Issue

Vol. 16 (2024)

Electrolyte Design for Low-Temperature Li-Metal Batteries: Challenges and Prospects

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01245-9
Siyu Sun
Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
Kehan Wang
State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Zhanglian Hong
State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Mingjia Zhi
State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
Kai Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
Jijian Xu
Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jijian Xu

jijianxu@cityu.edu.hk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 16 (2024), Article Number: 35

Abstract

Electrolyte design holds the greatest opportunity for the development of batteries that are capable of sub-zero temperature operation. To get the most energy storage out of the battery at low temperatures, improvements in electrolyte chemistry need to be coupled with optimized electrode materials and tailored electrolyte/electrode interphases. Herein, this review critically outlines electrolytes’ limiting factors, including reduced ionic conductivity, large de-solvation energy, sluggish charge transfer, and slow Li-ion transportation across the electrolyte/electrode interphases, which affect the low-temperature performance of Li-metal batteries. Detailed theoretical derivations that explain the explicit influence of temperature on battery performance are presented to deepen understanding. Emerging improvement strategies from the aspects of electrolyte design and electrolyte/electrode interphase engineering are summarized and rigorously compared. Perspectives on future research are proposed to guide the ongoing exploration for better low-temperature Li-metal batteries.


Highlights:
1 A critical assessment of electrolytes’ limiting factors, which affect the low-temperature performance of Li-metal batteries.
2 Summary of emerging strategies to improve low-temperature performance from the aspects of electrolyte design and electrolyte/electrode interphase engineering.
3 Perspectives and challenges on how to develop creative solutions in electrolytes and correlative materials for low-temperature operation.

