Issue

Vol. 5 No. 4 (2013)

Controllable Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots and Their Detection Application as Nanoprobes

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353756
Zhi Yang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Zhaohui Li
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Minghan Xu
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Yujie Ma
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Jing Zhang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Yanjie Su
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Feng Gao
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Hao Wei
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Liying Zhang
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding Author: Liying Zhang

liyingzhang@sjtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 5 No. 4 (2013), Article Number: 247-259

Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs), as a new member of carbon nanomaterial family, have aroused great interest since their discovery in 2004. Because of their outstanding water solubility, high sensitivity and selectivity to target analytes, low toxicity, favorable biocompatibility, and excellent photostability, researchers from diverse disciplines have come together to further develop the fundamental properties of CDs. Many methods for the production of CDs have been reported, therein, hydrothermal and solvothermal technology needs simple equipments, and microwave synthesis needs less reaction time, hence these methods become current common synthesis methods, in which many precursors have been applied to produce CDs. Due to their excellent fluorescence, CDs have made impressive strides in sensitivity and selectivity to a diverse array of salt ions, organic/biological molecules and target gases. The development of CDs as nanoprobes is still in its infancy, but continued progress may lead to their integration into environmental and biological applications. Hydrothermal, solvothermal, and microwave synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots and their detection applications as nanoprobes in salt ions, organic/biological molecules, and target gases will be reviewed.

Keywords

Carbon dots Hydrothermal Solvothermal Microwave Nanoprobe
Yang, Zhi, Zhaohui Li, Minghan Xu, Yujie Ma, Jing Zhang, Yanjie Su, Feng Gao, Hao Wei, and Liying Zhang. 2013. “Controllable Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots and Their Detection Application As Nanoprobes”. Nano-Micro Letters 5 (4):247-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353756.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. N. T. Hu, L. Meng, R. G. Gao, Y. Y. Wang, J. Chai, Z. Yang, E. S. Kong and Y. F. Zhang, “A facile route for the large scale fabrication of graphene oxide papers and their mechanical enhancement by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde”, Nano-Micro Lett. 3(4), 215–222 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.3786/nml.v3i4.p215-222
  2. Z. Yang, R. G. Gao, N. T. Hu, J. Chai, Y. W. Cheng, L. Y. Zhang, H. Wei, E. S. Kong and Y. F. Zhang, “The prospective 2D graphene nanosheets: preparation, functionalization and applications”, Nano-Micro Lett. 4(1), 1–9 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3786/nml.v4i1.p1-9
  3. H. P. Liu, T. Ye and C. D. Mao, “Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot”, Angew. Ed. Int. Chem. 46(34), 6473–6475 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200701271
  4. S. N. Baker and G. A. Baker, “Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights”, Angew. Ed. Int. Chem. 49(38), 6726–6744 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906623
  5. Y. P. Sun, B. Zhou, Y. Lin, W. Wang, K. A. S. Fernando, P. Pathak, M. J. Meziani, B. A. Harruff, X. Wang, H. F. Wang, P. G. Luo, H. Yang, M. E. Kose, B. Chen, L. M. Veca and S. Y. Xie, “Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(24), 7756–7757 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja062677d
  6. J. G. Zhou, C. Booker, R. Y. Li, X. T. Zhou, T. K. Sham, X. L. Sun and Z. F. Ding, “An electrochemical avenue to blue luminescent nanocrystals from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(4), 744–745 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0669070
