Issue

Vol. 15 (2023)

Flexible Nanocomposite Conductors for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01122-5
Ze Nan
State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Wei Wei
State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Zhenhua Lin
State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Jingjing Chang
State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Yue Hao
State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jingjing Chang

jjingchang@xidian.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 15 (2023), Article Number: 172

Abstract

With the extensive use of electronic communication technology in integrated circuit systems and wearable devices, electromagnetic interference (EMI) has increased dramatically. The shortcomings of conventional rigid EMI shielding materials include high brittleness, poor comfort, and unsuitability for conforming and deformable applications. Hitherto, flexible (particularly elastic) nanocomposites have attracted enormous interest due to their excellent deformability. However, the current flexible shielding nanocomposites present low mechanical stability and resilience, relatively poor EMI shielding performance, and limited multifunctionality. Herein, the advances in low-dimensional EMI shielding nanomaterials-based elastomers are outlined and a selection of the most remarkable examples is discussed. And the corresponding modification strategies and deformability performance are summarized. Finally, expectations for this quickly increasing sector are discussed, as well as future challenges.


Highlights:


1 Convincing candidates of flexible (stretchable/compressible) electromagnetic interference shielding nanocomposites are discussed in detail from the views of fabrication, mechanical elasticity and shielding performance.
2 Detailed summary of the relationship between deformation of materials and electromagnetic shielding performance.
3 The future directions and challenges in developing flexible (particularly elastic) shielding nanocomposites are highlighted.

Keywords

Electromagnetic interference shielding Intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites Compressible monolith Low-dimensional materials Flexible devices
Nan, Ze, Wei Wei, Zhenhua Lin, Jingjing Chang, and Yue Hao. 2023. “Flexible Nanocomposite Conductors for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding”. Nano-Micro Letters 15 (July):172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01122-5.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Y. Xie, S. Liu, K. Huang, B. Chen, P. Shi et al., Ultra-broadband strong electromagnetic interference shielding with ferromagnetic graphene quartz fabric. Adv. Mater. 34(30), 2202982 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202202982
  2. R. Rehpade, S.D. Pable, G.K. Kharate, Design issues & challenges with EMI/EMC in system on packages (SOPs). In: 2017 International conference of Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA). (2017)
  3. D. Kapoor, C.M. Tan, V. Sangwan, Evaluation of the potential electromagnetic interference in vertically stacked 3D integrated circuits. Appl. Sci.-Basel. 10(3), 748 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030748
  4. E. Sicard, W. Jianfei, R.J. Shen, E.P. Li, E.X. Liu et al., Recent advances in electromagnetic compatibility of 3D-ICs &2013; part I. IEEE Electromagn. Compat. Mag. 4(4), 79–89 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMC.2015.7407186
  5. E. Sicard, W. Jianfei, R. Shen, E.P. Li, E.X. Liu et al., Recent advances in electromagnetic compatibility of 3D-ICS—part II. IEEE Electromagn. Compat. Mag. 5(1), 65–74 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMC.2016.7477137
  6. N. Wang, W. Zou, X. Li, Y. Liang, P. Wang, Study and application status of the nonthermal effects of microwaves in chemistry and materials science - a brief review. RSC Adv. 12(27), 17158–17181 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00381C
  7. Z. Zhang, W. Wang, Y. Jiang, Y.-X. Wang, Y. Wu et al., High-brightness all-polymer stretchable led with charge-trapping dilution. Nature 603(7902), 624–630 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04400-1
  8. J.Y. Oh, S. Rondeau-Gagné, Y.-C. Chiu, A. Chortos, F. Lissel et al., Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors. Nature 539(7629), 411–415 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20102
  9. Y. Liu, S. Shen, J. Hu, L. Chen, Embedded Ag mesh electrodes for polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices on flexible substrate. Opt. Express 24(22), 25774–25784 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.025774
  10. Y.-H. Liu, J.-L. Xu, S. Shen, X.-L. Cai, L.-S. Chen et al., High-performance, ultra-flexible and transparent embedded metallic mesh electrodes by selective electrodeposition for all-solid-state supercapacitor applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(19), 9032–9041 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA01947E
  11. H. Zhao, Y. Huang, J. Yun, Z. Wang, Y. Han et al., Stretchable polymer composite film based on pseudo-high carbon-filler loadings for electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 157, 106937 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.106937
  12. Z.-Y. Jiang, W. Huang, L.-S. Chen, Y.-H. Liu, Ultrathin, lightweight, and freestanding metallic mesh for transparent electromagnetic interference shielding. Opt. Express 27(17), 24194–24206 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.024194
  13. C. Yuan, J. Huang, Y. Dong, X. Huang, Y. Lu et al., Record-high transparent electromagnetic interference shielding achieved by simultaneous microwave fabry–pérot interference and optical antireflection. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(23), 26659–26669 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c05334
  14. J. Wang, Q. Li, K. Li, X. Sun, Y. Wang et al., Ultra-high electrical conductivity in filler-free polymeric hydrogels toward thermoelectrics and electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Mater. 34(12), 2109904 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202109904
  15. Y. Bai, S. Bi, W. Wang, N. Ding, Y. Lu et al., Biocompatible, stretchable, and compressible cellulose/MXene hydrogel for strain sensor and electromagnetic interference shielding. Soft Mater. 20(4), 444–454 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/1539445X.2022.2081580
  16. S. Ganguly, S. Ghosh, P. Das, T. Das, S.K. Ghosh et al., Poly(n-vinylpyrrolidone)-stabilized colloidal graphene-reinforced poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) to mitigate electromagnetic radiation pollution. Polym. Bull. 77, 2923–2943 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02892-y
  17. Z. Wang, X. Xia, M. Zhu, X. Zhang, R. Liu et al., Rational assembly of liquid metal/elastomer lattice conductors for high-performance and strain-invariant stretchable electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(10), 2108336 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108336
  18. A. Kamyshny, S. Magdassi, Conductive nanomaterials for 2d and 3d printed flexible electronics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(6), 1712–1740 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00738A
  19. X. Jia, Y. Li, B. Shen, W. Zheng, Evaluation, fabrication and dynamic performance regulation of green emi-shielding materials with low reflectivity: A review. Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 233, 109652 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109652
  20. J. Cheng, C. Li, Y. Xiong, H. Zhang, H. Raza et al., Recent advances in design strategies and multifunctionality of flexible electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 80 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00823-7
  21. X. Liu, Y. Li, X. Sun, W. Tang, G. Deng et al., Off/on switchable smart electromagnetic interference shielding aerogel. Matter 4(5), 1735–1747 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.02.022
  22. M. Huang, L. Wang, B. Zhao, G. Chen, R. Che, Engineering the electronic structure on mxenes via multidimensional component interlayer insertion for enhanced electromagnetic shielding. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 138, 149–156 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.07.047
  23. B. Yao, W. Hong, T. Chen, Z. Han, X. Xu et al., Highly stretchable polymer composite with strain-enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. Adv. Mater. 32(14), 1907499 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907499
  24. S. Liu, J. Liu, X. Dong, Y. Duan, Electromagnetic shielding and absorbing materials (second edition). (Chemical Industry Press; 2014).