Keywords

Solid electrolyte interphase Li metal Low temperature Electrolyte design Batteries
Sun, Siyu, Kehan Wang, Zhanglian Hong, Mingjia Zhi, Kai Zhang, and Jijian Xu. 2023. “Electrolyte Design for Low-Temperature Li-Metal Batteries: Challenges and Prospects”. Nano-Micro Letters 16 (November):35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01245-9.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. S.S. Zhang, K. Xu, T.R. Jow, Low temperature performance of graphite electrode in Li-ion cells. Electrochim. Acta 48, 241–246 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00620-5
  2. A.C. Thenuwara, P.P. Shetty, N. Kondekar, S.E. Sandoval, K. Cavallaro et al., Efficient low-temperature cycling of lithium metal anodes by tailoring the solid-electrolyte interphase. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 2411–2420 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01209
  3. W. Xu, J. Wang, F. Ding, X. Chen, E. Nasybulin et al., Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 513–537 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE40795K
  4. X. Shen, H. Liu, X.B. Cheng, C. Yan, J.Q. Huang, Beyond lithium ion batteries: Higher energy density battery systems based on lithium metal anodes. Energy Stor. Mater. 12, 161–175 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.12.002
  5. A. Soto, A. Berrueta, P. Sanchis, A. Ursúa, I. Oficialdegui, On the technical reliability of Lithium-ion batteries in a zero emission polar expedition, 2020 IEEE Int. Conf. Environ. Electr. Eng. 2020 IEEE Ind. Commer. Power Syst. Eur. EEEIC ICPS Eur., pp. 1–6.
  6. J. Holoubek, H. Liu, Z. Wu, Y. Yin, X. Xing et al., Tailoring electrolyte solvation for Li metal batteries cycled at ultra-low temperature. Nat. Energy 6, 303–313 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00783-z
  7. C.T. Love, O.A. Baturina, K.E. Swider-Lyons, Observation of lithium dendrites at ambient temperature and below. ECS Electrochem. Lett. 4, A24 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0041502eel
  8. A. Maraschky, R. Akolkar, Temperature dependence of dendritic lithium electrodeposition: a mechanistic study of the role of transport limitations within the SEI. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167(6), 062503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7ce2
  9. M.C. Smart, B.V. Ratnakumar, R.C. Ewell, S. Surampudi, F.J. Puglia et al., The use of lithium-ion batteries for JPL’s Mars missions. Electrochim. Acta 268(1), 27–40 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.020
  10. X. Su, Y. Xu, Y. Wu, H. Li, J. Yang et al., Liquid electrolytes for low-temperature lithium batteries: main limitations, current advances, and future perspectives. Energy Storage Mater. 56, 642–663 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.044
  11. Q. Li, G. Liu, H. Cheng, Q. Sun, J. Zhang et al., Low-temperature electrolyte design for lithium-ion batteries: prospect and challenges. Chem. Eur. J. 27(64), 15842–15865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202101407
  12. D. Luo, M. Li, Y. Zheng, Q. Ma, R. Gao et al., Electrolyte design for lithium metal anode-based batteries toward extreme temperature application. Adv. Sci. 8(18), 2101051 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202101051
  13. W. Cai, Y.X. Yao, G.L. Zhu, C. Yan, L.L. Jiang et al., A review on energy chemistry of fast-charging anodes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 3806–3833 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CS00728H
  14. K. Xu, Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 104, 4303–4418 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030203g
  15. K. Xu, Navigating the minefield of battery literature. Commun. Mater. 3, 31 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-022-00251-5
  16. J.N. Al-Dawsari, A. Bessadok-Jemai, I. Wazeer, S. Mokraoui, M.A. AlMansour et al., Fitting of experimental viscosity to temperature data for deep eutectic solvents. J. Mol. Liq. 310(15), 113127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113127
  17. A. Ramanujapuram, G. Yushin, Understanding the exceptional performance of lithium-ion battery cathodes in aqueous electrolytes at subzero temperatures. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1802624 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802624
  18. Z. Ma, J. Chen, J. Vatamanu, O. Borodin, D. Bedrov et al., Expanding the low-temperature and high-voltage limits of aqueous lithium-ion battery. Energy Storage Mater. 45, 903–910 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.12.045
  19. T.R. Jow, K. Xu, O. Borodin, M. Ue et al., Electrolytes for lithium and lithium-ion batteries (Springer, New York, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0302-3
  20. K. Xu, “Charge-Transfer” process at graphite/electrolyte interface and the solvation sheath structure of Li+ in nonaqueous electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, A162 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2409866
  21. Z. Wang, Z. Sun, Y. Shi, F. Qi, X. Gao et al., Ion-dipole chemistry drives rapid evolution of Li ions solvation sheath in low-temperature Li batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(28), 2100935 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100935