  7. H. Zhu, X. L. Wang, Y. L. Li, Z. J. Wang, F. Yang and X. R. Yang, “Microwave synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with electrochemiluminescence properties”, Chem. Commun. 45(34), 5118–5120 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B907612C
  8. A. B. Bourlinos, A. Stassinopoulos, D. Anglos, R. Zboril, V. Georgakilas and E. P. Giannelis, “Photoluminescent carbogenic dots”, Chem. Mater. 20(14), 4539–4541 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm800506r
  9. H. T. Li, Z. H. Kang, Y. Liu and S. T. Lee, “Carbon nanodots: synthesis, properties and applications”, J. Mater. Chem. 22(22), 24230–24253 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2JM34690G
  10. J. C. G. Esteves da Silva and H. M. R. Goncalves, “Analytical and bioanalytical applications of carbon dots”, TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 30(8), 1327–1336 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.04.009
  11. J. H. Liu, S. T. Yang, X. X. Chen and H. F. Wang, “Fluorescent carbon dots and nanodiamonds for biological imaging: preparation, application, pharmacokinetics and toxicity”, Curr. Drug Metab. 13(8), 1046–1056 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920012802850083
  12. P. G. Luo, S. Sahu, S. T. Yang, S. K. Sonkar, J. P. Wang, H. F. Wang, G. E. LeCroy, L. Cao and Y. P. Sun, “Carbon “quantum” dots for optical bioimaging”, J. Mater. Chem. B 1(16), 2116–2127 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3TB00018D
  13. S. J. Zhu, Q. N. Meng, L. Wang, J. H. Zhang, Y. B. Song, H. Jin, K. Zhang, H. C. Sun, H. Y. Wang and B. Yang, “Highly photoluminescent carbon dots for multicolor patterning, sensors, and bioimaging”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52(14), 3953–3957 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201300519
  14. Z. C. Yang, M. Wang, A. M. Yong, S. Y. Wong, X. H. Zhang, H. Tan, A. Y. Chang, X. Li and J. Wang, “Intrinsically fluorescent carbon dots with tunable emission derived from hydrothermal treatment of glucose in the presence of monopotassium phosphate”, Chem. Commun. 47(42), 11615–11617 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc14860e
  15. W. B. Lu, X. Y. Qin, S. Liu, G. H. Chang, Y. W. Zhang, Y. L. Luo, A. M. Asiri, A. O. Al-Youbi and X. P. Sun, “Economical, green synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and their use as probes for sensitive and selective detection of mercury(II) ions”, Anal. Chem. 84(12), 5351–5357 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac3007939
  16. Y. Kubojima, Y. Suzuki, and M. Tonosaki, “Vibrational properties of Japanese cedar juvenile wood at high temperature”, BioRes. 8(4), 5349–5357 (2013). http://ncsu.edu/bioresources
  17. C. Z. Zhu, J. F. Zhai and S. J. Dong, “Bifunctional fluorescent carbon nanodots: green synthesis via soy milk and application as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction”, Chem. Commun. 48(75), 9367–9369 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC33844K
  18. X. Y. Qin, W. B. Lu, A. M. Asiri, A. O. Al-Youbi and X. P. Sun, “Green, low-cost synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots by hydrothermal treatment of willow bark and their application as an effective photocatalyst for fabricating Au nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for glucose detection”, Catal. Sci. Technol. 3(4), 1027–1035 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CY20635H
  19. S. Sahu, B. Behera, T. K. Maiti and S. Mohapatra, “Simple one-step synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots from orange juice: application as excellent bio-imaging agents”, Chem. Commun. 48(70), 8835–8837 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC33796G
  20. D. Wu, X. M. Huang, X. Deng, K. Wang and Q. Y. Liu, “Preparation of photoluminescent carbon nanodots by traditional Chinese medicine and application as a probe for Hg2+”, Anal. Methods 5(12), 3023–3027 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3AY40337H
  21. Q. H. Liang, W. J. Ma, Y. Shi, Z. Li and X. M. Yang, “Easy synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from gelatin and their luminescent properties and applications”, Carbon 60, 421–428 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.055
  22. K. G. Qu, J. S. Wang, J. S. Ren and X. G. Qu, “Carbon dots prepared by hydrothermal treatment of dopamine as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for the label-free detection”, Chem. Eur. J. 19(22), 7243–7249 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201300042