  25. A. Iqbal, P. Sambyal, C.M. Koo, 2D MXenes for electromagnetic shielding: A review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(47), 2000883 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000883
  26. Q. Yang, J. Yang, L. Tang, H. Zhang, D. Wei et al., Superhydrophobic graphene nanowalls for electromagnetic interference shielding and infrared photodetection via a two-step transfer method. Chem. Eng. J. 454, 140159 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140159
  27. Y. Chen, Y. Yang, Y. Xiong, L. Zhang, W. Xu et al., Porous aerogel and sponge composites: Assisted by novel nanomaterials for electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano Today 38, 101204 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101204
  28. H. Chen, W. Ma, Z. Huang, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang et al., Graphene-based materials toward microwave and terahertz absorbing stealth technologies. Adv. Opt. Mater. 7(8), 1801318 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201801318
  29. Z. Zeng, W. Li, N. Wu, S. Zhao, X. Lu, Polymer-assisted fabrication of silver nanowire cellular monoliths: Toward hydrophobic and ultraflexible high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding materials. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(34), 38584–38592 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c10492
  30. Z. Zeng, T. Wu, D. Han, Q. Ren, G. Siqueira et al., Ultralight, flexible, and biomimetic nanocellulose/silver nanowire aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Nano 14(3), 2927–2938 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b07452
  31. Y. Xu, Z. Lin, Y. Yang, H. Duan, G. Zhao et al., Integration of efficient microwave absorption and shielding in a multistage composite foam with progressive conductivity modular design. Mater. Horizons. 9(2), 708–719 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MH01346G
  32. B. Fu, P. Ren, Z. Guo, Y. Du, Y. Jin et al., Construction of three-dimensional interconnected graphene nanosheet network in thermoplastic polyurethane with highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 215, 108813 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108813
  33. M. Han, X. Yin, K. Hantanasirisakul, X. Li, A. Iqbal et al., Anisotropic mxene aerogels with a mechanically tunable ratio of electromagnetic wave reflection to absorption. Adv. Opt. Mater. 7(10), 1900267 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201900267
  34. N. Zhang, Z. Wang, R. Song, Q. Wang, H. Chen et al., Flexible and transparent graphene/silver-nanowires composite film for high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. Sci. Bull. 64(8), 540–546 (2019). /https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.028
  35. Z. Wang, B. Jiao, Y. Qing, H. Nan, L. Huang et al., Flexible and transparent ferroferric oxide-modified silver nanowire film for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(2), 2826–2834 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b17513
  36. J. Jung, H. Lee, I. Ha, H. Cho, K.K. Kim et al., Highly stretchable and transparent electromagnetic interference shielding film based on silver nanowire percolation network for wearable electronics applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 9(51), 44609–44616 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b14626
  37. R.F. Landel, L.E. Nielsen, Mechanical properties of polymers and composites. (Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites; 1993).
  38. B. Wang, A. Facchetti, Mechanically flexible conductors for stretchable and wearable e-skin and e-textile devices. Adv. Mater. 31(28), 1901408 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901408
  39. B.R. Donovan, H.E. Fowler, V.M. Matavulj, T.J. White, Mechanotropic elastomers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(39), 13744–13748 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201905176
  40. S.M. Sapuan, A. Leenie, M. Harimi, Y.K. Beng, Mechanical properties of woven banana fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Mater. Des. 27(8), 689–693 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.12.016
  41. C. Majidi, R. Kramer, R.J. Wood, A non-differential elastomer curvature sensor for softer-than-skin electronics. Smart Mater. Struct. 20(10), 105017 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/10/105017
  42. B. Liu, T. Yin, J. Zhu, D. Zhao, H. Yu et al., Tough and fatigue-resistant polymer networks by crack tip softening. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 120(6), e2217781120 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2217781120
  43. M. Touron, C. Celle, L. Orgéas, J.-P. Simonato, Hybrid silver nanowire–CMC aerogels: From 1D nanomaterials to 3D electrically conductive and mechanically resistant lightweight architectures. ACS Nano 16(9), 14188–14197 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04288
  44. Y. Hu, Z. Chen, H. Zhuo, L. Zhong, X. Peng et al., Advanced compressible and elastic 3d monoliths beyond hydrogels. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(44), 1904472 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201904472
  45. Z. Wu, H.-W. Cheng, C. Jin, B. Yang, C. Xu et al., Dimensional design and core–shell engineering of nanomaterials for electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Mater. 34(11), 2107538 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107538
  46. K. Raagulan, B.M. Kim, K.Y. Chai, Recent advancement of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of two dimensional (2D) MXene and graphene aerogel composites. Nanomaterials 10(4), 702 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10040702
  47. Y. Kim, J. Zhu, B. Yeom, M. Di Prima, X. Su et al., Stretchable nanop conductors with self-organized conductive pathways. Nature 500(7460), 59–63 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12401
  48. Y.F. Xu, K.P. Qian, D.M. Deng, L.Q. Luo, J.H. Ye et al., Electroless deposition of silver nanops on cellulose nanofibrils for electromagnetic interference shielding films. Carbohydrate Polym. 250, 116915 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116915
  49. Y. Yu, L. Wu, S. Gao, K. Jia, W. Zeng et al., Fabrication of multi-nanocavity and multi-reflection interface in rgo for enhanced EMI absorption and reduced EMI reflection. Appl. Surf. Sci. 562, 150034 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150034
  50. G.H. Hong, H.T. Cheng, K.Q. Zhang, Z.H. Chen, S.B. Zhang, Cleaner production strategy tailored versatile biocomposites for antibacterial application and electromagnetic interference shielding. J. Clean Prod. 366, 132835 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132835
  51. M. Zhou, J.W. Wang, G.H. Wang, Y. Zhao, J.M. Tang et al., Lotus leaf-inspired and multifunctional janus carbon felt@Ag composites enabled by in situ asymmetric modification for electromagnetic protection and low-voltage joule heating. Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 242, 110110 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110110
  52. Y. Sun, Y. Xia, Gold and silver nanops: A class of chromophores with colors tunable in the range from 400 to 750 nm. Analyst 128(6), 686–691 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1039/B212437H
  53. J. Park, V. Privman, E. Matijević, Model of formation of monodispersed colloids. J. Phys. Chem. B 105(47), 11630–11635 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011306a
  54. D.V. Goia, E. Matijević, Preparation of monodispersed metal ps. New J. Chem. 22(11), 1203–1215 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1039/A709236I
  55. L.M. Liz-Marzán, Nanometals: Formation and color. Mater. Today 7(2), 26–31 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00080-X
  56. C.J. Murphy, T.K. Sau, A.M. Gole, C.J. Orendorff, J. Gao et al., Anisotropic metal nanops: Synthesis, assembly, and optical applications. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(29), 13857–13870 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0516846
  57. D.C. Kim, H.J. Shim, W. Lee, J.H. Koo, D.-H. Kim, Material-based approaches for the fabrication of stretchable electronics. Adv. Mater. 32(15), 1902743 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902743
  58. C. Liang, Y. Liu, Y. Ruan, H. Qiu, P. Song et al., Multifunctional sponges with flexible motion sensing and outstanding thermal insulation for superior electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 139, 106143 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106143
  59. S. Zhang, X. Huang, W. Xiao, L. Zhang, H. Yao et al., Polyvinylpyrrolidone assisted preparation of highly conductive, antioxidation, and durable nanofiber composite with an extremely high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 13(18), 21865–21875 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05319
  60. L. Zhang, J. Luo, S. Zhang, J. Yan, X. Huang et al., Interface sintering engineered superhydrophobic and durable nanofiber composite for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 98, 62–71 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.05.014
  61. Y. Sun, S. Luo, H. Sun, W. Zeng, C. Ling et al., Engineering closed-cell structure in lightweight and flexible carbon foam composite for high-efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 136, 299–308 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.084
