Issue

Vol. 14 (2022)

Surface-Alloyed Nanoporous Zinc as Reversible and Stable Anodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00867-9
Huan Meng
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Qing Ran
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Tian‑Yi Dai
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Hang Shi
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Shu‑Pei Zeng
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Yong‑Fu Zhu
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Zi Wen
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Wei Zhang
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Xing‑You Lang
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Wei‑Tao Zheng
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
Qing Jiang
Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Qing Jiang

jiangq@jlu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 14 (2022), Article Number: 128

Abstract

Metallic zinc (Zn) is one of the most attractive multivalent-metal anode materials in post-lithium batteries because of its high abundance, low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, it usually suffers from large voltage polarization, low Coulombic efficiency and high propensity for dendritic failure during Zn stripping/plating, hindering the practical application in aqueous rechargeable zinc-metal batteries (AR-ZMBs). Here we demonstrate that anionic surfactant-assisted in situ surface alloying of Cu and Zn remarkably improves Zn reversibility of 3D nanoporous Zn electrodes for potential use as high-performance AR-ZMB anode materials. As a result of the zincophilic ZnxCuy alloy shell guiding uniform Zn deposition with a zero nucleation overpotential and facilitating Zn stripping via the ZnxCuy/Zn galvanic couples, the self-supported nanoporous ZnxCuy/Zn electrodes exhibit superior dendrite-free Zn stripping/plating behaviors in ambient aqueous electrolyte, with ultralow polarizations under current densities up to 50 mA cm‒2, exceptional stability for 1900 h and high Zn utilization. This enables AR-ZMB full cells constructed with nanoporous ZnxCuy/Zn anode and KzMnO2 cathode to achieve specific energy of as high as ~ 430 Wh kg‒1 with ~ 99.8% Coulombic efficiency, and retain ~ 86% after long-term cycles for > 700 h.


Highlights:


1 ZnxCuy alloy shell was in-situ formed on self-supported three-dimensional nanoporous Zn anode by anionic surfactant-assisted surface alloying of Zn and Cu.
2 The self-supported nanoporous ZnxCuy/Zn anodes exhibit high-rate capability, outstanding reversibility and stability during Zn stripping/plating because of zincophilic ZnxCuy to guide uniform Zn deposition and facilitate Zn stripping.
3 Aqueous Zn-ion batteries assembled with nanoporous ZnxCuy/Zn anode and KzMnO2 cathode achieve specific energy of as high as ~430 Wh kg‒1 and retain ~86% after long-term cycles for >700 h.