  23. Q. L. Wang, X. X. Huang, Y. J. Long, X. L. Wang, H. J. Zhang, R. Zhu, L. P. Liang, P. Teng and H. Z. Zheng, “Hollow luminescent carbon dots for drug delivery”, Carbon 59, 192-199 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.009
  24. Z. Zhang, J. H. Hao, J. Zhang, B. L. Zhang and J. L. Tang, “Protein as the source for synthesizing fluorescent carbon dots by a one-pot hydrothermal route”, RSC Adv. 2(23), 8599–8601 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2RA21217J
  25. P. C. Chen, Y. N. Chen, P. C. Hsu, C. C. Shih and H. T. Chang, “Photoluminescent organosilane-functionalized carbon dots as temperature probes”, Chem. Commun. 49(16), 1639–1641 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3CC38486A
  26. W. Sun, Y. X. Du and Y. Q. Wang, “Study on fluorescence properties of carbogenic nanoparticles and their application for the determination of ferrous succinate”, J. Lumin. 130(8), 1463–1469 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.03.013
  27. Y. M. Guo, Z. Wang, H. W. Shao, X. Y. Jiang, “Hydrothermal synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles from sodium citrate and their use for the detection of mercury ions”, Carbon. 52, 583–589 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.028
  28. Y. H. Yang, J. H. Cui, M. T. Zheng, C. F. Hu, S. Z. Tan, Y. Xiao, Q. Yang and Y. L. Liu, “One-step synthesis of amino-functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by hydrothermal carbonization of chitosan”, Chem. Commun. 48(3), 380–382 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1CC15678K
  29. Z. C. Yang, X. Li and J. Wang, “Intrinsically fluorescent nitrogen-containing carbon nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal process”, Carbon. 49, 5207–5212 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.07.038
  30. X. D. He, H. T. Li, Y. Liu, H. Huang, Z. H. Kang and S. T. Lee, “Water soluble carbon nanoparticles: hydrothermal synthesis and excellent photoluminescence properties”, Colloids Surf. B; Biointerfaces 87(2), 326–332 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.036
  31. H. P. Yan, M. Q. Tan, D. M. Zhang, F. S. Cheng, H. Wu, M. K. Fan, X. J. Ma and J. H. Wang, “Development of multicolor carbon nanoparticles for cell imaging”, Talanta 108, 59–65 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.074
  32. P. C. Hsu and H. T. Chang, “Synthesis of high-quality carbon nanodots from hydrophilic compounds: role of functional groups”, Chem. Commun. 48(33), 3984–3986 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC30188A
  33. B. Liao, P. Long, B. Q. He, S. J. Yi, B. L. Ou, S. H. Shen and J. Chen, “Reversible fluorescence modulation of spiropyran-functionalized carbon nanoparticles”, J. Mater. Chem. C. 1(23), 3716–3721 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc00906h
  34. B. Zhang, C. Y. Liu and Y. Liu, “A novel one-step approach to synthesize fluorescent carbon nanoparticles”, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2010(28), 4411–4414 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201000622
  35. H. Y. Wu, C. C. Mi, H. Q. Huang, B. F. Han, J. Li and S. K. Xu, “Solvothermal synthesis of green-fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and their application”, J. Lumin. 132(6), 1603–1607 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.12.077
  36. S. Mitra, S. Chandra, S. H. Pathan, N. Sikdar, P. Pramanik and A. Goswami, “Room temperature and solvothermal green synthesis of self passivated carbon quantum dots”, RSC Adv. 3(48), 3189–3193 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2RA23085B
  37. Y. Liu, C. Y. Liu and Z. Y. Zhang, “Synthesis and surface photochemistry of graphitized carbon quantum dots”, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 356(2), 416–421 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.065
  38. J. Zhou, P. Lin, J. J. Ma, X. Y. Shan, H. Feng, C. C. Chen, J. R. Chen and Z. S. Chen. “Facile synthesis of halogenated carbon quantum dots as an important intermediate for surface modification”, RSC Adv. 3(25), 9625–9628 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3RA41243A
  39. S. Liu, J. Q. Tian, L. Wang, Y. L. Luo, J. F. Zhai and X. P. Sun, “Preparation of photoluminescent carbon nitride dots from CCl4 and 1,2-ethylenediamine: a heat-treatment-based strategy”, J. Mater. Chem. 21(21), 11726–11729 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1JM12149A
  40. Y. Q. Zhang, D. K. Ma, Y. Zhuang, X. Zhang, W. Chen, L. L. Hong, Q. X. Yan, K. Yu and S. M. Huang, “One-pot synthesis of N-doped carbon dots with tunable luminescence properties”, J. Mater. Chem. 22(22), 16714–16718 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2JM32973E
  41. L. Tian, Y. Song, X. J. Chang and S. W. Chen, “Hydrothermally enhanced photoluminescence of carbon nanoparticles”, Scripta Mater. 62(11), 883–886 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.02.035
  42. S. N. Qu, X. Y. Wang, Q. P. Lu, X. Y. Liu and L. J. Wang, “A biocompatible fluorescent ink based on water-soluble luminescent carbon nanodots”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51(49), 12215–12218 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206791
  43. A. Jaiswal, S. S. Ghosh and A. Chattopadhyay, “One step synthesis of C-dots by microwave mediated caramelization of poly(ethylene glycol)”, Chem. Commun. 48(3), 407–409 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc15988g
  44. X. Y. Qin, W. B. Lu, A. M. Asiri, A. O. Al-Youbi and X. P. Sun, “Microwave-assisted rapid green synthesis of photoluminescent carbon nanodots from flour and their applications for sensitive and selective detection of mercury(II) ions”, Sens Actuators B; Chem. 184, 156–162 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.04.079
  45. L. N. Wu, X. Cai, K. Nelson, W. X. Xing, J. Xia, R. Y. Zhang, A. J. Stacy, M. Luderer, G. M. Lanza, L. H. V. Wang, B. Z. Shen and D. P. J. Pan, “A green synthesis of carbon nanoparticles from honey and their use in real-time photoacoustic imaging”, Nano Res. 6(5), 312–325 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0308-8
  46. Q. Wang, X. Liu, L. C. Zhang and Y. Lv, “Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanodots through an eggshell membrane and their fluorescent application”, Analyst 137(22), 5392–5397 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2AN36059D
  47. A. Philippidis, D. Stefanakis, D. Anglos, D. Ghanotakis, “Microwave heating of arginine yields highly fluorescent nanoparticles”, J. Nanopart. Res. 15, 1414 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1414-3
  48. J. Jiang, Y. He, S. Y. Li and H. Cui, “Amino acids as the source for producing carbon nanodots: microwave assisted one-step synthesis, intrinsic photoluminescence property and intense chemiluminescence enhancement”, Chem. Commun. 48(77), 9634–9636 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc34612e
  49. S. Liu, L. Wang, J. Q. Tian, J. F. Zhai, Y. L. Luo, W. B. Lu and X. P. Sun, “Acid-driven, microwave-assisted production of photoluminescent carbon nitride dots from N,N-dimethylformamide”, RSC Adv. 1(6), 951–953 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1RA00249J
  50. D. L. Xiao, D. H. Yuan, H. He and J. R. Lu, “Microwave-assisted one-step green synthesis of amino-functionalized fluorescent carbon nitride dots from chitosan”, Luminescence 28(4), 612–615 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.2486
  51. S. Chandra, S. H. Pathan, S. Mitra, B. H. Modha, A. Goswami and P. Pramanik, “Tuning of photoluminescence on different surface functionalized carbon quantum dots”, RSC Adv. 2(9), 3602–3606 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2RA00030J
  52. F. K. Du, F. Zeng, Y. H. Ming and S. Z. Wu, “Carbon dots-based fluorescent probes for sensitive and selective detection of iodide”, Microchim. Acta 180(5–6), 453–460 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-013-0954-2
  53. A. Salinas-Castillo, M. Ariza-Avidad, C. Pritz, M. Camprubi-Robles, B. Fernandez, M. J. Ruedas-Rama, A. Megia-Fernandez, A. Lapresta-Fernandez, F. Santoyo-Gonzalez, A. Schrott-Fischer and L. F. Capitan-Vallvey, “Carbon dots for copper detection with down and upconversion fluorescent properties as excitation sources”, Chem. Commun. 49(11), 1103–1105 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC36450F
  54. X. Y. Zhai, P. Zhang, C. J. Liu, T. Bai, W. C. Li, L.M. Dai and W. G. Liu, “Highly luminescent carbon nanodots by microwave-assisted pyrolysis”, Chem. Commun. 48(64), 7955–7957 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC33869F