  62. X. Lei, X. Zhang, A. Song, S. Gong, Y. Wang et al., Investigation of electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding performance of Au@CNT/sodium alginate/polydimethylsiloxane flexible composite. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 130, 105762 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105762
  63. E. Kim, D.Y. Lim, Y. Kang, E. Yoo, Fabrication of a stretchable electromagnetic interference shielding silver nanop/elastomeric polymer composite. RSC Adv. 6(57), 52250–52254 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA04765C
  64. Z. Liu, F. Wan, L. Mou, M. Jung de Andrade, D. Qian et al., A general approach for buckled bulk composites by combined biaxial stretch and layer-by-layer deposition and their electrical and electromagnetic applications. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5(4), 1800817 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800817
  65. L.-P. Wu, Y.-Z. Li, B.-J. Wang, Z.-P. Mao, H. Xu et al., Electroless ag-plated sponges by tunable deposition onto cellulose-derived templates for ultra-high electromagnetic interference shielding. Mater. Des. 159, 47–56 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.08.037
  66. S.-Y. Liao, G. Li, X.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Wan, P.-L. Zhu et al., Metallized skeleton of polymer foam based on metal–organic decomposition for high-performance EMI shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 14(2), 3302–3314 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c21836
  67. Z. Ma, S. Kang, J. Ma, L. Shao, Y. Zhang et al., Ultraflexible and mechanically strong double-layered aramid nanofiber–Ti3C2Tx MXene/silver nanowire nanocomposite papers for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Nano 14(7), 8368–8382 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02401
  68. A. Iqbal, F. Shahzad, K. Hantanasirisakul, M.-K. Kim, J. Kwon et al., Anomalous absorption of electromagnetic waves by 2D transition metal carbonitride Ti3C2Tx (MXene). Science 369(6502), 446–450 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba7977
  69. Z. Ma, X. Xiang, L. Shao, Y. Zhang, J. Gu, Multifunctional wearable silver nanowire decorated leather nanocomposites for joule heating, electromagnetic interference shielding and piezoresistive sensing. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(15), e202200705 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202200705
  70. L. Lin, L. Wang, B. Li, J. Luo, X. Huang et al., Dual conductive network enabled superhydrophobic and high performance strain sensors with outstanding electro-thermal performance and extremely high gauge factors. Chem. Eng. J. 385, 123391 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123391
  71. B. Li, Y. Yang, N. Wu, S. Zhao, H. Jin et al., Bicontinuous, high-strength, and multifunctional chemical-cross-linked mxene/superaligned carbon nanotube film. ACS Nano 16(11), 19293–19304 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08678
  72. Y. Shen, Z. Lin, X. Liu, T. Zhao, P. Zhu et al., Robust and flexible silver-embedded elastomeric polymer/carbon black foams with outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding performance. Compos. Sci. Technol. 213(108942 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108942
  73. D. Tian, Y. Xu, Y. Wang, Z. Lei, Z. Lin et al., In-situ metallized carbon nanotubes/poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (CNTs/SBS) foam for electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 420, 130482 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130482
  74. R. Aepuru, M. Ramalinga Viswanathan, B.V.B. Rao, H.S. Panda, S. Sahu et al., Tailoring the performance of mechanically robust highly conducting silver/3d graphene aerogels with superior electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Diam. Relat. Mat. 109, 108043 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108043
  75. M. Xiang, S.-Q. Zhu, S. Qin, J. Yang, W. Fan et al., Flexible composites by ionic liquid/silver/graphene in towel-gourd sponge fibers: Synergistic effect and dual-band electromagnetic interference shielding in x-band and terahertz-band. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 139(28), e52511 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.52511
  76. W. Zhai, C. Wang, S. Wang, J. Li, Y. Zhao et al., Ultra-stretchable and multifunctional wearable electronics for superior electromagnetic interference shielding, electrical therapy and biomotion monitoring. J. Mater. Chem. A 9(11), 7238–7247 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA10991F
  77. P. Feng, Z. Ye, Q. Wang, Z. Chen, G. Wang et al., Stretchable and conductive composites film with efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and absorptivity. J. Mater. Sci. 55(20), 8576–8590 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04172-6
  78. R. Ravindren, S. Mondal, P. Bhawal, S.M.N. Ali, N.C. Das, Superior electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and low percolation threshold through the preferential distribution of carbon black in the highly flexible polymer blend composites. Polym. Compos. 40(4), 1404–1418 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24874
  79. C.-H. Cui, D.-X. Yan, H. Pang, L.-C. Jia, Y. Bao et al., Towards efficient electromagnetic interference shielding performance for polyethylene composites by structuring segregated carbon black/graphite networks. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 34(12), 1490–1499 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-016-1849-6
  80. D. Sethi, R. Ram, D. Khastgir, Electrical conductivity and dynamic mechanical properties of silicon rubber-based conducting composites: Effect of cyclic deformation, pressure and temperature. Polym. Int. 66(9), 1295–1305 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5385
  81. J. Zhang, F. Chen, Y. Zhao, M. Liu, Improving elasticity of conductive silicone rubber by hollow carbon black. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 35(6), 1124–1132 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-019-9057-x
  82. H. Zou, L. Zhang, M. Tian, S. Wu, S. Zhao, Study on the structure and properties of conductive silicone rubber filled with nickel-coated graphite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115(5), 2710–2717 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29901
  83. P. Cong, P. Xu, S. Chen, Effects of carbon black on the anti aging, rheological and conductive properties of SBS/asphalt/carbon black composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 52, 306–313 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.061
  84. A. Houbi, Z.A. Aldashevich, Y. Atassi, Z. Bagasharova Telmanovna, M. Saule et al., Microwave absorbing properties of ferrites and their composites: A review. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 529, 167839 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.167839
  85. X. Xie, B. Wang, Y. Wang, C. Ni, X. Sun et al., Spinel structured mFe2O4 (m = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn) and their composites for microwave absorption: A review. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131160 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131160
  86. H. Liang, H. Xing, M. Qin, H. Wu, Bamboo-like short carbon fibers@Fe3O4@phenolic resin and honeycomb-like short carbon fibers@Fe3O4@FeO composites as high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 135, 105959 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105959
  87. Z. Li, D. Feng, B. Li, D. Xie, Y. Mei, Fdm printed MXene/MnFe2O4/MWCNTs reinforced tpu composites with 3D voronoi structure for sensor and electromagnetic shielding applications. Compos. Sci. Technol. 231, 109803 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109803
  88. F. Ren, D. Song, Z. Li, L. Jia, Y. Zhao et al., Synergistic effect of graphene nanosheets and carbonyl iron–nickel alloy hybrid filler on electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductivity of cyanate ester composites. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(6), 1476–1486 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC05213H
  89. Y. Wang, Q. Qi, G. Yin, W. Wang, D. Yu, Flexible, ultralight, and mechanically robust waterborne polyurethane/Ti3C2Tx mxene/nickel ferrite hybrid aerogels for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 13(18), 21831–21843 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c04962
  90. X.-X. Wang, Q. Zheng, Y.-J. Zheng, M.-S. Cao, Green emi shielding: Dielectric/magnetic “genes” and design philosophy. Carbon 206, 124–141 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.02.012
  91. H.-G. Shi, H.-B. Zhao, B.-W. Liu, Y.-Z. Wang, Multifunctional flame-retardant melamine-based hybrid foam for infrared stealth, thermal insulation, and electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 13(22), 26505–26514 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c07363
  92. M. Ma, W. Tao, X. Liao, S. Chen, Y. Shi et al., Cellulose nanofiber/MXene/FeCo composites with gradient structure for highly absorbed electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139471 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139471