Keywords

Nanoporous metal Zinc-based alloy anode Aqueous zinc-ion batteries Surface alloying
Meng, Huan, Qing Ran, Tian‑Yi Dai, Hang Shi, Shu‑Pei Zeng, Yong‑Fu Zhu, Zi Wen, Wei Zhang, Xing‑You Lang, Wei‑Tao Zheng, and Qing Jiang. 2022. “Surface-Alloyed Nanoporous Zinc As Reversible and Stable Anodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery”. Nano-Micro Letters 14 (June):128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00867-9.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. B. Dunn, H. Kamath, J.M. Tarascon, Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices. Science 334(6058), 928–935 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212741
  2. Z.P. Cano, D. Banham, S. Ye, A. Hintennach, J. Lu et al., Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets. Nat. Energy 3(4), 279–289 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0108-1
  3. Y. Sun, N. Liu, Y. Cui, Promises and challenges of nanomaterials for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Nat. Energy 1, 16071 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.71
  4. Y. Tian, G. Zeng, A. Rutt, T. Shi, H. Kim et al., Promises and challenges of next-generation “beyond Li-ion” batteries for electric vehicles and grid decarbonization. Chem. Rev. 121(3), 1623–1669 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00767
  5. J.Y. Hwang, S.T. Myung, Y.K. Sun, Sodium-ion batteries: present and future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46(12), 3529–3614 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00776G
  6. W. Zhang, Y. Liu, Z, Guo, Approaching high-performance potassium-ion batteries via advanced design strategies and engineering. Sci. Adv. 5(5), eaav7412 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7412
  7. H. Kim, J. Hong, K.Y. Park, H. Kim, S.W. Kim et al., Aqueous rechargeable Li and Na ion batteries. Chem. Rev. 114(23), 11788–11827 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500232y
  8. G. Liang, F. Mo, X. Ji, C. Zhi, Non-metallic charge carriers for aqueous batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6(2), 109–123 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00241-4
  9. Y. Liu, X. Lu, F. Lai, T. Liu, P.R. Shearing et al., Rechargeable aqueous Zn-based energy storage devices. Joule 5(11), 2845–2903 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.10.011
  10. Y. Sui, X. Ji, Anticatalytic strategies to suppress water electrolysis in aqueous batteries. Chem. Rev. 121(11), 6654–6695 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00191
  11. J. Yang, B. Yin, Y. Sun, H. Pan, W. Sun et al., Zinc anode for mild aqueous zinc-ion batteries: challenges, strategies, and perspectives. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 42 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00782-5
  12. H. Dong, O. Tutusaus, Y. Liang, Y. Zhang, Z. Lebens-Higgins et al., High-power Mg batteries enabled by heterogeneous enolization redox chemistry and weakly coordinating electrolytes. Nat. Energy 5(12), 1043–1050 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00734-0
  13. C. Wu, S. Gu, Q. Zhang, Y. Bai, M. Li et al., Electrochemically activated spinel manganese oxide for rechargeable aqueous aluminum battery. Nat. Commun. 10, 73 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07980-7
  14. B. Li, X. Zhang, T. Wang, Z. He, B. Lu et al., Interfacial engineering strategy for high-performance Zn metal anodes. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 6 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00764-7
  15. Q. Ran, H. Shi, H. Meng, S.P. Zeng, W.B. Wan et al., Aluminum-copper alloy anode materials for high-energy aqueous aluminum batteries. Nat. Commun. 13, 576 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28238-3
  16. S.B. Wang, Q. Ran, R.Q. Yao, H. Shi, Z. Wen et al., Lamella-nanostructured eutectic zinc–aluminum alloys as reversible and dendrite-free anodes for aqueous rechargeable batteries. Nat. Commun. 11, 1634 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15478-4
  17. X. Jia, C. Liu, Z.G. Neale, J. Yang, G. Cao, Active materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries: synthesis, crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemistry. Chem. Rev. 120(15), 7795–7866 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00628
  18. N. Zhang, X. Chen, M. Yu, Z. Niu, F. Cheng et al., Materials chemistry for rechargeable zinc-ion batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49(13), 4203–4219 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00349e
  19. H. Pan, Y. Shao, P. Yan, Y. Cheng, K.S. Han et al., Reversible aqueous zinc/manganese oxide energy storage from conversion reactions. Nat. Energy 1, 16039 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.39
  20. J. Huang, Z. Wang, M. Hou, X. Dong, Y. Liu et al., Polyaniline-intercalated manganese dioxide nanolayers as a high-performance cathode material for an aqueous zinc-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 9, 2906 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04949-4
  21. X. Tang, D. Zhou, B. Zhang, S. Wang, P. Li et al., A universal strategy towards high–energy aqueous multivalent–ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 12, 2857 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23209-6
  22. D. Feng, T.N. Gao, L. Zhang, B. Guo, S. Song et al., Boosting high-rate zinc-storage performance by the rational design of Mn2O3 nanoporous architecture cathode. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0351-4
  23. X.Z. Zhai, J. Qu, S.M. Hao, Y.Q. Jing, W. Chang et al., Layered birnessite cathode with a displacement/intercalation mechanism for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 56 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-0397-3
  24. D. Kundu, B. Adams, V. Duffort, S.H. Vajargah, L.F. Nazar, A high-capacity and long-life aqueous rechargeable zinc battery using a metal oxide intercalation cathode. Nat. Energy 1, 16119 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.119