  55. J. M. Liu, L. P. Lin, X. X. Wang, L. Jiao, M. L. Cui, S. L. Jiang, W. L. Cai, L. H. Zhang and Z. Y. Zheng, “Zr(H2O)2EDTA modulated luminescent carbon dots as fluorescent probes for fluoride detection”, Analyst 138(1), 278–283 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2an36055a
  56. Z. Lin, W. Xue, H. Chen and J. M. Lin, “Peroxynitrous-acid-induced chemiluminescence of fluorescent carbon dots for nitride sensing”, Anal. Chem. 83(21), 8245–8251 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac202039h
  57. A. Safavi, F. Sedaghati, H. Shahbaazi and E. Farjami, “Facile approach to the synthesis of carbon nanodots and their peroxidase mimetic function in azo dyes degradation”, RSC Adv. 2(19), 7367–7370 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2RA20355C
  58. N. Na, T. T. Liu, S. H. Xu, Y. Zhang, D. C. He, L. Y. Huang and J. Ouyang, “Application of fluorescent carbon nanodots in fluorescence imaging of human serum proteins”, J. Mater. Chem. B 1(6), 787–792 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2TB00335J
  59. C. J. Liu, P. Zhang, F. Tian, W. C. Li, F. Li and W. G. Liu, “One-step synthesis of surface passivated carbon nnaodots by microwave assisted pyrolysis for enhanced multicolor photoluminescence and imaging”, J. Mater. Chem. 21(21), 13163–13167 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12744f
  60. X. H. Wang, K. G. Qu, B. L. Xu, J. S. Ren and X. G. Qu, “Microwave assisted one-step green synthesis of cell-permeable multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots without surface passivation reagents”, J. Mater. Chem. 21(21), 2445–2450 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm02963g
  61. C. J. Liu, P. Zhang, X. J. Zhai, F. Tian, W. C. Li, J. H. Yang, Y. Liu, H. B. Wang, W. Wang and W. G. Liu, “Nano-carrier for gene delivery and bioimaging based on carbon dots with PEI-passivation enhanced fluorescence”, Biomaterials 33(13), 3604–3613 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.052
  62. S. Chandra, P. Das, S. Bag, D. Laha and P. Pramanik, “Synthesis, functionalization and bioimaging applications of highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles”, Nanoscale 3(4), 1533–1540 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0NR00735H
  63. N. Puvvada, B. N. P. Kumar, S. Konar, H. Kalita, M. Mandal and A. Pathak, “Synthesis of biocompatible multicolor luminescent carbon dots for bioimaging applications”, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 13(4), 045008 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/13/4/045008
  64. S. Mitra, S. Chandra, T. Kundu, R. Banerjee, P. Pramanik and A. Goswami, “Rapid microwave synthesis of fluorescent hydrophobic carbon dots”, RSC Adv. 2(32), 12129–12131 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2RA21048G
  65. S. Liu, J. Q. Tian, L. Wang, Y. L. Luo and X. P. Sun, “A general strategy for the production of photoluminescent carbon nitride dots from organic amines and their application as novel peroxidase-like catalysts for colorimetric detection of H2O2 and glucose”, RSC Adv. 2(2), 411–413 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1RA00709B
  66. P. Zhang, W. W. Li, X. Y. Zhai, C. J. Liu, L. M. Dai and W. G. Liu, “A facile and versatile approach to biocompatible “fluorescent polymers” from polymerizable carbon nanodots”, Chem. Commun. 48(84), 10431–10433 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC35966A
  67. J. Tang and R. A. Marcus, “Determination of energetics and kinetics from single-particle intermittency and ensemble-averaged fluorescence intensity decay of quantum dots”, J. Chem. Phys. 125(4), 044703 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2227394
  68. X. Ji, J. Zheng, V. K. Rastoqi, T. C. Cheng, J. J. DeFrank and R. M. Leblanc, “(CdSe)ZnS Quantum dots and organophosphorus hydrolase bioconjugate as biosensors for detection of paraoxon”, J. Phys. Chem. B 109(9), 3793–3799 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp044928f
  69. C. Q. Dong, H. F. Qian, N. H. Fang and J. C. Ren, “Study of fluorescence quenching and dialysis process of CdTe quantum dots, using emseble techniques and fluorescene correlation spectroscopy”, J. Phys. Chem. B 110(23), 11069–11075 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp060279r
  70. J. R. Lakowicz. “Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 2nd edn”, Academic/Plenum Press, New York, 239–247.
