A Self-Powered Fast-Response Ultraviolet Detector of p–n Homojunction Assembled from Two ZnO-Based Nanowires
Corresponding Author: Yihua Gao
Nano-Micro Letters,
Vol. 9 No. 1 (2017), Article Number: 11
Abstract
Nowadays, fabrication of micro/nano-scale electronic devices with bottom-up approach is paid much research attention. Here, we provide a novel micro/nano-assembling method, which is accurate and efficient, especially suitable for the fabrication of micro/nano-scale electronic devices. Using this method, a self-powered ZnO/Sb-doped ZnO nanowire p–n homojunction ultraviolet detector (UVD) was fabricated, and the detailed photoelectric properties were tested. At a reverse bias of −0.1 V under UV light illumination, the photoresponse sensitivity of the UVD was 26.5 and the rise/decay time of the UVD was as short as 30 ms. The micro/nano-assembling method has wide potential applications in the fabrication of specific micro/nano-scale electronic devices.
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- H. Kind, H.Q. Yan, B. Messer, M. Law, P.D. Yang, Nanowire ultraviolet photodetectors and optical switches. Adv. Mater. 14(2), 158–160 (2002). doi:10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<158:Aid-Adma158>3.0.Co;2-W
- C. Soci, A. Zhang, B. Xiang, S.A. Dayeh, D.P. Aplin, J. Park, X.Y. Bao, Y.H. Lo, D. Wang, ZnO nanowire UV photodetectors with high internal gain. Nano Lett. 7(4), 1003–1009 (2007). doi:10.1021/nl070111x
- Z. Zhang, Q. Liao, Y. Yu, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, Enhanced photoresponse of ZnO nanorods-based self-powered photodetector by piezotronic interface engineering. Nano Energy 9, 237–244 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.07.019
- Y. Liu, X. Zhang, J. Su, H. Li, Q. Zhang, Y. Gao, Ag nanoparticles@ZnO nanowire composite arrays: an absorption enhanced UV photodetector. Opt. Express 22(24), 30148–30155 (2014). doi:10.1364/OE.22.030148
- Y. Hao, J. Zhao, L. Qin, Q. