Spectrally engineered textile for radiative cooling against urban heat islands. Science 384(6701), 1203–1212 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl0653
  26. B. Zhao, M. Hu, X. Ao, N. Chen, G. Pei, Radiative cooling: a review of fundamentals, materials, applications, and prospects. Appl. Energy 236, 489–513 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.018
  27. W. Gao, Y. Chen, Emerging materials and strategies for passive daytime radiative cooling. Small 19(18), e2206145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202206145
  28. R. Liu, S. Wang, Z. Zhou, K. Zhang, G. Wang et al., Materials in radiative cooling technologies. Adv. Mater. 37(2), 2401577 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202401577
  29. J. Song, Q. Shen, H. Shao, X. Deng, Anti-environmental aging passive daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Sci. 11(10), e2305664 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202305664
  30. M. Chen, D. Pang, X. Chen, H. Yan, Y. Yang, Passive daytime radiative cooling: fundamentals, material designs, and applications. EcoMat 4(1), e12153 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12153
  31. X. Yu, J. Chan, C. Chen, Review of radiative cooling materials: performance evaluation and design approaches. Nano Energy 88, 106259 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106259
  32. W. Xie, C. Xiao, Y. Sun, Y. Fan, B. Zhao et al., Flexible photonic radiative cooling films: fundamentals, fabrication and applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(46), 2305734 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305734
  33. F. Xie, W. Jin, J.R. Nolen, H. Pan, N. Yi et al., Subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces. Science 386(6723), 788–794 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn2524
  34. S. Catalanotti, V. Cuomo, G. Piro, D. Ruggi, V. Silvestrini et al., The radiative cooling of selective surfaces. Sol. Energy 17(2), 83–89 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(75)90062-6
  35. E. Rephaeli, A. Raman, S. Fan, Ultrabroadband photonic structures to achieve high-performance daytime radiative cooling. Nano Lett. 13(4), 1457–1461 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4004283
  36. J. Mandal, Y. Fu, A.C. Overvig, M. Jia, K. Sun et al., Hierarchically porous polymer coatings for highly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling. Science 362(6412), 315–319 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9513
  37. X. Yang, S. Yao, X. Tan, Y. Tu, J. Geng et al., A flexibly hierarchical porous polydimethylsiloxane film for Passive daytime radiative cooling. Mater. Lett. 331, 133512 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.133512
  38. K. Wang, G. Luo, X. Guo, S. Li, Z. Liu et al., Radiative cooling of commercial silicon solar cells using a pyramid-textured PDMS film. Sol. Energy 225, 245–251 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.025
  39. T. Li, Y. Zhai, S. He, W. Gan, Z. Wei et al., A radiative cooling structural material. Science 364(6442), 760–763 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau9101
  40. R. Ali Yalçın, E. Blandre, K. Joulain, J. Drévillon, Daytime radiative cooling with silica fiber network. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 206, 110320 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110320
  41. X. Wu, J. Li, Q. Jiang, W. Zhang, B. Wang et al., An all-weather radiative human body cooling textile. Nat. Sustain. 6(11), 1446–1454 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01200-x
  42. M. Shi, Z. Song, J. Ni, X. Du, Y. Cao et al., Dual-mode porous polymeric films with coral-like hierarchical structure for all-day radiative cooling and heating. ACS Nano 17(3), 2029–2038 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c07293
  43. X. Zhao, T. Li, H. Xie, H. Liu, L. Wang et al., A solution-processed radiative cooling glass. Science 382(6671), 684–691 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi2224
  44. K. Lin, S. Chen, Y. Zeng, T.C. Ho, Y. Zhu et al., Hierarchically structured passive radiative cooling ceramic with high solar reflectivity. Science 382(6671), 691–697 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi4725
  45. M. Yang, Y. Hu, X. Wang, H. Chen, J. Yu et al., Chaotropic effect-boosted thermogalvanic ionogel thermocells for all-weather power generation. Adv. Mater. 36(16), e2312249 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312249
  46. S. Lv, M. Feng, Z. Qian, Y. Guo, Y. Wu et al., Collecting bidirectional flow energy through a photovoltaic thermoelectric radiative cooling hybrid system to maximize the utilization of electricity from the Sun and outer space. J. Mater. Chem. A 12(36), 24391–24400 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA04807E
  47. Y.D. Zhao, W. Jiang, S. Zhuo, B. Wu, P. Luo et al., Stretchable photothermal membrane of NIR-II charge-transfer cocrystal for wearable solar thermoelectric power generation. Sci. Adv. 9(50), eadh8917 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh8917
  48. Y. Peng, J. Dong, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Long et al., Thermally comfortable epidermal bioelectrodes based on ultrastretchable and passive radiative cooling e-textiles. Nano Energy 120, 109143 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109143
  49. J. Li, Y. Fu, J. Zhou, K. Yao, X. Ma et al., Ultrathin, soft, radiative cooling interfaces for advanced thermal management in skin electronics. Sci. Adv. 9(14), eadg1837 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg1837
  50. J. Dong, Y. Peng, Y. Zhang, Y. Chai, J. Long et al., Superelastic radiative cooling metafabric for comfortable epidermal electrophysiological monitoring. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 181 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01156-9
  51. J. Xu, X. Huo, T. Yan, P. Wang, Z. Bai et al., All-in-one hybrid atmospheric water harvesting for all-day water production by natural sunlight and radiative cooling. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(14), 4988–5001 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EE04363K
  52. J.-Z. Liu, W. Jiang, S. Zhuo, Y. Rong, Y.-Y. Li et al., Large-area radiation-modulated thermoelectric fabrics for high-performance thermal management and electricity generation. Sci. Adv. 11(1), eadr2158 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr2158
  53. S. So, Y. Yang, S. Son, D. Lee, D. Chae et al., Highly suppressed solar absorption in a daytime radiative cooler designed by genetic algorithm. Nanophotonics 11(9), 2107–2115 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0436
  54. S. Fan, A. Raman, Metamaterials for radiative sky cooling. Natl. Sci. Rev. 5(2), 132–133 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy012