  71. H. L. Li, J. F. Zhai, J. Q. Tian, Y. L. Luo and X. P. Sun, “Carbon nanoparticle for highly sensitive and selective fluorescent detection of mercury(II) ion in aqueous solution”, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(12), 4656–4660 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.026
  72. L. Zhou, Y. H. Lin, Z. Z. Huang, J. S. Ren and X. G. Qu, “Carbon nanodots as fluorescence probes for rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of Hg2+ and biothiols in complex matrices”, Chem. Commun. 48(8), 1147–1149 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC16791C
  73. Y. S. Xia and C. Q. Zhu, “Use of surface-modified CdTe quantum dots as fluorescent probes in sensing mercury(II)”, Talanta 75(1), 215–221 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.11.008
  74. A. W. Zhu, Q. Qu, X. L. Shao, B. Kong and Y. Tian, “Carbon-dot-based dual-emission nanohybrid produces a ratiometric fluorescent sensor for in vivo imaging of cellular copper ions”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51(29), 7185–7189 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201109089
  75. H. M. R. Goncalves, A. J. Duarte and J. C. G. Esteves da Silva, “Optical fiber sensor for Hg(II) based on carbon dots”, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(4), 1302–1306 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.018
  76. H. Goncalves, P. A. S. Jorge, J. R. A. Fernandes and J. C. G. Esteves da Silva, “Hg(II) sensing based on functionalized carbon dots obtained by direct laser ablation”, Sens Actuators. B; Chem. 145(2), 702–707 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.01.031
  77. X. L. Shao, H. Gu, Z. Wang, X. L. Chai, Y. Tian and G. Y. Shi, “Highly selective electrochemical strategy for monitoring of cerebral Cu2+ based on a carbon dot-TPEA hydridized surface”, Anal. Chem. 85(1), 418–425 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac303113n
  78. Y. Q. Dong, R. X. Wang, G. L. Li, C. Q. Chen, Y. W. Chi and G. N. Chen, “Polyamine-functionalized carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes for selective and sensitive detection of copper ions”, Anal. Chem. 84(14), 6220–6224 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac3012126
  79. Q. Qu, A. W. Zhu, X. L. Shao, G. Y. Shi and Y. Tian, “Development of a carbon quantum dots-based fluorescent Cu2+ probe suitable for living cell imaging”, Chem. Commun. 48(44), 5473–5475 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc31000g
  80. J. M. Liu, L. P. Lin, X. X. Wang, S. Q. Lin, W. L. Cai, L. H. Zhang and Z. Y. Zheng, “Highly selective and sensitive detection of Cu2+ with lysine enhancing bovine serum albumin modified-carbon dots fluorescent probe”, Analyst 137(11), 2637–2642 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2an35130g
  81. Y. L. Zhang, L. Wang, H. C. Zhang, Y. Liu, H. Y. Wang, Z. H. Kang and S. T. Lee, “Graphitic carbon quantum dots as a fluorescent sensing platform for highly efficient detection of Fe3+ ions”, RSC Adv. 3(11), 3733–3738 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3RA23410J
  82. H. L. Li, J. F. Zhai and X. P. Sun, “Sensitive and selective detection of silver(I) ion in aqueous solution using carbon nanoparticles as a cheap, effective fluorescent sensing platform”, Langmuir 27(8), 4305–4308 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la200052t
  83. S. S. Wee, Y. H. Ng and S. M. Ng, “Synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots via simple acid hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin and its potential as sensitive sensing probe for lead(II) ions”, Talanta 116, 71–76 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.081
  84. S. N. A. M. Yazid, S. F. Chin, S. C. Pang and S. M. Ng, “Detection of Sn(II) ions via quenching of the fluorescence of carbon nanodots”, Microchim. Acta 180(1–2), 137–143 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-012-0908-0
  85. J. X. Shi, C. Lu, D. Yan and L. N. Ma, “Highly selectivity sensing of cobalt in HepG2 cells based on necklace model microenvironment-modulated carbon dot-improved chemilunescence in fenton-like system”, Biosens. Bioelectron. 45, 58–64 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.056
  86. L. Wu, L. Y. Feng, J. S. Ren and X. G. Qu, “Electrochemical detection of dopamine using porphyrin-functionalized graphene”, Biosens. Bioelectron. 34(1), 57–62 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.01.007
  87. C. M. Yu, X. Z. Li, F. Zeng, F. Y. Zheng and S. Z. Wu, “Carbon-dot-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor for detecting hydrogen sulfide in aqueous media and inside live cells”, Chem. Commun. 49(4), 403–405 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CC37329G
  88. B. L. Xu, C. Q. Zhao, W. L. Wei, J. S. Ren, D. Miyoshi, N. Sugimoto and X. G. Qu, “Aptamer carbon nanodot sandwich used for fluorescent detection of protein”, Analyst 137(23), 5483–5486 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2an36174d