  22. W. Lin, J. Li, J. Wang, K. Gu, H. Li et al., Weak-coordination electrolyte enabling fast Li+ transport in lithium metal batteries at ultra-low temperature. Small 19(23), 2207093 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202207093
  23. F. Ren, Z. Li, J. Chen, P. Huguet, Z. Peng et al., Solvent-diluent interaction-mediated solvation structure of localized high-concentration electrolytes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(3), 4211–4219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c21638
  24. Y.X. Yao, X. Chen, C. Yan, X.Q. Zhang, W.L. Cai et al., Regulating interfacial chemistry in lithium-ion batteries by a weakly solvating electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(8), 4090–4097 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202011482
  25. J. Xu, J. Zhang, T.P. Pollard, Q. Li, S. Tan et al., Electrolyte design for Li-ion batteries under extreme operating conditions. Nature 614, 694–700 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05627-8
  26. S.C. Kim, X. Kong, R.A. Vilá, W. Huang, Y. Chen et al., Potentiometric measurement to probe solvation energy and its correlation to lithium battery cyclability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 10301–10308 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c03868
  27. L. Sheng, Y. Wu, J. Tian, L. Wang, J. Wang et al., Impact of lithium-ion coordination on lithium electrodeposition. Energy Environ. Mater. 6(1), e12266 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12266
  28. J. Tan, J. Matz, P. Dong, J. Shen, M. Ye, A growing appreciation for the role of LiF in the solid electrolyte interphase. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(16), 2100046 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100046
  29. X. Gao, Y.N. Zhou, D. Han, J. Zhou, D. Zhou et al., Thermodynamic understanding of Li-dendrite formation. Joule 4, 1864–1879 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.06.016
  30. Z. Zhang, Y. Li, R. Xu, W. Zhou, Y. Li et al., Capturing the swelling of solid-electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Science 375(6576), 66–70 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi8703
  31. P. Zhai, L. Liu, X. Gu, T. Wang, Y. Gong, Interface engineering for lithium metal anodes in liquid electrolyte. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(34), 2001257 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001257
  32. H. Adenusi, G.A. Chass, S. Passerini, K.V. Tian, G. Chen, Lithium batteries and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)-progress and outlook. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(10), 2203307 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203307
  33. H. Wu, H. Jia, C. Wang, J. Zhang, W. Xu, Recent progress in understanding solid electrolyte interphase on lithium metal anodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(5), 2003092 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003092
  34. T.R. Jow, S.A. Delp, J.L. Allen, J.P. Jones, M.C. Smart, Factors Limiting Li+ charge transfer kinetics in Li-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165(2), A361–A367 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1221802jes
  35. Y. Chen, A. Elangovan, D. Zeng, Y. Zhang, H. Ke et al., Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers on Cu foil as a 3D current collector for reversible Li plating/stripping toward high-performance Li-S batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(4), 1906444 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906444
  36. Q. Zheng, M. Watanabe, Y. Iwatate, D. Azuma, K. Shibazaki et al., Hydrothermal leaching of ternary and binary lithium-ion battery cathode materials with citric acid and the kinetic study. J. Supercrit. Fluids 165(1), 104990 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104990
  37. L. Li, S. Basu, Y. Wang, Z. Chen, P. Hundekar et al., Self-heating–induced healing of lithium dendrites. Science 359(6383), 1513–1516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8787
  38. L. Zhang, T. Yang, C. Du, Q. Liu, Y. Tang et al., Lithium whisker growth and stress generation in an in situ atomic force microscope–environmental transmission electron microscope set-up. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 94–98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0604-x
  39. D.H. Liu, Z. Bai, M. Li, A. Yu, D. Luo et al., Developing high safety Li-metal anodes for future high-energy Li-metal batteries: strategies and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 5407–5445 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CS00636B
  40. J.G. Zhang, W. Xu, J. Xiao, X. Cao, J. Liu, Lithium metal anodes with nonaqueous electrolytes. Chem. Rev. 120, 13312–13348 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00275
  41. W. Xue, T. Qin, Q. Li, M. Zan, X. Yu et al., Exploiting the synergistic effects of multiple components with a uniform design method for developing low-temperature electrolytes. Energy Storage Mater. 50, 598–605 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.06.003
  42. Z. Li, Y.X. Yao, S. Sun, C.B. Jin, N. Yao et al., 40 Years of low-temperature electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(37), e202303888 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202303888