  55. A. Kong, B. Cai, P. Shi, X.-C. Yuan, Ultra-broadband all-dielectric metamaterial thermal emitter for passive radiative cooling. Opt. Express 27(21), 30102–30115 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.030102
  56. W. Huang, Y. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Mandal, W. Li et al., Scalable aqueous processing-based passive daytime radiative cooling coatings. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(19), 2010334 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202010334
  57. B. Xiang, R. Zhang, Y. Luo, S. Zhang, L. Xu et al., 3D porous polymer film with designed pore architecture and auto-deposited SiO2 for highly efficient passive radiative cooling. Nano Energy 81, 105600 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105600
  58. Z. Chen, L. Zhu, A. Raman, S. Fan, Radiative cooling to deep sub-freezing temperatures through a 24-h day-night cycle. Nat. Commun. 7, 13729 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13729
  59. W.J.M. Kort-Kamp, S. Kramadhati, A.K. Azad, M.T. Reiten, D.A.R. Dalvit, Passive radiative “thermostat” enabled by phase-change photonic nanostructures. ACS Photonics 5(11), 4554–4560 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01026
  60. D.E. McCoy, T. Feo, T.A. Harvey, R.O. Prum, Structural absorption by barbule microstructures of super black bird of paradise feathers. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02088-w
  61. R. Kumar, M. Kumar, J.S. Chohan, S. Kumar, Overview on metamaterial: history, types and applications. Mater. Today Proc. 56, 3016–3024 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.423
  62. M. Wegener, Metamaterials beyond optics. Science 342(6161), 939–940 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246545
  63. N.I. Zheludev, Y.S. Kivshar, From metamaterials to metadevices. Nat. Mater. 11(11), 917–924 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3431
  64. C. Qian, I. Kaminer, H. Chen, A guidance to intelligent metamaterials and metamaterials intelligence. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 1154 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56122-3
  65. J. Mandal, Y. Yang, N. Yu, A.P. Raman, Paints as a scalable and effective radiative cooling technology for buildings. Joule 4(7), 1350–1356 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.010
  66. H. Zhong, P. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Yang, Y. Zhao et al., Highly solar-reflective structures for daytime radiative cooling under high humidity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(46), 51409–51417 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c14075
  67. R. Hu, Y. Liu, S. Shin, S. Huang, X. Ren et al., Emerging materials and strategies for personal thermal management. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(17), 1903921 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903921
  68. Y. Peng, J. Chen, A.Y. Song, P.B. Catrysse, P.-C. Hsu et al., Nanoporous polyethylene microfibres for large-scale radiative cooling fabric. Nat. Sustain. 1(2), 105–112 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0023-2
  69. P.-C. Hsu, A.Y. Song, P.B. Catrysse, C. Liu, Y. Peng et al., Radiative human body cooling by nanoporous polyethylene textile. Science 353(6303), 1019–1023 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5471
  70. J. Zhai, N.-X. Zhang, F. Li, C. Liu, G.-X. Li et al., Fabrication of colloidal photonic crystal supraps via atomization drying for efficient passive cooling. J. Mater. Chem. C 13(7), 3475–3481 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TC04838E
  71. A. Wong, W.A. Daoud, H.-H. Liang, Y.S. Szeto, Application of rutile and anatase onto cotton fabric and their effect on the NIR reflection/surface temperature of the fabric. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 134, 425–437 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.12.011
  72. J. Liang, J. Wu, J. Guo, H. Li, X. Zhou et al., Radiative cooling for passive thermal management towards sustainable carbon neutrality. Natl. Sci. Rev. 10(1), nwac208 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac208
  73. M. Alberghini, S. Hong, L.M. Lozano, V. Korolovych, Y. Huang et al., Sustainable polyethylene fabrics with engineered moisture transport for passive cooling. Nat. Sustain. 4(8), 715–724 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00688-5
  74. A. Saparullah, R.I. Purwanto, E.K. Wisnuwijaya, W.S.B. Sari, Dwandaru, Non-contact temperature measurement based on Wien’s displacement law using a single webcam in the infrared spectrum region. Phys. Educ. 55(2), 025017 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ab69b7
  75. S. Dang, W. Yang, J. Zhang, Q. Zhan, H. Ye, Simultaneous thermal camouflage and radiative cooling for ultrahigh-temperature objects using inversely designed hierarchical metamaterial. Nanophotonics 13(20), 3835–3846 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0193
  76. M. Kim, D. Lee, S. Son, Y. Yang, H. Lee et al., Visibly transparent radiative cooler under direct sunlight. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9(13), 2002226 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202002226
  77. D. Chae, M. Kim, P.H. Jung, S. Son, J. Seo et al., Spectrally selective inorganic-based multilayer emitter for daytime radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(7), 8073–8081 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b16742
  78. W. Li, H. Zhan, N. Huang, Y. Ying, J. Yu et al., Scalable and flexible multi-layer prismatic photonic metamaterial film for efficient daytime radiative cooling. Small Meth. 8(7), 2301258 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202301258
  79. C. Cai, X. Wu, F. Cheng, C. Ding, Z. Wei et al., Cellulose metamaterials with hetero-profiled topology via structure rearrangement during ball milling for daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(40), 2405903 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202405903
  80. J. Yun, D. Chae, S. So, H. Lim, J. Noh et al., Optimally designed multimaterial microp–polymer composite paints for passive daytime radiative cooling. ACS Photonics 10(8), 2608–2617 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00339
  81. M. Chen, D. Pang, J. Mandal, X. Chen, H. Yan et al., Designing mesoporous photonic structures for high-performance passive daytime radiative cooling. Nano Lett. 21(3), 1412–1418 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04241
  82. J. Liu, H. Tang, C. Jiang, S. Wu, L. Ye et al., Micro-nano porous structure for efficient daytime radiative sky cooling. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(44), 2206962 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202206962
