Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Decade Milestone Advancement of Defect-Engineered g-C3N4 for Solar Catalytic Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01297-x
Shaoqi Hou
School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
Xiaochun Gao
Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
Xingyue Lv
Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
Yilin Zhao
Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
Xitao Yin
Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
Ying Liu
Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
Juan Fang
School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
Xingxing Yu
Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7‑3‑1 Hogo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
Xiaoguang Ma
Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
Tianyi Ma
School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
Dawei Su
School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia

Corresponding Author: Dawei Su

Dawei.Su@uts.edu.au

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 70

Abstract

Over the past decade, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a universal photocatalyst toward various sustainable carbo-neutral technologies. Despite solar applications discrepancy, g-C3N4 is still confronted with a general fatal issue of insufficient supply of thermodynamically active photocarriers due to its inferior solar harvesting ability and sluggish charge transfer dynamics. Fortunately, this could be significantly alleviated by the “all-in-one” defect engineering strategy, which enables a simultaneous amelioration of both textural uniqueness and intrinsic electronic band structures. To this end, we have summarized an unprecedently comprehensive discussion on defect controls including the vacancy/non-metallic dopant creation with optimized electronic band structure and electronic density, metallic doping with ultra-active coordinated environment (M–Nx, M–C2N2, M–O bonding), functional group grafting with optimized band structure, and promoted crystallinity with extended conjugation π system with weakened interlayered van der Waals interaction. Among them, the defect states induced by various defect types such as N vacancy, P/S/halogen dopants, and cyano group in boosting solar harvesting and accelerating photocarrier transfer have also been emphasized. More importantly, the shallow defect traps identified by femtosecond transient absorption spectra (fs-TAS) have also been highlighted. It is believed that this review would pave the way for future readers with a unique insight into a more precise defective g-C3N4 “customization”, motivating more profound thinking and flourishing research outputs on g-C3N4-based photocatalysis.


Highlights:
1 This review summarizes the decade milestone advancement of defect-engineered g-C3N4 and emphasizes the roles of crystallinity and defect traps toward a more precise defective g-C3N4 “customization” in the future.
2 A critical insight into the defect traps has been discussed in depth, probing the defect-induced states and photocarrier transfer kinetics of g-C3N4.
3 The prospect and outlooking for precise defective g-C3N4 “customization” is proposed.

Keywords

Defect engineering g-C3N4 Electronic band structures Photocarrier transfer kinetics Defect states
Hou, Shaoqi, Xiaochun Gao, Xingyue Lv, Yilin Zhao, Xitao Yin, Ying Liu, Juan Fang, Xingxing Yu, Xiaoguang Ma, Tianyi Ma, and Dawei Su. 2024. “Decade Milestone Advancement of Defect-Engineered G-C3N4 for Solar Catalytic Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (January):70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01297-x.
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