  25. Y. Zhang, F. Wan, S. Huang, S. Wang, Z. Niu et al., A chemically self-charging aqueous zinc-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 11, 2199 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16039-5
  26. Y. Yang, Y. Tang, G. Fang, L. Shan, J. Guo et al., Li+ intercalated V2O5·nH2O with enlarged layer spacing and fast ion diffusion as an aqueous zinc-ion battery cathode. Energy Environ. Sci. 11(11), 3157–3162 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01651h
  27. S.B. Wang, Q. Ran, W.B. Wan, H. Shi, S.P. Zeng et al., Ultrahigh-energy and -power aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion microbatteries based on highly cation-compatible vanadium oxides. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 120, 159–166 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.01.007
  28. Q. Li, X. Rui, D. Chen, Y. Feng, N. Xiao et al., A high-capacity ammonium vanadate cathode for zinc-ion battery. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 67 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-0401-y
  29. Y. Liang, Y. Jing, S. Gheytani, K.Y. Lee, P. Liu et al., Universal quinone electrodes for long cycle life aqueous rechargeable batteries. Nat. Mater. 16(8), 841–848 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4919
  30. Q. Zhao, W. Huang, Z. Luo, L. Liu, Y. Lu et al., High-capacity aqueous zinc batteries using sustainable quinone electrodes. Sci. Adv. 4(3), eaao1761 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao1761
  31. G. Fang, J. Zhou, A. Pan, S. Liang, Recent advances in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 3(10), 2480–2501 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01426
  32. W. Lu, C. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Li, Anode for zinc-based batteries: challenges, strategies, and prospects. ACS Energy Lett. 6(8), 2765–2785 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00939
  33. L. Ma, M.A. Schroeder, O. Borodin, T.P. Pollard, M.S. Ding et al., Realizing high zinc reversibility in rechargeable batteries. Nat. Energy 5(10), 743–749 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0674-x
  34. Z. Yi, G. Chen, F. Hou, L. Wang, J. Liang, Strategies for the stabilization of Zn metal anodes for Zn-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(1), 2003065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003065
  35. F. Wang, O. Borodin, T. Gao, X. Fan, W. Sun et al., Highly reversible zinc metal anode for aqueous batteries. Nat. Mater. 17(6), 543–549 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0063-z
  36. M. Yan, N. Dong, X. Zhao, Y. Sun, H. Pan, Tailoring the stability and kinetics of Zn anodes through trace organic polymer additives in dilute aqueous electrolyte. ACS Energy Lett. 6(9), 3236–3243 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01418
  37. C. Liu, X. Xie, B. Lu, J. Zhou, S. Liang, Electrolyte strategies toward better zinc-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 6(3), 1015–1033 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02684
  38. Y. Zhu, J. Yin, X. Zheng, A.H. Emwas, Y. Lei et al., Concentrated dual-cation electrolyte strategy for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 14(8), 4463 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee01472b
  39. B. Zhang, L. Qin, Y. Fang, Y. Chai, X. Xie et al., Tuning Zn2+ coordination tunnel by hierarchical gel electrolyte for dendrite-free zinc anode. Sci. Bull. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2022.01.027
  40. L. Li, S. Liu, D. Ba, W. Liu, Q. Gui et al., Electrolyte concentration regulation boosting zinc storage stability of high-capacity K0.486V2O5 cathode for bendable quasi-solid-state zinc ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 34 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00554-7
  41. P. Sun, L. Ma, W. Zhou, M. Qiu, Z. Wang et al., Simultaneous regulation on solvation shell and electrode interface for dendrite-free Zn ion batteries achieved by a low-cost glucose additive. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(33), 18247–18255 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202105756
  42. A. Bayaguud, X. Luo, Y. Fu, C. Zhu, Cationic surfactant-type electrolyte additive enables three-dimensional dendrite-free zinc anode for stable zinc-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 5(9), 3012–3020 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01792
  43. Z. Wang, L. Dong, W. Huang, H. Jia, Q. Zhao et al., Simultaneously regulating uniform Zn2+ flux and electron conduction by MOF/rGO interlayers for high-performance Zn anodes. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 73 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00594-7
  44. J. Zheng, Q. Zhao, T. Tang, J. Yin, C.D. Quilty et al., Reversible epitaxial electrodeposition of metals in battery anodes. Science 366(6465), 645–648 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6873
  45. J. Zheng, Y. Deng, J. Yin, T. Tang, R. Garcia-Mendez et al., Textured electrodes: manipulating built-in crystallographic heterogeneity of metal electrodes via severe plastic deformation. Adv. Mater. 34(1), 2106867 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202106867
  46. M. Zhou, S. Guo, J. Li, X. Luo, Z. Liu et al., Surface-preferred crystal plane for a stable and reversible zinc anode. Adv. Mater. 33(21), 2100187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202100187
  47. L. Kang, M. Cui, F. Jiang, Y. Gao, H. Luo et al., Nanoporous CaCO3 coatings enabled uniform Zn stripping/plating for long-life zinc rechargeable aqueous batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(25), 1801090 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801090
  48. N. Zhang, S. Huang, Z. Yuan, J. Zhu, Z. Zhao et al., Direct self-assembly of MXene on Zn anodes for dendrite-free aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(6), 2861–2865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202012322