  83. A.-Q. Xie, Q. Li, Y. Xi, L. Zhu, S. Chen, Assembly of crack-free photonic crystals: fundamentals, emerging strategies, and perspectives. Acc. Mater. Res. 4(5), 403–415 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.2c00236
  84. C. Liu, A.-Q. Xie, G.-X. Li, Q. Li, C.-F. Wang et al., Carbon dot-functionalized colloidal ps for patterning and controllable layer-structured photonic crystals construction. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 3(12), 6130–6137 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00984
  85. D. Liu, Y. Xu, Y. Xuan, Fabry-Perot-resonator-coupled metal pattern metamaterial for infrared suppression and radiative cooling. Appl. Opt. 59(23), 6861–6867 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.392310
  86. M. Lee, G. Kim, Y. Jung, K.R. Pyun, J. Lee et al., Photonic structures in radiative cooling. Light. Sci. Appl. 12, 134 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-023-01119-0
  87. X. Liu, P. Wang, C. Xiao, L. Fu, H. Zhou et al., A bioinspired bilevel metamaterial for multispectral manipulation toward visible, multi-wavelength detection lasers and mid-infrared selective radiation. Adv. Mater. 35(41), 2302844 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302844
  88. K.R. Pyun, S. Jeong, M.J. Yoo, S.H. Choi, G. Baik et al., Tunable radiative cooling by mechanochromic electrospun micro-nanofiber matrix. Small 20(20), e2308572 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202308572
  89. S. Shi, Y. Si, Y. Han, T. Wu, M.I. Iqbal et al., Recent progress in protective membranes fabricated via electrospinning: advanced materials, biomimetic structures, and functional applications. Adv. Mater. 34(17), 2107938 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107938
  90. T. Lu, J. Cui, Q. Qu, Y. Wang, J. Zhang et al., Multistructured electrospun nanofibers for air filtration: a review. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(20), 23293–23313 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c06520
  91. X. Wan, Y. Zhao, Z. Li, L. Li, Emerging polymeric electrospun fibers: from structural diversity to application in flexible bioelectronics and tissue engineering. Exploration 2(1), 20210029 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20210029
  92. G.-X. Li, T. Dong, L. Zhu, T. Cui, S. Chen, Microfluidic-Blow-Spinning fabricated sandwiched structural fabrics for All-Season personal thermal management. Chem. Eng. J. 453, 139763 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139763
  93. W. Jiang, J.-Z. Liu, Z. Wang, H. Wang, X. Liu et al., Scalable self-cooling textile enabled by hierarchical nanofiber structures with thermoelectric properties. Device 3(1), 100564 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.device.2024.100564
  94. C. Jia, L. Li, J. Song, Z. Li, H. Wu, Mass production of ultrafine fibers by a versatile solution blow spinning method. Acc. Mater. Res. 2(6), 432–446 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.1c00040
  95. R.T. Weitz, L. Harnau, S. Rauschenbach, M. Burghard, K. Kern, Polymer nanofibers via nozzle-free centrifugal spinning. Nano Lett. 8(4), 1187–1191 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl080124q
  96. C. Chen, X. Jia, X. Li, M. Shi, J. Hu et al., Scalable wet-spinning of wearable chitosan-silica textile for all-day radiative cooling. Chem. Eng. J. 475, 146307 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146307
  97. X.-Y. Du, Q. Li, G. Wu, S. Chen, Multifunctional micro/nanoscale fibers based on microfluidic spinning technology. Adv. Mater. 31(52), e1903733 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903733
  98. S. Zeng, S. Pian, M. Su, Z. Wang, M. Wu et al., Hierarchical-morphology metafabric for scalable passive daytime radiative cooling. Science 373(6555), 692–696 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi5484
  99. Y. Feng, Y. Guo, X. Li, L. Zhang, J. Yan, Continuous rapid fabrication of ceramic fiber sponge aerogels with high thermomechanical properties via a green and low-cost electrospinning technique. ACS Nano 18(29), 19054–19063 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c03303
  100. M.-T. Tsai, S.-W. Chang, Y.-J. Chen, H.-L. Chen, P.-H. Lan et al., Scalable, flame-resistant, superhydrophobic ceramic metafibers for sustainable all-day radiative cooling. Nano Today 48, 101745 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101745
  101. T. Li, H. Sun, M. Yang, C. Zhang, S. Lv et al., All-Ceramic, compressible and scalable nanofibrous aerogels for subambient daytime radiative cooling. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139518 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139518
  102. X. Li, L. Pattelli, Z. Ding, M. Chen, T. Zhao et al., A novel BST@TPU membrane with superior UV durability for highly efficient daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(23), 2315315 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202315315
  103. Y. Xin, Q. Wang, C. Fu, S. Du, L. Hou et al., Alumina fiber membrane prepared by electrospinning technology for passive daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(3), 2413813 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202413813
  104. Y. Gong, Y. Ma, J. Xing, X. Wang, M. Liu et al., High-performance nanomembranes integrating radiative cooling and alternating current luminescence for smart wearable. Chem. Eng. J. 505, 159214 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.159214
  105. L.-C. Hu, C.-H. Xue, B.-Y. Liu, X.-J. Guo, J.-H. Wang et al., Scalable superhydrophobic flexible nanofiber film for passive daytime radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 4(5), 3343–3351 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01907
  106. K. Li, M. Li, C. Lin, G. Liu, Y. Li et al., A Janus textile capable of radiative subambient cooling and warming for multi-scenario personal thermal management. Small 19(19), 2206149 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202206149
  107. H. Zhong, Y. Li, P. Zhang, S. Gao, B. Liu et al., Hierarchically hollow microfibers as a scalable and effective thermal insulating cooler for buildings. ACS Nano 15(6), 10076–10083 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01814
  108. B. Zhu, W. Li, Q. Zhang, D. Li, X. Liu et al., Subambient daytime radiative cooling textile based on nanoprocessed silk. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16(12), 1342–1348 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00987-0
  109. D. Miao, N. Cheng, X. Wang, J. Yu, B. Ding, Integration of Janus wettability and heat conduction in hierarchically designed textiles for all-day personal radiative cooling. Nano Lett. 22(2), 680–687 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03801