  89. J. H. Liu, J. S. Li, Y. Jiang, S. Yang, W. H. Tan and R. H. Yang, “Combination of π-π stacking and electrostatic repulsion between carboxylic carbon nanoparticles and fluorescent oligonucleotides for rapid and sensitive detection of thrombin”, Chem. Commun. 47(40), 11321–11323 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc14445f
  90. Q. Gao, J. M. Han and Z. F. Ma, “Polyaminoamine dendrimers-capping carbon dots/Au nanocrystal nanocomposites and its application for electrochemical immunosensor”, Biosens. Bioelectron. 49, 323–328 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.05.048
  91. W. J. Bai, H. Z. Zheng, Y. J. Long, X. J. Mao, M. Gao and L. Y. Zhang, “A carbon dots-based fluorescence turn-on method for DNA determination”, Anal. Sci. 27(3), 243 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.27.243
  92. X. Y. Ouyang, J. H. Liu, J. S. Li and R. H. Yang, “A carbon nanoparticle-based low-background biosensing platform for sensitive and label-free fluorescent assay of DNA methylation”, Chem. Commun. 48(1), 88–90 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1CC15511C
  93. H. L. Li, Y. W. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Q. Tian and X. P. Sun, “Nucleic acid detection using carbon nanoparticles as a fluorescent sensing platform”, Chem. Commun. 47(3), 961–963 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cc04326e
  94. H. X. Zhao, L. Q. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Y. Wang, X. J. Zhao and C. Z. Huang, “Highly selective detection of phosphate in very complicated matrixes with an off-on fluorescent probe of europium-adjusted carbon dots”, Chem. Commun. 47(9), 2604–2606 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0CC04399K
  95. W. B. Shi, Q. L. Wang, Y. J. Long, Z. L. Cheng, S, H, Chen, H. Z. Zheng and Y. M. Huang, “Carbon nanodots as peroxidase mimetics and their applications to glucose detection”, Chem. Commun. 47(23), 6695–6697 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1CC11943E
  96. S. M. Chen, H. Z. Zheng, J. N. Wang, J. Hou, Q. He, H. H. Liu, C. Q. Xiong, X. L. Kong and Z. X. Nie, “Carbon nanodots as a matrix for the analysis of low-molecular-weight molecules in both positive- and negative-ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and quantification of glucose and uric acid in real samples”, Anal. Chem. 85(14), 6646–6652 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac401601r
  97. C. I. Wang, A. P. Periasamy and H. T. Chang, “Photoluminescent C-dots@RGO probe for selective and selective detection of acetylcholine”, Anal. Chem. 85(6), 3263–3270 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac303613d
  98. J. Z. Li, N. Y. Wang, T. Tran.T, C. Huang, L. Chen, L. J. Yuan, L. P. Zhou, R. Shen and Q. Y. Cai, “Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection of trace level pentachlorophenol using carbon quantum dots”, Analyst 138(7), 2038–2043 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3AN36653G
  99. Q. T. Huang, S. R. Hu, H. Q. Zhang, J. H. Chen, Y. S. He, F. M. Li, W. Weng, J. C. Ni, X. X. Bao and Y. Lin, “Carbon dots and chitosan composite film based biosensor for the sensitive and selective determination of dopamine”, Analyst 138(18), 5417–5423 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3AN00510K
  100. C. M. Yu, Y. L. Wu, F. Zeng and S. Z. Wu, “A fluorescent ratiometric nanosensor for detecting NO in aqueous media and imaging exogenous and endogenous NO in live cells”, J. Mater. Chem. B 1(33), 4152–4159 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tb20686f
  101. G. Eda, Y. Y. Lin, C. Mattevi, H. Yamaguchi, H. A. Chen, I. S. Chen, C. W. Chen and M. Chhowalla, “Blue photoluminescence from chemically derived graphene oxide”, Adv. Mater. 22(4), 505–509 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200901996
  102. A. B. Bourlinos, A. Bakandritsos, A. Kouloumpis, D. Gournis, M. Krysmann, E. P. Giannelis, K. Polakova, K. Safarova, K. Hola and R. Zboril, “Gd(III)-doped carbon dots as a dual fluorescent-MRI probe”, J. Mater. Chem. 22(22), 23327–23330 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2JM35592B
  103. T. K. Mandal and N. Parvin, “Rapid detection of bacteria by carbon quantum dots”, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 7(6), 846–848 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2011.1344
  104. L. Wu, J. S. Wang, J. S. Ren, W. Li and X. G. Qu, “Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescent cytosensing using carbon nanodot@Ag hydrid material and graphene for dual signal amplification”, Chem. Commun. 49(50), 5675–5677 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc42637h
  105. L. Y. Zeng, Y. X. Yuan, P. Shen, K. Y. Wong and Z. H. Liu, “Graphitic carbon-nanoparticle-based single-label nanobeacons”, Chem. Eur. J. 19(25), 8063–8067 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201300332
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 15156 Download : 11540

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 > >>