  43. S.S. Zhang, K. Xu, T.R. Jow, Electrochemical impedance study on the low temperature of Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 49(7), 1057–1061 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2003.10.016
  44. X. Liu, X. Shen, H. Li, P. Li, L. Luo et al., Ethylene carbonate-free propylene carbonate-based electrolytes with excellent electrochemical compatibility for Li-ion batteries through engineering electrolyte solvation structure. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(19), 2003905 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003905
  45. S. Weng, X. Zhang, G. Yang, S. Zhang, B. Ma et al., Temperature-dependent interphase formation and Li+ transport in lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 4474 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40221-0
  46. S. Shi, P. Lu, Z. Liu, Y. Qi, L.G. Hector Jr. et al., Direct calculation of Li-ion transport in the solid electrolyte interphase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(37), 15476–15487 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja305366r
  47. X. Tian, Y. Yi, B. Fang, P. Yang, T. Wang et al., Design strategies of safe electrolytes for preventing thermal runaway in lithium ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 32(23), 9821–9848 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02428
  48. L. Suo, Y.S. Hu, H. Li, M. Armand, L. Chen, A new class of solvent-in-salt electrolyte for high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries. Nat. Commun. 4, 1481 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2513
  49. L. Qiao, Z. Cui, B. Chen, G. Xu, Z. Zhang et al., A promising bulky anion based lithium borate salt for lithium metal batteries. Chem. Sci. 9, 3451–3458 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC00041G
  50. Y. Liu, P. Yu, Q. Sun, Y. Wu, M. Xie et al., Predicted operando polymerization at lithium anode via boron insertion. ACS Energy Lett. 6(6), 2320–2327 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00907
  51. X. Shangguan, G. Xu, Z. Cui, Q. Wang, X. Du et al., Additive-assisted novel dual-salt electrolyte addresses wide temperature operation of lithium-metal batteries. Small 15(16), 1900269 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900269
  52. A. Pan, Z. Wang, F. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Xu et al., Wide-temperature range and high safety electrolytes for high-voltage Li-metal batteries. Nano Res. 16, 8260–8268 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4655-1
  53. M. Fang, J. Chen, B. Chen, J. Wang, Salt-solvent synchro-constructed robust electrolyte-electrode interphase for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 19903–19913 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA02267B
  54. H.Z. Jiang, C. Yang, M. Chen, X.W. Liu, L.M. Yin et al., Electrophilically trapping water for preventing polymerization of cyclic ether towards low-temperature Li metal battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(14), e202300238 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202300238
  55. S.S. Zhang, K. Xu, T.R. Jow, The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sour. 115(1), 137–140 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00618-3
  56. Q. Li, D. Lu, J. Zheng, S. Jiao, L. Luo et al., Li+-desolvation dictating lithium-ion battery’s low-temperature performances. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(49), 42761–42768 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b13887
  57. H. Wang, J. Liu, J. He, S. Qi, M. Wu et al., Pseudo-concentrated electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. eScience 2(5), 557–565 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esci.2022.06.005
  58. G. Cai, J. Holoubek, M. Li, H. Gao, Y. Yin et al., Solvent selection criteria for temperature-resilient lithium-sulfur batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119(28), e2200392119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200392119
  59. J. Zhou, Y. Guo, C. Liang, L. Cao, H. Pan et al., A new ether-based electrolyte for lithium sulfur batteries using a S@pPAN cathode. Chem. Commun. 54, 5478–5481 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC02552E
  60. T. Ma, Y. Ni, Q. Wang, W. Zhang, S. Jin et al., Optimize lithium deposition at low temperature by weakly solvating power solvent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(39), e202207927 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202207927
  61. K. Ding, C. Xu, Z. Peng, X. Long, J. Shi et al., Tuning the solvent alkyl chain to tailor electrolyte solvation for stable Li-metal batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(39), 44470–44478 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13517
  62. J. Holoubek, M. Yu, S. Yu, M. Li, Z. Wu et al., An all-fluorinated ester electrolyte for stable high-voltage Li metal batteries capable of ultra-low-temperature operation. ACS Energy Lett. 5(5), 1438–1447 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00643
  63. X. Fan, L. Chen, X. Ji, T. Deng, S. Hou et al., Highly fluorinated interphases enable high-voltage Li-metal batteries. Chem 4(1), 174–185 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.017