  93. M. Ma, X. Liao, Q. Chu, S. Chen, Y. Shi et al., Construction of gradient conductivity cellulose nanofiber/MXene composites with efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and excellent mechanical properties. Compos. Sci. Technol. 226, 109540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109540
  94. Z. Lei, D. Tian, X. Liu, J. Wei, K. Rajavel et al., Electrically conductive gradient structure design of thermoplastic polyurethane composite foams for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and ultra-low microwave reflectivity. Chem. Eng. J. 424, 130365 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130365
  95. M. Hao, Y. Wang, L. Li, Q. Lu, F. Sun et al., Stretchable multifunctional hydrogels for sensing electronics with effective EMI shielding properties. Soft Matter 17(40), 9057–9065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SM01027A
  96. Q. Ze, X. Kuang, S. Wu, J. Wong, S.M. Montgomery et al., Shape memory polymers: Magnetic shape memory polymers with integrated multifunctional shape manipulation. Adv. Mater. 32(4), 2070025 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070025
  97. R.T. Olsson, M.A.S. Azizi Samir, G. Salazar-Alvarez, L. Belova, V. Ström et al., Making flexible magnetic aerogels and stiff magnetic nanopaper using cellulose nanofibrils as templates. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(8), 584–588 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.155
  98. Y. Li, G. Huang, X. Zhang, B. Li, Y. Chen et al., Magnetic hydrogels and their potential biomedical applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(6), 660–672 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201201708
  99. X. Xu, H. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Hu, Z. Zhao et al., Self-sensing, ultralight, and conductive 3d graphene/iron oxide aerogel elastomer deformable in a magnetic field. ACS Nano 9(4), 3969–3977 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn507426u
  100. Q. Liu, X. Liu, H. Feng, H. Shui, R. Yu, Metal organic framework-derived fe/carbon porous composite with low fe content for lightweight and highly efficient electromagnetic wave absorber. Chem. Eng. J. 314, 320–327 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.089
  101. Q. Liu, C. Yi, J. Chen, M. Xia, Y. Lu et al., Flexible, breathable, and highly environmental-stable Ni/PPY/PET conductive fabrics for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and wearable textile antennas. Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 215, 108752 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108752
  102. Y. Lin, G. Hou, X. Su, S. Bi, J. Tang, Compressible Ni and reduced graphene oxide (Ni-rGO) coated polymer foams for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 186, 012031 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/186/2/012031
  103. J. Zhang, D. Zhu, S. Zhang, H. Cheng, S. Chen et al., Asymmetric electromagnetic shielding performance based on spatially controlled deposition of nickel nanops on carbon nanotube sponge. Carbon 194, 290–296 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.04.012
  104. R. Kumar, S. Kumari, S.R. Dhakate, Nickel nanops embedded in carbon foam for improving electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Appl. Nanosci. 5(5), 553–561 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0349-7
  105. Y. Zhan, X. Hao, L. Wang, X. Jiang, Y. Cheng et al., Superhydrophobic and flexible silver nanowire-coated cellulose filter papers with sputter-deposited nickel nanops for ultrahigh electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 13(12), 14623–14633 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c03692
  106. Z. Xiang, Y. Shi, X. Zhu, L. Cai, W. Lu, Flexible and waterproof 2d/1d/0d construction of MXene-based nanocomposites for electromagnetic wave absorption, EMI shielding, and photothermal conversion. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00673-9
  107. M. Zhang, M. Wang, M. Zhang, Q. Gao, X. Feng et al., Stretchable conductive Ni@ Fe3O4@polyester fabric strain sensor with negative resistance variation and electromagnetic interference shielding. Org. Electron. 81, 105677 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2020.105677
  108. Y. Chen, H. Luo, H. Guo, K. Liu, C. Mei et al., Anisotropic cellulose nanofibril composite sponges for electromagnetic interference shielding with low reflection loss. Carbohydrate Polym. 276, 118799 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118799
  109. M. Jaroszewski, S. Thomas, A.V. Rane, Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding: Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications. (2018).
  110. X. Cui, X. Liang, J. Chen, W. Gu, G. Ji et al., Customized unique core-shell Fe2N@n-doped carbon with tunable void space for microwave response. Carbon 156, 49–57 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.09.041
  111. Y.-Y. Wang, Z.-H. Zhou, C.-G. Zhou, W.-J. Sun, J.-F. Gao et al., Lightweight and robust carbon nanotube/polyimide foam for efficient and heat-resistant electromagnetic interference shielding and microwave absorption. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(7), 8704–8712 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b21048
  112. Y. Xie, Z. Li, J. Tang, P. Li, W. Chen et al., Microwave-assisted foaming and sintering to prepare lightweight high-strength polystyrene/carbon nanotube composite foams with an ultralow percolation threshold. J. Mater. Chem. C 9(30), 9702–9711 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC01923F
  113. Z. Xu, J. Chen, B. Shen, Y. Zhao, W. Zheng, A proof-of-concept study of auxetic composite foams with negative poisson’s ratio for enhanced strain-stable performance of electromagnetic shielding. ACS Mater. Lett. 421–428 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c01177
  114. M.F.L. De Volder, S.H. Tawfick, R.H. Baughman, A.J. Hart, Carbon nanotubes: Present and future commercial applications. Science 339(6119), 535–539 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222453
  115. W.S. Bao, S.A. Meguid, Z.H. Zhu, G.J. Weng, Tunneling resistance and its effect on the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube nanocomposites. J. Appl. Phys. 111(9), 093726 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4716010
  116. W.A. de Heer, W.S. Bacsa, A. Châtelain, T. Gerfin, R. Humphrey-Baker et al., Aligned carbon nanotube films: Production and optical and electronic properties. Science 268(5212), 845–847 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5212.845
  117. X. Feng, X. Qin, D. Liu, Z. Huang, Y. Zhou et al., High electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon nanotube–cellulose composite films with layered structures. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 303(11), 1800377 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201800377
  118. Z.-J. Zhou, Z.-X. Wang, X.-S. Han, J.-W. Pu, Cnt@pdms/nw composite materials with superior electromagnetic shielding. Holzforschung 76(3), 299–304 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2021-0132
  119. B. Hu, N. Hu, Y. Li, K. Akagi, W. Yuan et al., Multi-scale numerical simulations on piezoresistivity of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 402 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-7-402
  120. I.V. Novikov, D.V. Krasnikov, A.M. Vorobei, Y.I. Zuev, H.A. Butt et al., Multifunctional elastic nanocomposites with extremely low concentrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 14(16), 18866–18876 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c01086
  121. D. Lu, Z. Mo, B. Liang, L. Yang, Z. He et al., Flexible, lightweight carbon nanotube sponges and composites for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 133, 457–463 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.03.061
  122. D. Feng, D. Xu, Q. Wang, P. Liu, Highly stretchable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding segregated polyurethane/carbon nanotube composites fabricated by microwave selective sintering. J. Mater. Chem. C 7(26), 7938–7946 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC02311A
  123. K. Huang, M. Chen, G. He, X. Hu, W. He et al., Stretchable microwave absorbing and electromagnetic interference shielding foam with hierarchical buckling induced by solvent swelling. Carbon 157, 466–477 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.059
  124. Y.-Y. Wang, W.-J. Sun, D.-X. Yan, K. Dai, Z.-M. Li, Ultralight carbon nanotube/graphene/polyimide foam with heterogeneous interfaces for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and electromagnetic wave absorption. Carbon 176, 118–125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.028
  125. Z. Sun, B. Shen, Y. Li, J. Chen, W. Zheng, High-performance porous carbon foams via catalytic pyrolysis of modified isocyanate-based polyimide foams for electromagnetic shielding. Nano Res. 15(8), 6851–6859 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4572-3
  126. Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Li, H. Qi, Highly sensitive, flexible, stable, and hydrophobic biofoam based on wheat flour for multifunctional sensor and adjustable emi shielding applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 13(25), 30020–30029 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05803