  110. Z. Yang, T. Chen, X. Tang, F. Xu, J. Zhang, Hierarchical fabric emitter for highly efficient passive radiative heat release. Adv. Fiber Mater. 5(4), 1367–1377 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00271-x
  111. X.-E. Wu, Y. Wang, X. Liang, Y. Zhang, P. Bi et al., Durable radiative cooling multilayer silk textile with excellent comprehensive performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(11), 2313539 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313539
  112. L. Lei, S. Meng, Y. Si, S. Shi, H. Wu et al., Wettability gradient-induced diode: MXene-engineered membrane for passive-evaporative cooling. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 159 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01359-8
  113. X. Zhang, W. Yang, Z. Shao, Y. Li, Y. Su et al., A moisture-wicking passive radiative cooling hierarchical metafabric. ACS Nano 16(2), 2188–2197 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08227
  114. J. Xi, Y. Lou, L. Meng, C. Deng, Y. Chu et al., Smart cellulose-based Janus fabrics with switchable liquid transportation for personal moisture and thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01510-5
  115. K. Li, C. Lin, G. Liu, G. Wang, W. Ma et al., Stepless IR chromism in Ti3C2tx MXene tuned by interlayer water molecules. Adv. Mater. 36(7), e2308189 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308189
  116. D. Hong, Y.J. Lee, O.S. Jeon, I.-S. Lee, S.H. Lee et al., Humidity-tolerant porous polymer coating for passive daytime radiative cooling. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 4457 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48621-6
  117. Z. Yang, J. Zhang, Bioinspired radiative cooling structure with randomly stacked fibers for efficient all-day passive cooling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(36), 43387–43395 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c12267
  118. C. Cai, W. Chen, Z. Wei, C. Ding, B. Sun et al., Bioinspired “aerogel grating” with metasurfaces for durable daytime radiative cooling for year-round energy savings. Nano Energy 114, 108625 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108625
  119. T. Lauster, A. Mauel, K. Herrmann, V. Veitengruber, Q. Song et al., From chitosan to chitin: bio-inspired thin films for passive daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Sci. 10(11), 2206616 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202206616
  120. J. He, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Y. Chen, H. Ge et al., Bioinspired polymer films with surface ordered pyramid arrays and 3D hierarchical pores for enhanced passive radiative cooling. ACS Nano 18(17), 11120–11129 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c12244
  121. Z. Yan, H. Zhai, D. Fan, Q. Li, Biological optics, photonics and bioinspired radiative cooling. Prog. Mater. Sci. 144, 101291 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101291
  122. S. Zhang, Z. Liu, W. Zhang, B. Zhao, Z. Wu et al., Multi-bioinspired flexible thermal emitters for all-day radiative cooling and wearable self-powered thermoelectric generation. Nano Energy 123, 109393 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109393
  123. N.N. Shi, C.-C. Tsai, F. Camino, G.D. Bernard, N. Yu et al., Keeping cool: enhanced optical reflection and radiative heat dissipation in Saharan silver ants. Science 349(6245), 298–301 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3564
  124. H. Zhang, K.C.S. Ly, X. Liu, Z. Chen, M. Yan et al., Biologically inspired flexible photonic films for efficient passive radiative cooling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117(26), 14657–14666 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001802117
  125. B.-Y. Liu, C.-H. Xue, H.-M. Zhong, X.-J. Guo, H.-D. Wang et al., Multi-bioinspired self-cleaning energy-free cooling coatings. J. Mater. Chem. A 9(43), 24276–24282 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta07953k
  126. D. Xie, Z. Yang, X. Liu, S. Cui, H. Zhou et al., Broadband omnidirectional light reflection and radiative heat dissipation in white beetles Goliathus goliatus. Soft Matter 15(21), 4294–4300 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM00566H
  127. X. Liu, C. Xiao, P. Wang, M. Yan, H. Wang et al., Biomimetic photonic multiform composite for high-performance radiative cooling. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9(22), 2101151 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202101151
  128. Q. Ge, Z. Li, Z. Wang, K. Kowsari, W. Zhang et al., Projection micro stereolithography based 3D printing and its applications. Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 2(2), 022004 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ab8d9a
  129. Q. Sun, Z. Xue, Y. Chen, R. Xia, J. Wang et al., Modulation of the thermal transport of micro-structured materials from 3D printing. Int. J. Extreme Manuf. 4(1), 015001 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ac38b9
  130. Y. Duan, W. Xie, Z. Yin, Y. Huang, Multi-material 3D nanoprinting for structures to functional micro/nanosystems. Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 6(6), 063001 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad671f
  131. Z. An, S. Xu, P. Zhang, M.-W. Moon, P.J. Yoo, Highly efficient and sustainable photocatalytic Fenton reactions utilizing catalyst-embedded inverse-opal structured membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 354, 129288 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.129288
  132. T. Wang, Y. Wu, L. Shi, X. Hu, M. Chen et al., A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 365 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7
  133. X. Yao, L. Huang, Y. Chen, Y. Hu, K. Sagoe-Crentsil et al., Nanophotonic porous structures for passive daytime radiative cooling. Mater. Des. 245, 113256 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113256
  134. A.S. Farooq, X. Song, D. Wei, L. Liu, P. Zhang, A bioinspired hierarchical gradient structure to maximize resilience and enhanced cooling performance in polymeric radiative cooling coatings. Mater. Today Energy 45, 101666 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2024.101666
  135. Y. Liu, A. Caratenuto, F. Chen, Y. Zheng, Controllable-gradient-porous cooling materials driven by multistage solvent displacement method. Chem. Eng. J. 488, 150657 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150657
  136. J. Liu, Y. Wei, Y. Zhong, L. Zhang, B. Wang et al., Hierarchical gradient structural porous metamaterial with selective spectral response for daytime passive radiative cooling. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(45), 2406393 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202406393
  137. C.-H. Wang, M.-X. Liu, Z.-Y. Jiang, TiO2 p agglomeration impacts on radiative cooling films with a thickness of 50 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 121(20), 202204 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121980
  138. H. Bao, C. Yan, B. Wang, X. Fang, C.Y. Zhao et al., Double-layer nanop-based coatings for efficient terrestrial radiative cooling. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 168, 78–84 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.04.020
  139. J. Zhao, Q. Meng, Y. Li, Z. Yang, J. Li, Structural porous ceramic for efficient daytime subambient radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(40), 47286–47293 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c10772
  140. Y. Li, Y. Song, H. Zu, F. Zhang, H. Yang et al., Bioinspired radiative cooling coating with high emittance and robust self-cleaning for sustainably efficient heat dissipation. Exploration 4(3), 20230085 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20230085
  141. M. Li, C. Lin, K. Li, W. Ma, B. Dopphoopha et al., A UV-reflective organic–inorganic tandem structure for efficient and durable daytime radiative cooling in harsh climates. Small 19(29), 2301159 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202301159
  142. Y. Du, W. Wang, J. Mei, L. Zhang, Silica-bridged inorganic-organic hybrid membrane for efficient daytime radiative cooling. Chem. Eng. J. 485, 149976 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149976
  143. D.V. Lam, D.T. Dung, U.N.T. Nguyen, H.S. Kang, B.-S. Bae et al., Metal-organic frameworks as a thermal emitter for high-performance passive radiative cooling. Small Meth. 9(3), 2401141 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401141
  144. X. Hu, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Yang, F. Wang et al., Sonochemically-coated transparent wood with ZnO: passive radiative cooling materials for energy saving applications. Renew. Energy 193, 398–406 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.008
  145. Z. Huang, X. Ruan, Nanop embedded double-layer coating for daytime radiative cooling. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 104, 890–896 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.08.009
  146. M. Qin, H. Han, F. Xiong, Z. Shen, Y. Jin et al., Vapor exchange induced ps-based sponge for scalable and efficient daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(44), 2304073 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202304073
  147. T. Du, J. Niu, L. Wang, J. Bai, S. Wang et al., Daytime radiative cooling coating based on the Y2O3/TiO2 microp-embedded PDMS polymer on energy-saving buildings. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(45), 51351–51360 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c15854
  148. X.-Q. Yu, J. Wu, J.-W. Wang, N.-X. Zhang, R.-K. Qing et al., Facile access to high solid content monodispersed microspheres via dual-component surfactants regulation toward high-performance colloidal photonic crystals. Adv. Mater. 36(24), 2312879 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312879
  149. H. Yuan, C. Yang, X. Zheng, W. Mu, Z. Wang et al., Effective, angle-independent radiative cooler based on one-dimensional photonic crystal. Opt. Express 26(21), 27885–27893 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.027885
  150. J. Yun, Recent progress in thermal management for flexible/wearable devices. Soft Sci. 3(2), 12 (2023). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.04
  151. L. Fei, W. Yu, J. Tan, Y. Yin, C. Wang, High solar energy absorption and human body radiation reflection Janus textile for personal thermal management. Adv. Fiber Mater. 5(3), 955–967 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00264-w
  152. P. Yang, Y. Ju, J. He, Z. Xia, L. Chen et al., Advanced Janus membrane with directional sweat transport and integrated passive cooling for personal thermal and moisture management. Adv. Fiber Mater. 6(6), 1765–1776 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-024-00444-2
  153. A.-Q. Xie, L. Zhu, Y. Liang, J. Mao, Y. Liu et al., Fiber-spinning asymmetric assembly for Janus-structured bifunctional nanofiber films towards all-weather smart textile. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(40), e202208592 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202208592
  154. Y. Jung, M. Kim, T. Kim, J. Ahn, J. Lee et al., Functional materials and innovative strategies for wearable thermal management applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 160 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01126-1
  155. S. Xue, G. Huang, Q. Chen, X. Wang, J. Fan et al., Personal thermal management by radiative cooling and heating. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 153 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01360-1
  156. P. Zhang, Y. Hao, H. Shi, J. Lu, Y. Liu et al., Highly thermally conductive and structurally ultra-stable graphitic films with seamless heterointerfaces for extreme thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 58 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01277-1
  157. M. Zhou, S. Tan, J. Wang, Y. Wu, L. Liang et al., “Three-in-one” multi-scale structural design of carbon fiber-based composites for personal electromagnetic protection and thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 176 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01144-z
  158. S. Bae, M. Kim, G. Kang, H.-S. Lee, I.S. Kim et al., Efficient full-color daytime radiative cooling with diffuse-reflection-dominant cholesteric liquid crystals. Chem. Eng. J. 483, 149245 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149245
  159. N. Cheng, Z. Wang, Y. Lin, X. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Breathable dual-mode leather-like nanotextile for efficient daytime radiative cooling and heating. Adv. Mater. 36(33), 2403223 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202403223
  160. W. Xi, Y. Liu, W. Zhao, R. Hu, X. Luo, Colored radiative cooling: How to balance color display and radiative cooling performance. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 170, 107172 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.107172
  161. S. Yu, Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Lv, R. Ma, Photonic-structure colored radiative coolers for daytime subambient cooling. Nano Lett. 22(12), 4925–4932 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01570
  162. W. Zhu, B. Droguet, Q. Shen, Y. Zhang, T.G. Parton et al., Structurally colored radiative cooling cellulosic films. Adv. Sci. 9(26), 2202061 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202202061