  64. Y. Yang, Y. Yin, D.M. Davies, M. Zhang, M. Mayer et al., Liquefied gas electrolytes for wide-temperature lithium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 2209–2219 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE01446J
  65. J. Holoubek, K. Kim, Y. Yin, Z. Wu, H. Liu et al., Electrolyte design implications of ion-pairing in low-temperature Li metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 1647–1658 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE03422G
  66. Y. Gao, T. Rojas, K. Wang, S. Liu, D. Wang et al., Low-temperature and high-rate-charging lithium metal batteries enabled by an electrochemically active monolayer-regulated interface. Nat. Energy 5, 534–542 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0640-7
  67. S. Liu, X. Ji, N. Piao, J. Chen, N. Eidson et al., An inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase for advanced lithium-metal batteries in carbonate electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(7), 3661–3671 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202012005
  68. J. Chen, Q. Li, T.P. Pollard, X. Fan, O. Borodin et al., Electrolyte design for Li metal-free Li batteries. Mater. Today 39, 118–126 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.04.004
  69. X.X. Ma, X. Shen, X. Chen, Z.H. Fu, N. Yao et al., The origin of fast lithium-ion transport in the inorganic solid electrolyte interphase on lithium metal anodes. Small Struct. 3(8), 2200071 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202200071
  70. R. Xu, C. Yan, Y. Xiao, M. Zhao, H. Yuan et al., The reduction of interfacial transfer barrier of Li ions enabled by inorganics-rich solid-electrolyte interphase. Energy Storage Mater. 28, 401–406 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.12.020
  71. X. Li, R. Zhao, Y. Fu, A. Manthiram, Nitrate additives for lithium batteries: mechanisms, applications and prospects. eScience 1(2), 108–123 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esci.2021.12.006
  72. R. Yu, Z. Li, X. Zhang, X. Guo, Electrolyte design for inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interfaces to enable low-temperature Li metal batteries. Chem. Commun. 58, 8994–8997 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CC03096A
  73. Y. Feng, L. Zhou, H. Ma, Z. Wu, Q. Zhao et al., Challenges and advances for wide-temperature rechargeable lithium batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 1711–1759 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE03292E
  74. S. Wang, Z. Xue, F. Chu, Z. Guan, J. Lei et al., Moderately concentrated electrolyte enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries with a wide working temperature range. J. Energy Chem. 79, 201–210 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.12.060
  75. S. Kim, V.G. Pol, Tailored solvation and interface structures by tetrahydrofuran-derived electrolyte facilitates ultralow temperature lithium metal battery operations. Chemsuschem 16(5), e202202143 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202143
  76. J. Shi, C. Xu, J. Lai, Z. Li, Y. Zhang et al., An amphiphilic molecule-regulated core-shell-solvation electrolyte for Li-metal batteries at ultra-low temperature. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(13), e202218151 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202218151
  77. X. Zheng, L. Huang, W. Luo, H. Wang, Y. Dai et al., Tailoring electrolyte solvation chemistry toward an inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphase at a Li metal anode. ACS Energy Lett. 6(6), 2054–2063 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00647
  78. Z. Li, R. Yu, S. Weng, Q. Zhang, X. Wang et al., Tailoring polymer electrolyte ionic conductivity for production of low-temperature operating quasi-all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 482 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-35857-x
  79. D. Wang, D. Lv, H. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Qian et al., Forming solid-electrolyte interphases with rich grain boundaries on 3d lithiophilic skeleton for low-temperature lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 49, 454–462 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.04.020
  80. X. Wu, K. Pan, M. Jia, Y. Ren, H. He et al., Electrolyte for lithium protection: from liquid to solid. Green Energy Environ. 4(4), 360–374 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2019.05.003
  81. L.G. Greca, J. Lehtonen, B.L. Tardy, J. Guo, O.J. Rojas, Biofabrication of multifunctional nanocellulosic 3D structures: a facile and customizable route. Mater. Horiz. 5, 408–415 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MH01139C
  82. J. Li, Y. Cai, Y. Cui, H. Wu, H. Da et al., Fabrication of asymmetric bilayer solid-state electrolyte with boosted ion transport enabled by charge-rich space charge layer for -20~70°C lithium metal battery. Nano Energy 95, 107027 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107027
  83. J. Chen, Z. Li, N. Sun, J. Xu, Q. Li et al., A robust Li-intercalated interlayer with strong electron withdrawing ability enables durable and high-rate Li metal anode. ACS Energy Lett. 7(5), 1594–1603 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00395
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 3286 Download : 2476

Most read articles by the same author(s)