  127. G. Wang, D. Yi, X. Jia, J. Chen, B. Shen et al., Structural design of compressible shape-memory foams for smart self-fixable electromagnetic shielding with reduced reflection. Mater. Today Phys. 22, 100612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2022.100612
  128. Z. Zeng, H. Jin, M. Chen, W. Li, L. Zhou et al., Microstructure design of lightweight, flexible, and high electromagnetic shielding porous multiwalled carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Small 13(34), 1701388 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701388
  129. M. Zhang, C. Han, W.-Q. Cao, M.-S. Cao, H.-J. Yang et al., A nano-micro engineering nanofiber for electromagnetic absorber, green shielding and sensor. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 27 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00552-9
  130. S. Choi, S.I. Han, D. Kim, T. Hyeon, D.-H. Kim, High-performance stretchable conductive nanocomposites: Materials, processes, and device applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(6), 1566–1595 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00706C
  131. Q. Zhai, Y. Liu, R. Wang, Y. Wang, Q. Lyu et al., Intrinsically stretchable fuel cell based on enokitake-like standing gold nanowires. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(2), 1903512 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903512
  132. S. Takane, Y. Noda, N. Toyoshima, T. Sekitani, Effect of macroscale mesh design of metal nanowire networks on the conductive properties for stretchable electrodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 118(24), 243102 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0051935
  133. M.D. Ho, Y. Ling, L.W. Yap, Y. Wang, D. Dong et al., Percolating network of ultrathin gold nanowires and silver nanowires toward “invisible” wearable sensors for detecting emotional expression and apexcardiogram. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(25), 1700845 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201700845
  134. S. Gong, S. Du, J. Kong, Q. Zhai, F. Lin et al., Skin-like stretchable fuel cell based on gold-nanowire-impregnated porous polymer scaffolds. Small 16(39), 2003269 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202003269
  135. H. Zhang, F. Lin, W. Cheng, Y. Chen, N. Gu, Hierarchically oriented jellyfish-like gold nanowires film for elastronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(2), 2209760 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202209760
  136. D. Jung, C. Lim, H.J. Shim, Y. Kim, C. Park et al., Highly conductive and elastic nanomembrane for skin electronics. Science 373(6558), 1022–1026 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh4357
  137. S. Liu, S. Chen, W. Shi, Z. Peng, K. Luo et al., Self-healing, robust, and stretchable electrode by direct printing on dynamic polyurea surface at slightly elevated temperatureself-healing, robust, and stretchable electrode by direct printing on dynamic polyurea surface at slightly elevated temperature. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(26), 2102225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202102225
  138. H. Hu, S. Wang, S. Wang, G. Liu, T. Cao et al., Aligned silver nanowires enabled highly stretchable and transparent electrodes with unusual conductive property. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(33), 1902922 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201902922
  139. N.J. Schrenker, Z. Xie, P. Schweizer, M. Moninger, F. Werner et al., Microscopic deformation modes and impact of network anisotropy on the mechanical and electrical performance of five-fold twinned silver nanowire electrodes. ACS Nano 15(1), 362–376 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06480
  140. Q. Zhou, J. Lyu, G. Wang, M. Robertson, Z. Qiang et al., Mechanically strong and multifunctional hybrid hydrogels with ultrahigh electrical conductivity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(40), 2104536 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202104536
  141. D. Kim, J. Bang, W. Lee, I. Ha, J. Lee et al., Highly stretchable and oxidation-resistive Cu nanowire heater for replication of the feeling of heat in a virtual world. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(17), 8281–8291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA00380H
  142. Y. Li, C. Li, S. Zhao, J. Cui, G. Zhang et al., Facile fabrication of highly conductive and robust three-dimensional graphene/silver nanowires bicontinuous skeletons for electromagnetic interference shielding silicone rubber nanocomposites. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 119, 101–110 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.01.025
  143. L.-C. Jia, K.-Q. Ding, R.-J. Ma, H.-L. Wang, W.-J. Sun et al., Highly conductive and machine-washable textiles for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4(2), 1800503 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800503
  144. F. Sun, J. Xu, T. Liu, F. Li, Y. Poo et al., An autonomously ultrafast self-healing, highly colourless, tear-resistant and compliant elastomer tailored for transparent electromagnetic interference shielding films integrated in flexible and optical electronics. Mater. Horizons. 8(12), 3356–3367 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MH01199E
  145. L.-C. Jia, L. Xu, F. Ren, P.-G. Ren, D.-X. Yan et al., Stretchable and durable conductive fabric for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 144, 101–108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.12.034
  146. S. Wang, D. Li, W. Meng, L. Jiang, D. Fang, Scalable, superelastic, and superhydrophobic mxene/silver nanowire/melamine hybrid sponges for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. J. Mater. Chem. C 10(13), 5336–5344 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TC00516F
  147. S. Lin, J. Liu, Q. Wang, D. Zu, H. Wang et al., Highly robust, flexible, and large-scale 3D-metallized sponge for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5(2), 1900761 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900761
  148. Y. Chen, L. Zhang, C. Mei, Y. Li, G. Duan et al., Wood-inspired anisotropic cellulose nanofibril composite sponges for multifunctional applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(31), 35513–35522 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c10645
  149. Z. Zeng, M. Chen, Y. Pei, S.I. Seyed Shahabadi, B. Che et al., Ultralight and flexible polyurethane/silver nanowire nanocomposites with unidirectional pores for highly effective electromagnetic shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 9(37), 32211–32219 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07643
  150. Y. Xu, Z. Lin, W. Wei, Y. Hao, S. Liu et al., Recent progress of electrode materials for flexible perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 117 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00859-9
  151. H. Kang, G.-R. Yi, Y.J. Kim, J.H. Cho, Junction welding techniques for metal nanowire network electrodes. Macromol. Res. 26(12), 1066–1073 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-018-6150-9
  152. X. Yu, X. Liang, T. Zhao, P. Zhu, R. Sun et al., Thermally welded honeycomb-like silver nanowires aerogel backfilled with polydimethylsiloxane for electromagnetic interference shielding. Mater. Lett. 285, 129065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.129065
  153. H. Dong, Z. Wu, Y. Jiang, W. Liu, X. Li et al., A flexible and thin graphene/silver nanowires/polymer hybrid transparent electrode for optoelectronic devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 8(45), 31212–31221 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b09056
  154. Q. Gao, J. Qin, B. Guo, X. Fan, F. Wang et al., High-performance electromagnetic interference shielding epoxy/Ag nanowire/thermal annealed graphene aerogel composite with bicontinuous three-dimensional conductive skeleton. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 151, 106648 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106648
  155. Y. Yang, S. Chen, W. Li, P. Li, J. Ma et al., Reduced graphene oxide conformally wrapped silver nanowire networks for flexible transparent heating and electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Nano 14(7), 8754–8765 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03337
  156. W.-H. Chung, S.-H. Kim, H.-S. Kim, Welding of silver nanowire networks via flash white light and UV-C irradiation for highly conductive and reliable transparent electrodes. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 32086 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32086
  157. T.-B. Song, Y. Chen, C.-H. Chung, Y. Yang, B. Bob et al., Nanoscale joule heating and electromigration enhanced ripening of silver nanowire contacts. ACS Nano 8(3), 2804–2811 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4065567
  158. S.J. Lee, Y.-H. Kim, J.K. Kim, H. Baik, J.H. Park et al., A roll-to-roll welding process for planarized silver nanowire electrodes. Nanoscale 6(20), 11828–11834 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR03771E
  159. Y. Liu, J. Zhang, H. Gao, Y. Wang, Q. Liu et al., Capillary-force-induced cold welding in silver-nanowire-based flexible transparent electrodes. Nano Lett. 17(2), 1090–1096 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04613