  163. J. Cao, H. Xu, X. Li, Y. Gu, Colored daytime radiative cooling textiles supported by semiconductor quantum dots. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(15), 19480–19489 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c02418
  164. N. Guo, R. Yang, M. Chen, H. Yan, W. Chen, Self-adaptive colored radiative cooling by tuning visible spectra. Sol. RRL 7(21), 2300512 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300512
  165. T. Yu, R. Liu, Z. Yang, S. Yang, Z. Ye et al., Color design for daytime radiative cooling: fundamentals and approaches. Appl. Energy 377, 124436 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124436
  166. L. Cai, Y. Peng, J. Xu, C. Zhou, C. Zhou et al., Temperature regulation in colored infrared-transparent polyethylene textiles. Joule 3(6), 1478–1486 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.03.015
  167. H. Keawmuang, T. Badloe, C. Lee, J. Park, J. Rho, Inverse design of colored daytime radiative coolers using deep neural networks. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 271, 112848 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2024.112848
  168. Y. Xin, C. Li, W. Gao, Y. Chen, Emerging colored and transparent radiative cooling: fundamentals, progress, and challenges. Mater. Today 83, 355–381 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2024.12.012
  169. G. Manoli, S. Fatichi, M. Schläpfer, K. Yu, T.W. Crowther et al., Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population. Nature 573(7772), 55–60 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1512-9
  170. Y. Lin, Q. Kang, Y. Liu, Y. Zhu, P. Jiang et al., Flexible, highly thermally conductive and electrically insulating phase change materials for advanced thermal management of 5G base stations and thermoelectric generators. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 31 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-01003-3
  171. H. Liu, F. Zhou, X. Shi, K. Sun, Y. Kou et al., A thermoregulatory flexible phase change nonwoven for all-season high-efficiency wearable thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 29 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00991-6
  172. J. Wang, T. Yang, Z. Wang, X. Sun, M. An et al., A thermochromic, viscoelastic nacre-like nanocomposite for the smart thermal management of planar electronics. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 170 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01149-8
  173. L. Huang, D. Tang, Z. Yang, Flexible electronic materials and devices toward portable immunoassays. FlexMat 1(1), 59–78 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.12
  174. C. Fan, Z. Long, Y. Zhang, A. Mensah, H. He et al., Robust integration of energy harvesting with daytime radiative cooling enables wearing thermal comfort self-powered electronic devices. Nano Energy 116, 108842 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108842
  175. M.H. Kang, G.J. Lee, J.H. Lee, M.S. Kim, Z. Yan et al., Outdoor-useable, wireless/battery-free patch-type tissue oximeter with radiative cooling. Adv. Sci. 8(10), 2004885 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202004885
  176. H. Kim, Y.J. Yoo, J.H. Yun, S.-Y. Heo, Y.M. Song et al., Outdoor worker stress monitoring electronics with nanofabric radiative cooler-based thermal management. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 12(28), 2301104 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202301104
  177. S.K. Jeon, J.T. Kim, M.S. Kim, I.S. Kim, S.J. Park et al., Scalable, patternable glass-infiltrated ceramic radiative coolers for energy-saving architectural applications. Adv. Sci. 10(27), e2302701 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202302701
  178. Y. Fu, L. Chen, Y. Guo, Y. Shi, Y. Liu et al., Pyramid textured photonic films with high-refractive index fillers for efficient radiative cooling. Adv. Sci. 11(39), 2404900 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202404900
  179. P.-H. Lan, C.-W. Hwang, T.-C. Chen, T.-W. Wang, H.-L. Chen et al., Hierarchical ceramic nanofibrous aerogels for universal passive radiative cooling. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(52), 2410285 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202410285
  180. Z. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Zhang, X. Wang, Z. Chen et al., Daytime radiative cooling coating for cooling energy efficiency of conventional air conditioners. Appl. Therm. Eng. 261, 125060 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125060
  181. X. Xue, M. Qiu, Y. Li, Q.M. Zhang, S. Li et al., Creating an eco-friendly building coating with smart subambient radiative cooling. Adv. Mater. 32(42), e1906751 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906751
  182. X. Yan, M. Yang, W. Duan, H. Cui, P-solid transition architecture for efficient passive building cooling. ACS Nano 18(40), 27752–27763 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c10659
  183. S. Feng, L. Yao, M. Feng, H. Cai, X. He et al., Sustainable regeneration of waste polystyrene foam as cooling coating: Building cooling energy saving, CO2 emission reduction and cost-benefit prospective. J. Clean. Prod. 434, 140361 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140361
  184. X. Ao, B. Li, B. Zhao, M. Hu, H. Ren et al., Self-adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the Sun and outer space. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119(17), e2120557119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120557119
  185. S. Wang, Y. Wu, M. Pu, M. Xu, R. Zhang et al., A versatile strategy for concurrent passive daytime radiative cooling and sustainable energy harvesting. Small 20(6), 2305706 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202305706
  186. C. Chen, B. Zhao, R. Wang, Z. He, J.-L. Wang et al., Janus helical ribbon structure of ordered nanowire films for flexible solar thermoelectric devices. Adv. Mater. 34(44), 2206364 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206364
  187. A. Zhang, S. Yuan, Y. Du, W. Dou, W. Cai et al., A flat radiative cooling thermoelectric generator for high performance power generation. Energy 290, 130138 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.130138
  188. Q. Xuan, N. Yang, M. Kai, C. Wang, B. Jiang et al., Combined daytime radiative cooling and solar photovoltaic/thermal hybrid system for year-round energy saving in buildings. Energy 304, 132178 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132178
  189. M. Hong, S. Sun, W. Lyu, M. Li, W. Liu et al., Advances in printing techniques for thermoelectric materials and devices. Soft Sci. 3(3), 29 (2023). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.20