  49. K. Wu, J. Yi, X. Liu, Y. Sun, J. Cui et al., Regulating Zn deposition via an artificial solid–electrolyte interface with aligned dipoles for long life Zn anode. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 79 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00599-2
  50. X. Yang, C. Li, Z. Sun, S. Yang, Z. Shi et al., Interfacial manipulation via in situ grown ZnSe cultivator toward highly reversible Zn metal anodes. Adv. Mater. 33(52), 2105951 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105951
  51. J. Hao, B. Li, X. Li, X. Zeng, S. Zhang et al., An in-depth study of Zn metal surface chemistry for advanced aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 32(34), 2003021 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003021
  52. X. Wang, J. Meng, X. Lin, Y. Yang, S. Zhou et al., Stable zinc metal anodes with textured crystal faces and functional zinc compound coatings. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(48), 2106114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106114
  53. Z. Guo, L. Fan, C. Zhao, A. Chen, N. Liu et al., A dynamic and self-adapting interface coating for stable Zn-metal anodes. Adv. Mater. 34(2), 2105133 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105133
  54. Y. Jiao, F. Li, X. Jin, Q. Lei, L. Li et al., Engineering polymer glue towards 90% zinc utilization for 1000 hours to make high-performance Zn-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(49), 2107652 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202107652
  55. S. Xie, Y. Li, X. Li, Y. Zhou, Z. Dang et al., Stable zinc anodes enabled by zincophilic Cu nanowire networks. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 39 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00783-4
  56. H. Zhao, Y. Lei, 3D nanostructures for the next generation of high-performance nanodevices for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(28), 2001460 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001460
  57. W. Guo, Z. Cong, Z. Guo, C. Chang, X. Liang et al., Dendrite-free Zn anode with dual channel 3D porous frameworks for rechargeable Zn batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 30, 104–112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.04.038
  58. C. Li, X. Xie, H. Liu, P. Wang, C. Deng et al., Integrated ‘all-in-one’ strategy to stabilize zinc anodes for high-performance zinc-ion batteries. Natl. Sci. Rev. 9(3), nwab177 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab177
  59. Y. An, Y. Tian, S. Xiong, J. Feng, Y. Qian, Scalable and controllable synthesis of interface engineered nanoporous host for dendrite-free and high rate zinc metal batteries. ACS Nano 15(7), 11828–11842 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c02928
  60. H. Shi, Y.T. Zhou, R.Q. Yao, W.B. Wang, Q.H. Zhang et al., Intermetallic Cu5Zr clusters anchored on hierarchical nanoporous copper as efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Research 2020, 2987234 (2020). https://doi.org/10.34133/2020/2987234
  61. H. Shi, Y.T. Zhou, R.Q. Yao, W.B. Wang, X. Ge et al., Spontaneously separated intermetallic Co3Mo from nanoporous copper as versatile electrocatalysts for highly efficient water splitting. Nat. Commun. 11, 2940 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16769-6
  62. I.C. Oppenheim, D.J. Trevor, C.E.D. Chidsey, P.L. Trevor, K. Sieradzki, In situ scanning tunneling microscopy of corrosion of silver-gold alloys. Science 254(5032), 687–689 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.254.5032.687
  63. J. Erlebacher, M.J. Aziz, A. Karma, N. Dimitrov, K. Sieradzki, Evolution of nanoporosity in dealloying. Nature 410(6827), 450–453 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35068529
  64. X.Y. Lang, H.Y. Fu, C. Hou, G.F. Han, P. Yang et al., Nanoporous gold supported cobalt oxide microelectrodes as high-performance electrochemical biosensors. Nat. Commun. 4, 2169 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3169
  65. F. Jia, C. Yu, Z. Ai, L. Zhang, Fabrication of nanoporous gold film electrodes with ultrahigh surface area and electrochemical activity. Chem. Mater. 19(15), 3648–3653 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm070425l
  66. K. Yan, Z. Lu, H.W. Lee, F. Xiong, P.C. Hsu et al., Selective deposition and stable encapsulation of lithium through heterogeneous seeded growth. Nat. Energy 1, 16010 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.10
  67. R. Zhang, X.R. Chen, X. Chen, X.B. Cheng, X.Q. Zhang et al., Lithiophilic sites in doped graphene guide uniform lithium nucleation for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56(27), 7764–7768 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201702099
  68. J.F. Parker, C.N. Chervin, E.S. Nelson, D.R. Rolison, J.W. Long, Wiring zinc in three dimensions re-writes battery performance—dendrite-free cycling. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(3), 1117–1124 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee43754j
  69. J.F. Parker, C.N. Chervin, I.R. Pala, M. Machler, M.F. Burz et al., Rechargeable nickel–3D zinc batteries: an energy-dense, safer alternative to lithium-ion. Science 356(6336), 414–417 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aak9991
  70. R. Zhang, P.G. Yin, N. Wang, L. Guo, Photoluminescence and Raman scattering of ZnO nanorods. Solid State Sci. 11(4), 865–869 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2008.10.016
  71. C. Liu, W. Xu, C. Mei, M. Li, W. Chen et al., A chemically self-charging flexible solid-state zinc-ion battery based on VO2 cathode and polyacrylamide–chitin nanofiber hydrogel electrolyte. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(25), 2003902 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003902
  72. Z. Lv, Y. Luo, Y. Tang, J. Wei, Z. Zhu et al., Editable supercapacitors with customizable stretchability based on mechanically strengthened ultralong MnO2 nanowire composite. Adv. Mater. 30(2), 1704531 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201704531
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Statistic
Read Counter : 4108 Download : 3084

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>