  160. W. Chen, L.-X. Liu, H.-B. Zhang, Z.-Z. Flexible, transparent, and conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene–silver nanowire films with smart acoustic sensitivity for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Nano 14(12), 16643–16653 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01635
  161. H. Kang, Y. Kim, S. Cheon, G.-R. Yi, J.H. Cho, Halide welding for silver nanowire network electrode. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 9(36), 30779–30785 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b09839
  162. J.J. Patil, W.H. Chae, A. Trebach, K.-J. Carter, E. Lee et al., Failing forward: Stability of transparent electrodes based on metal nanowire networks. Adv. Mater. 33(5), 2004356 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004356
  163. D.P. Langley, M. Lagrange, G. Giusti, C. Jiménez, Y. Bréchet et al., Metallic nanowire networks: Effects of thermal annealing on electrical resistance. Nanoscale 6(22), 13535–13543 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR04151H
  164. T. Tokuno, M. Nogi, M. Karakawa, J. Jiu, T.T. Nge et al., Fabrication of silver nanowire transparent electrodes at room temperature. Nano Res. 4(12), 1215–1222 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-011-0172-3
  165. S.-S. Yoon, D.-Y. Khang, Facile patterning of ag nanowires network by micro-contact printing of siloxane. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 8(35), 23236–23243 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05909
  166. X. Liang, T. Zhao, W. Jiang, X. Yu, Y. Hu et al., Highly transparent triboelectric nanogenerator utilizing in-situ chemically welded silver nanowire network as electrode for mechanical energy harvesting and body motion monitoring. Nano Energy 59, 508–516 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.071
  167. G. Zeng, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Hu, Y. Chen et al., Realizing 17.5% efficiency flexible organic solar cells via atomic-level chemical welding of silver nanowire electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144(19), 8658–8668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c01503
  168. J. Lee, P. Lee, H.B. Lee, S. Hong, I. Lee et al., Room-temperature nanosoldering of a very long metal nanowire network by conducting-polymer-assisted joining for a flexible touch-panel application. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(34), 4171–4176 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201203802
  169. J. Liang, L. Li, K. Tong, Z. Ren, W. Hu et al., Silver nanowire percolation network soldered with graphene oxide at room temperature and its application for fully stretchable polymer light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano 8(2), 1590–1600 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405887k
  170. D.G. Kim, J.H. Choi, D.-K. Choi, S.W. Kim, Highly bendable and durable transparent electromagnetic interference shielding film prepared by wet sintering of silver nanowires. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 10(35), 29730–29740 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07054
  171. F. Qian, P.C. Lan, M.C. Freyman, W. Chen, T. Kou et al., Ultralight conductive silver nanowire aerogels. Nano Lett. 17(12), 7171–7176 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02790
  172. X. Yang, S. Fan, Y. Li, Y. Guo, Y. Li et al., Synchronously improved electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductivity for epoxy nanocomposites by constructing 3D copper nanowires/thermally annealed graphene aerogel framework. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 128, 105670 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105670
  173. L. Zhao, G. Duan, G. Zhang, H. Yang, S. He et al., Electrospun functional materials toward food packaging applications: A review. Nanomaterials 10(1), 150 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010150
  174. F. Jia, J. Dong, X. Dai, Y. Liu, H. Wang et al., Robust, flexible, and stable CuNWs/MXene/ANFs hybrid film constructed by structural assemble strategy for efficient EMI shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139395 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139395
  175. S. Yu, J. Li, L. Zhao, B. Wang, H. Zheng, Stretch-insensitive capacitive pressure sensor based on highly stretchable cunws electrode. Sens. Actuator A-Phys. 346, 113868 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113868
  176. S. Wu, M. Zou, Z. Li, D. Chen, H. Zhang et al., Robust and stable Cu nanowire@graphene core–shell aerogels for ultraeffective electromagnetic interference shielding. Small 14(23), 1800634 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201800634
  177. L. Zhao, S. Yu, X. Li, M. Wu, L. Li. High-performance flexible transparent conductive films based on copper nanowires with electroplating welded junctions. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 201, 110067 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110067
  178. S. Ding, J. Jiu, Y. Gao, Y. Tian, T. Araki et al., One-step fabrication of stretchable copper nanowire conductors by a fast photonic sintering technique and its application in wearable devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 8(9), 6190–6199 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b10802
  179. A.K. Geim, Graphene: Status and prospects. Science 324(5934), 1530–1534 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877
  180. K.S. Novoselov, V.I. Fal’ko, L. Colombo, P.R. Gellert, M.G. Schwab et al., A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490(7419), 192–200 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11458
  181. Y. Xia, W. Gao, C. Gao, A review on graphene-based electromagnetic functional materials: Electromagnetic wave shielding and absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(42), 2204591 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202204591
  182. H. Jia, Q.-Q. Kong, Z. Liu, X.-X. Wei, X.-M. Li et al., 3D graphene/ carbon nanotubes/ polydimethylsiloxane composites as high-performance electromagnetic shielding material in X-band. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 129, 105712 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105712
  183. S. Zhao, Y. Yan, A. Gao, S. Zhao, J. Cui et al., Flexible polydimethylsilane nanocomposites enhanced with a three-dimensional graphene/carbon nanotube bicontinuous framework for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 10(31), 26723–26732 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09275
  184. Y. Li, X. Tian, S.-P. Gao, L. Jing, K. Li et al., Reversible crumpling of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) nanocoatings for stretchable electromagnetic shielding and wearable wireless communication. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(5), 1907451 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907451
  185. D. Lai, X. Chen, G. Wang, X. Xu, Y. Wang, Arbitrarily reshaping and instantaneously self-healing graphene composite hydrogel with molecule polarization-enhanced ultrahigh electromagnetic interference shielding performance. Carbon 188, 513–522 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.047
  186. R. Bera, A. Maitra, S. Paria, S.K. Karan, A.K. Das et al., An approach to widen the electromagnetic shielding efficiency in PDMS/ferrous ferric oxide decorated rGO–SWCNH composite through pressure induced tunability. Chem. Eng. J. 335, 501–509 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.178
  187. H. Liu, Y. Xu, J.-P. Cao, D. Han, Q. Yang et al., Skin structured silver/three-dimensional graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composites with exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 148, 106476 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106476
  188. J. Xu, R. Li, S. Ji, B. Zhao, T. Cui et al., Multifunctional graphene microstructures inspired by honeycomb for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding and wearable applications. ACS Nano 15(5), 8907–8918 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01552
  189. H. Duan, H. Zhu, J. Gao, D.-X. Yan, K. Dai et al., Asymmetric conductive polymer composite foam for absorption dominated ultra-efficient electromagnetic interference shielding with extremely low reflection characteristics. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(18), 9146–9159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA01393E
  190. F. Xie, K. Gao, L. Zhuo, F. Jia, Q. Ma et al., Robust Ti3C2Tx /rGO/ANFs hybrid aerogel with outstanding electromagnetic shielding performance and compression resilience. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 160, 107049 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107049
  191. X. Liu, T. Chen, H. Liang, F. Qin, H. Yang et al., Facile approach for a robust graphene/silver nanowires aerogel with high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. RSC Adv. 9(1), 27–33 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA08738E
  192. R. Kumar, S. Sahoo, E. Joanni, R.K. Singh, W.K. Tan et al., Heteroatom doping of 2D graphene materials for electromagnetic interference shielding: A review of recent progress. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mat. Sci. 47(4), 570–619 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1965954
  193. I.K. Moon, S. Yoon, K.-Y. Chun, J. Oh, Highly elastic and conductive n-doped monolithic graphene aerogels for multifunctional applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(45), 6976–6984 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502395
  194. X. Yu, P. Han, Z. Wei, L. Huang, Z. Gu et al., Boron-doped graphene for electrocatalytic N2 reduction. Joule 2(8), 1610–1622 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.06.007
  195. P. Błoński, J. Tuček, Z. Sofer, V. Mazánek, M. Petr et al., Doping with graphitic nitrogen triggers ferromagnetism in graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(8), 3171–3180 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b12934
  196. C. Bie, H. Yu, B. Cheng, W. Ho, J. Fan et al., Design, fabrication, and mechanism of nitrogen-doped graphene-based photocatalyst. Adv. Mater. 33(9), 2003521 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003521
  197. R. Langer, P. Błoński, C. Hofer, P. Lazar, K. Mustonen et al., Tailoring electronic and magnetic properties of graphene by phosphorus doping. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(30), 34074–34085 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07564
  198. F. Shahzad, P. Kumar, Y.-H. Kim, S.M. Hong, C.M. Koo, Biomass-derived thermally annealed interconnected sulfur-doped graphene as a shield against electromagnetic interference. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 8(14), 9361–9369 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00418
  199. S. Lin, S. Ju, G. Shi, J. Zhang, Y. He et al., Ultrathin nitrogen-doping graphene films for flexible and stretchable emi shielding materials. J. Mater. Sci. 54(9), 7165–7179 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03372-4
  200. X. Jia, B. Dai, Z. Zhu, J. Wang, W. Qiao et al., Strong and machinable carbon aerogel monoliths with low thermal conductivity prepared via ambient pressure drying. Carbon 108, 551–560 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.07.060
  201. L. Zhang, M. Liu, S. Bi, L. Yang, S. Roy et al., Polydopamine decoration on 3D graphene foam and its electromagnetic interference shielding properties. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 493, 327–333 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.046
  202. X. Shen, L. Jiang, Z. Ji, J. Wu, H. Zhou et al., Stable aqueous dispersions of graphene prepared with hexamethylenetetramine as a reductant. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 354(2), 493–497 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.11.037
  203. C. Chen, W. Kong, H.-M. Duan, J. Zhang, Theoretical simulation of reduction mechanism of graphene oxide in sodium hydroxide solution. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16(25), 12858 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP01031K
  204. Z. Xing, Z. Ju, Y. Zhao, J. Wan, Y. Zhu et al., One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene as high-performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Sci Rep. 6(1), 26146 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26146
  205. Q. Zheng, J.-H. Lee, X. Shen, X. Chen, J.-K. Kim, Graphene-based wearable piezoresistive physical sensors. Mater. Today 36, 158–179 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.004
  206. Z. Fan, D. Wang, Y. Yuan, Y. Wang, Z. Cheng et al., A lightweight and conductive mxene/graphene hybrid foam for superior electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 381, 122696 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122696
  207. M. Huang, C. Wang, L. Quan, T.H.-Y. Nguyen, H. Zhang et al., CVD growth of porous graphene foam in film form. Matter 3(2), 487–497 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.06.012
  208. D. Liao, Y. Guan, Y. He, S. Li, Y. Wang et al., Pickering emulsion strategy for high compressive carbon aerogel as lightweight electromagnetic interference shielding material and flexible pressure sensor. Ceram. Int. 47(16), 23433–23443 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.05.059
  209. J. Liu, Y. Liu, H.-B. Zhang, Y. Dai, Z. Liu et al., Superelastic and multifunctional graphene-based aerogels by interfacial reinforcement with graphitized carbon at high temperatures. Carbon 132, 95–103 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.026
  210. H. Zhang, G. Zhang, Q. Gao, M. Zong, M. Wang et al., Electrically electromagnetic interference shielding microcellular composite foams with 3d hierarchical graphene-carbon nanotube hybrids. Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 130, 105773 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105773
  211. Y. Chen, P. Pötschke, J. Pionteck, B. Voit, H. Qi, Multifunctional cellulose/rgo/Fe3O4 composite aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(19), 22088–22098 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b23052
  212. Y.-J. Wan, P.-L. Zhu, S.-H. Yu, R. Sun, C.-P. Wong et al., Ultralight, super-elastic and volume-preserving cellulose fiber/graphene aerogel for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 115, 629–639 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.054
  213. B. Shen, Y. Li, W. Zhai, W. Zheng, Compressible graphene-coated polymer foams with ultralow density for adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 8(12), 8050–8057 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11715
  214. T. Guo, X. Chen, L. Su, C. Li, X. Huang et al., Stretched graphene nanosheets formed the “obstacle walls” in melamine sponge towards effective electromagnetic interference shielding applications. Mater. Des. 182, 108029 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108029
  215. Y.A. Samad, Y. Li, A. Schiffer, S.M. Alhassan, K. Liao, Graphene foam developed with a novel two-step technique for low and high strains and pressure-sensing applications. Small 11(20), 2380–2385 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201403532
  216. M. Li, Y. Feng, Y. Zhong, M. Hou, J. Wang, Facile fabrication of novel high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding nickel foam. Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 656, 130352 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130352
  217. D.-S. Li, S.-J. Wang, Y. Zhou, L. Jiang, Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Nanotechnol. Rev. 11(1), 1722–1732 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0088
  218. R. Wang, H. Guo, J. Tang, J. Liu, X. Li et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding performances of graphene foam/pdms force-sensitive composites. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 11(2), 027003 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ac5577
  219. Q. Guo, Y. Luo, J. Liu, X. Zhang, C. Lu, A well-organized graphene nanostructure for versatile strain-sensing application constructed by a covalently bonded graphene/rubber interface. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(8), 2139–2147 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC05758J
  220. Y.-J. Tan, J. Li, Y. Gao, J. Li, S. Guo et al., A facile approach to fabricating silver-coated cotton fiber non-woven fabrics for ultrahigh electromagnetic interference shielding. Appl. Surf. Sci. 458, 236–244 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.07.107
  221. C. Liu, S. Ye, J. Feng, The preparation of compressible and fire-resistant sponge-supported reduced graphene oxide aerogel for electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Asian J. 11(18), 2586–2593 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201600905
  222. J. Xu, H. Chang, B. Zhao, R. Li, T. Cui et al., Highly stretchable and conformal electromagnetic interference shielding armor with strain sensing ability. Chem. Eng. J. 431, 133908 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133908
  223. J. Wang, B. Liu, Y. Cheng, Z. Ma, Y. Zhan et al., Constructing a segregated magnetic graphene network in rubber composites for integrating electromagnetic interference shielding stability and multi-sensing performance. Polymers 13(19), 3277 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193277
  224. Y. Chen, Z. Wang, R. Liu, J. Yang, J. Xu et al., A facile preparation of flexible and porous reduced graphene oxide woven fabric/polydimethylsiloxane composites for emi shielding. Mater. Res. Express 6(10), 1050d1054 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab422a
  225. Z. Wang, W. Yang, R. Liu, X. Zhang, H. Nie et al., Highly stretchable graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composite lattices with tailored structure for strain-tolerant EMI shielding performance. Compos. Sci. Technol. 206, 108652 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108652
  226. S. Yan, P. Li, Z. Ju, H. Chen, J. Ma, Electromagnetic interference shielding performance enhancement of stretchable transparent conducting silver nanowire networks with graphene encapsulation. J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Electron. 32(11), 15475–15483 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06096-x
  227. W. Sun, D. Ni, Q. Wang, Php-graphene nanoribbon-assembled porous metallic carbon for sodium-ion battery anode with high specific capacity. Carbon 202, 112–118 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.10.050
  228. Y. Cheng, X. Sun, S. Yang, D. Wang, L. Liang et al., Multifunctional elastic rGO hybrid aerogels for microwave absorption, infrared stealth and heat insulation. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139376 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139376
  229. Y.-S. Jun, S. Habibpour, M. Hamidinejad, M.G. Park, W. Ahn et al., Enhanced electrical and mechanical properties of graphene nano-ribbon/thermoplastic polyurethane composites. Carbon 174, 305–316 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.023
  230. Q.-M. He, J.-R. Tao, D. Yang, Y. Yang, M. Wang. Surface wrinkles enhancing electromagnetic interference shielding of copper coated polydimethylsiloxane: A simulation and experimental study. Chem. Eng. J. 454, 140162 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140162
  231. F. Shahzad, M. Alhabeb, C.B. Hatter, B. Anasori, S. Man Hong et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding with 2D transition metal carbides (mxenes). Science 353(6304), 1137–1140 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2421
  232. M.-S. Cao, Y.-Z. Cai, P. He, J.-C. Shu, W.-Q. Cao et al., 2D MXenes: Electromagnetic property for microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 359, 1265–1302 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.051
  233. Y. Yao, J. Zhao, X. Yang, C. Chai, Recent advance in electromagnetic shielding of mxenes. Chin. Chem. Lett. 32(2), 620–634 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.07.029
  234. L. Gao, C. Li, W. Huang, S. Mei, H. Lin et al., MXene/polymer membranes: Synthesis, properties, and emerging applications. Chem. Mat. 32(5), 1703–1747 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04408
  235. J. Liu, H.-B. Zhang, R. Sun, Y. Liu, Z. Liu et al., Hydrophobic, flexible, and lightweight mxene foams for high-performance electromagnetic-interference shielding. Adv. Mater. 29(38), 1702367 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702367
  236. L. Zhu, R. Mo, C.-G. Yin, W. Guo, J. Yu et al., Synergistically constructed electromagnetic network of magnetic p-decorated carbon nanotubes and MXene for efficient electromagnetic shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 14(50), 56120–56131 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c17696
  237. Z. Deng, P. Tang, X. Wu, H.-B. Zhang, Z.-Z. Yu, Superelastic, ultralight, and conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene/acidified carbon nanotube anisotropic aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 13(17), 20539–20547 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02059
  238. Z. Zeng, C. Wang, G. Siqueira, D. Han, A. Huch et al., Nanocellulose-mxene biomimetic aerogels with orientation-tunable electromagnetic interference shielding performance. Adv. Sci. 7(15), 2000979 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202000979
  239. X. Wu, B. Han, H.-B. Zhang, X. Xie, T. Tu et al., Compressible, durable and conductive polydimethylsiloxane-coated mxene foams for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 381, 122622 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122622
  240. D. Zhang, R. Yin, Y. Zheng, Q. Li, H. Liu et al., Multifunctional MXene/CNTs based flexible electronic textile with excellent strain sensing, electromagnetic interference shielding and joule heating performances. Chem. Eng. J. 438, 135587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135587
  241. J. Dong, S. Luo, S. Ning, G. Yang, D. Pan et al., MXene-coated wrinkled fabrics for stretchable and multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding and electro/photo-thermal conversion applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 13(50), 60478–60488 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c19890
  242. W. Yuan, J. Yang, F. Yin, Y. Li, Y. Yuan, Flexible and stretchable MXene/polyurethane fabrics with delicate wrinkle structure design for effective electromagnetic interference shielding at a dynamic stretching process. Compos. Commun. 19, 90–98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.03.003
  243. W. Chen, L.-X. Liu, H.-B. Zhang, Z.-Z. Yu, Kirigami-inspired highly stretchable, conductive, and hierarchical Ti3C2Tx mxene films for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and pressure sensing. ACS Nano 15(4), 7668–7681 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01277
  244. S.A. Mirkhani, A. Shayesteh Zeraati, E. Aliabadian, M. Naguib, U. Sundararaj, High dielectric constant and low dielectric loss via poly(vinyl alcohol)/ Ti3C2Tx MXene nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 11(20), 18599–18608 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00393
  245. Y. Hu, C. Hou, Y. Shi, J. Wu, D. Yang et al., Freestanding Fe3O4/ Ti3C2Tx MXene/polyurethane composite film with efficient electromagnetic shielding and ultra-stretchable performance. Nanotechnology 33(16), 165603 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac4878
  246. X. Zhou, J. Wen, Z. Wang, X. Ma, H. Wu, Broadband high-performance microwave absorption of the single-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 115, 148–155 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.11.029
  247. V. Kamysbayev, A.S. Filatov, H. Hu, X. Rui, F. Lagunas et al., Covalent surface modifications and superconductivity of two-dimensional metal carbide MXenes. Science 369(6506), 979–983 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8311#core-collateral-purchase-access
  248. X.C. Jia, B. Shen, L.H. Zhang, W.G. Zheng, Construction of shape-memory carbon foam composites for adjustable emi shielding under self-fixable mechanical deformation. Chem. Eng. J. 405, 126927 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126927
  249. H. Wang, R. Li, Y. Cao, S. Chen, B. Yuan et al., Liquid metal fibers. Adv. Fiber Mater. 4(5), 987–1004 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00173-4
  250. X. Fan, W. Nie, H. Tsai, N. Wang, H. Huang et al., Pedot: Pss for flexible and stretchable electronics: Modifications, strategies, and applications. Adv. Sci. 6(19), 1900813 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900813
  251. L.C. Abbott, F. Nigussie, Mercury toxicity and neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22(14), 7520 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147520
  252. L. Trasande, P.J. Landrigan, C. Schechter, Public health and economic consequences of methyl mercury toxicity to the developing brain. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(5), 590–596 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7743
  253. S. Chen, H.-Z. Wang, R.-Q. Zhao, W. Rao, J. Liu, Liquid metal composites. Matter 2(6), 1446–1480 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.016
  254. S. Veerapandian, W. Jang, J.B. Seol, H. Wang, M. Kong et al., Hydrogen-doped viscoplastic liquid metal microps for stretchable printed metal lines. Nat. Mater. 20(4), 533–540 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-00863-7
  255. Y.-H. Wu, Z.-F. Deng, Z.-F. Peng, R.-M. Zheng, S.-Q. Liu et al., A novel strategy for preparing stretchable and reliable biphasic liquid metal. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(36), 1903840 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903840
  256. S.-Y. Liao, X.-Y. Wang, X.-M. Li, Y.-J. Wan, T. Zhao et al., Flexible liquid metal/cellulose nanofiber composites film with excellent thermal reliability for highly efficient and broadband emi shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 422, 129962 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129962
  257. M.D. Dickey, Stretchable and soft electronics using liquid metals. Adv. Mater. 29(27), 1606425 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201606425
  258. M. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Wang, L. Li, S. Dong et al., Stretchable liquid metal electromagnetic interference shielding coating materials with superior effectiveness. J. Mater. Chem. C 7(33), 10331–10337 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC02887K
  259. X. Sun, J.-H. Fu, C. Teng, M. Zhang, T. Liu et al., Superhydrophobic e-textile with an ag-egain conductive layer for motion detection and electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 14(29), 33650–33661 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c09554
  260. L.-C. Jia, X.-X. Jia, W.-J. Sun, Y.-P. Zhang, L. Xu et al., Stretchable liquid metal-based conductive textile for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Intefaces 12(47), 53230–53238 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c14397
  261. Y. Xu, Z. Lin, K. Rajavel, T. Zhao, P. Zhu et al., Tailorable, lightweight and superelastic liquid metal monoliths for multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 29 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00766-5
  262. B. Yao, X. Xu, H. Li, Z. Han, J. Hao et al., Soft liquid-metal/elastomer foam with compression-adjustable thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 410, 128288 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128288
  263. L.V. Kayser, D.J. Lipomi, Stretch
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3166 Download : 2392

Most read articles by the same author(s)