  190. G. Lee, H. Kang, J. Yun, D. Chae, M. Jeong et al., Integrated triboelectric nanogenerator and radiative cooler for all-weather transparent glass surfaces. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 6537 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50872-2
  191. C. Guo, H. Tang, P. Wang, Q. Xu, H. Pan et al., Radiative cooling assisted self-sustaining and highly efficient moisture energy harvesting. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 6100 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50396-9
  192. X. Yue, H. Wu, T. Zhang, D. Yang, F. Qiu, Superhydrophobic waste paper-based aerogel as a thermal insulating cooler for building. Energy 245, 123287 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123287
  193. X. Shan, L. Liu, Y. Wu, D. Yuan, J. Wang et al., Aerogel-functionalized thermoplastic polyurethane as waterproof, breathable freestanding films and coatings for passive daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Sci. 9(20), 2201190 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202201190
  194. P. Yao, Z. Chen, T. Liu, X. Liao, Z. Yang et al., Spider-silk-inspired nanocomposite polymers for durable daytime radiative cooling. Adv. Mater. 34(51), e2208236 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202208236
  195. W. Wang, H. Xing, X. Shu, X. Zhao, X. Yan et al., Cooling colors below ambient temperature. Optica 10(8), 1059 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.487561
  196. B. Xie, Y. Liu, W. Xi, R. Hu, Colored radiative cooling: progress and prospects. Mater. Today Energy 34, 101302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2023.101302
  197. G.J. Lee, Y.J. Kim, H.M. Kim, Y.J. Yoo, Y.M. Song, Colored, daytime radiative coolers with thin-film resonators for aesthetic purposes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6(22), 1800707 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800707
  198. W. Li, Y. Shi, Z. Chen, S. Fan, Photonic thermal management of coloured objects. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 4240 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06535-0
  199. M. Chen, D. Pang, H. Yan, Colored passive daytime radiative cooling coatings based on dielectric and plasmonic spheres. Appl. Therm. Eng. 216, 119125 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119125
  200. Y. Chen, J. Mandal, W. Li, A. Smith-Washington, C.-C. Tsai et al., Colored and paintable bilayer coatings with high solar-infrared reflectance for efficient cooling. Sci. Adv. 6(17), eaaz5413 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5413
  201. R. Li, W. Wang, Y. Shi, C.-T. Wang, P. Wang, Advanced material design and engineering for water-based evaporative cooling. Adv. Mater. 36(12), e2209460 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202209460
  202. J. Tang, Z. Song, X. Lu, N. Li, L. Yang et al., Achieving excellent thermal transfer in highly light absorbing conical aerogel for simultaneous passive cooling and solar steam generation. Chem. Eng. J. 429, 132089 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132089
  203. M. Wu, R. Li, Y. Shi, M. Altunkaya, S. Aleid et al., Metal- and halide-free, solid-state polymeric water vapor sorbents for efficient water-sorption-driven cooling and atmospheric water harvesting. Mater. Horiz. 8(5), 1518–1527 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0mh02051f
  204. F. Ni, P. Xiao, C. Zhang, W. Zhou, D. Liu et al., Atmospheric hygroscopic ionogels with dynamically stable cooling interfaces enable a durable thermoelectric performance enhancement. Adv. Mater. 33(49), 2103937 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103937
  205. S. Pu, J. Fu, Y. Liao, L. Ge, Y. Zhou et al., Promoting energy efficiency via a self-adaptive evaporative cooling hydrogel. Adv. Mater. 32(17), e1907307 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907307
  206. R.H. Galib, Y. Tian, Y. Lei, S. Dang, X. Li et al., Atmospheric-moisture-induced polyacrylate hydrogels for hybrid passive cooling. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 6707 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42548-0
  207. R. Li, Y. Shi, M. Wu, S. Hong, P. Wang, Photovoltaic panel cooling by atmospheric water sorption–evaporation cycle. Nat. Sustain. 3(8), 636–643 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0535-4
  208. K. Yang, Y. Shi, M. Wu, W. Wang, Y. Jin et al., Hollow spherical SiO2 micro-container encapsulation of LiCl for high-performance simultaneous heat reallocation and seawater desalination. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(4), 1887–1895 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA11721K
  209. S. Shi, P. Lv, C. Valenzuela, B. Li, Y. Liu et al., Scalable bacterial cellulose-based radiative cooling materials with switchable transparency for thermal management and enhanced solar energy harvesting. Small 19(39), 2301957 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202301957
  210. J. Yang, X. Zhang, X. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Feng et al., Beyond the visible: bioinspired infrared adaptive materials. Adv. Mater. 33(14), 2004754 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004754
  211. O. Salihoglu, H.B. Uzlu, O. Yakar, S. Aas, O. Balci et al., Graphene-based adaptive thermal camouflage. Nano Lett. 18(7), 4541–4548 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01746
  212. X. Zhang, Y. Tian, W. Li, S. Dou, L. Wang et al., Preparation and performances of all-solid-state variable infrared emittance devices based on amorphous and crystalline WO3 electrochromic thin films. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 200, 109916 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.109916
  213. J. Park, J.-H. Kang, X. Liu, S.J. Maddox, K. Tang et al., Dynamic thermal emission control with InAs-based plasmonic metasurfaces. Sci. Adv. 4(12), eaat3163 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat3163
  214. Y. Huang, S.V. Boriskina, G. Chen, Electrically tunable near-field radiative heat transfer via ferroelectric materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(24), 244102 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4904456
  215. M. Kim, D. Lee, Y. Yang, J. Rho, Switchable diurnal radiative cooling by doped VO2. Opto Electron. Adv. 4(5), 200006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.29026/oea.2021.200006
  216. B. Li, C. Valenzuela, Y. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Yang et al., Free-standing bacterial cellulose-templated radiative cooling liquid crystal films with self-adaptive solar transmittance modulation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(37), 2402124 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202402124
  217. C. Zou, G. Ren, M.M. Hossain, S. Nirantar, W. Withayachumnankul et al., Metal-loaded dielectric resonator metasurfaces for radiative cooling. Adv. Opt. Mater. 5(20), 1700460 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201700460
  218. S. Ao, B. Li, X. Hu, X. Su, F. Sun, Molecular-engineered wool for sustainable all-weather radiative cooling textiles. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 8(10), 2400179 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202400179
  219. J. Jaramillo-Fernandez, H. Yang, L. Schertel, G.L. Whitworth, P.D. Garcia et al., Highly-scattering cellulose-based films for radiative cooling. Adv. Sci. 9(8), e2104758 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202104758
  220. Y. Tian, H. Shao, X. Liu, F. Chen, Y. Li et al., Superhydrophobic and recyclable cellulose-fiber-based composites for high-efficiency passive radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(19), 22521–22530 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c04046
  221. Y. Xu, X. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Zhang, T. Zhao et al., Radiative cooling face mask based on mixed micro- and nanofibrous fabric. Chem. Eng. J. 481, 148722 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.148722
  222. L. Zhou, H. Song, J. Liang, M. Singer, M. Zhou et al., A polydimethylsiloxane-coated metal structure for all-day radiative cooling. Nat. Sustain. 2(8), 718–724 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0348-5
  223. K. Lin, L. Chao, T.C. Ho, C. Lin, S. Chen et al., A flexible and scalable solution for daytime passive radiative cooling using polymer sheets. Energy Build. 252, 111400 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111400
  224. M. Yang, W. Zou, J. Guo, Z. Qian, H. Luo et al., Bioinspired “skin” with cooperative thermo-optical effect for daytime radiative cooling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(22), 25286–25293 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c03897
  225. G. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Qiu, J. Cao, Y. Zou et al., A visibly transparent radiative cooling film with self-cleaning function produced by solution processing. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 90, 76–84 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.092
  226. B. Ko, J. Noh, D. Chae, C. Lee, H. Lim et al., Neutral-colored transparent radiative cooler by tailoring solar absorption with punctured Bragg reflectors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(52), 2410613 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202410613
  227. D. Lee, M. Go, S. Son, M. Kim, T. Badloe et al., Sub-ambient daytime radiative cooling by silica-coated porous anodic aluminum oxide. Nano Energy 79, 105426 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105426
  228. D. Chae, S. Son, H. Lim, P.H. Jung, J. Ha et al., Scalable and paint-format microp–polymer composite enabling high-performance daytime radiative cooling. Mater. Today Phys. 18, 100389 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2021.100389
  229. J. Huang, M. Li, D. Fan, Core-shell ps for devising high-performance full-day radiative cooling paint. Appl. Mater. Today 25, 101209 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101209
  230. Z. Cheng, H. Han, F. Wang, Y. Yan, X. Shi et al., Efficient radiative cooling coating with biomimetic human skin wrinkle structure. Nano Energy 89, 106377 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106377
  231. L. Carlosena, Á. Andueza, L. Torres, O. Irulegi, R.J. Hernández-Minguillón et al., Experimental development and testing of low-cost scalable radiative cooling materials for building applications. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 230, 111209 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111209
  232. S. Son, S. Jeon, D. Chae, S.Y. Lee, Y. Liu et al., Colored emitters with silica-embedded perovskite nanocrystals for efficient daytime radiative cooling. Nano Energy 79, 105461 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105461
  233. S. Jeon, S. Son, S.Y. Lee, D. Chae, J.H. Bae et al., Multifunctional daytime radiative cooling devices with simultaneous light-emitting and radiative cooling functional layers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(49), 54763–54772 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c16241
  234. T.Y. Yoon, S. Son, S. Min, D. Chae, H.Y. Woo et al., Colloidal deposition of colored daytime radiative cooling films using nanop-based inks. Mater. Today Phys. 21, 100510 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2021.100510
  235. X. Wang, Q. Zhang, S. Wang, C. Jin, B. Zhu et al., Sub-ambient full-color passive radiative cooling under sunlight based on efficient quantum-dot photoluminescence. Sci. Bull. 67(18), 1874–1881 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2022.08.028
  236. L. Xu, D.-W. Sun, Y. Tian, T. Fan, Z. Zhu, Nanocomposite hydrogel for daytime passive cooling enabled by combined effects of radiative and evaporative cooling. Chem. Eng. J. 457, 141231 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.141231
  237. J. Shang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. An, Highly potent transparent passive cooling coating via microphase-separated hydrogel combining radiative and evaporative cooling. Nano Lett. 24(23), 7055–7062 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01621
  238. X. Mei, T. Wang, M. Chen, L. Wu, A self-adaptive film for passive radiative cooling and solar heating regulation. J. Mater. Chem. A 10(20), 11092–11100 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA01291J
  239. B. Zhao, X. Yue, Q. Tian, F. Qiu, Y. Li et al., Bio-inspired BC aerogel/PVA hydrogel bilayer gel for enhanced daytime sub-ambient building cooling. Cellulose 29(14), 7775–7787 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04749-6
  240. J. Fei, D. Han, X. Zhang, K. Li, N. Lavielle et al., Ultrahigh passive cooling power in hydrogel with rationally designed optofluidic properties. Nano Lett. 24(2), 623–631 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03694
  241. J.-W. Ma, F.-R. Zeng, X.-C. Lin, Y.-Q. Wang, Y.-H. Ma et al., A photoluminescent hydrogen-bonded biomass aerogel for sustainable radiative cooling. Science 385(6704), 68–74 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn5694
  242. S. Ouyang, Q. Jiang, Y. Wan, X. Qu, Z. Yu et al., High thermal buffer and radiative cooling sodium alginate-based Janus aerogel enables multi-scenario thermal management for firefighting clothing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 275, 133533 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133533
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 2059 Download : 1556

Most read articles by the same author(s)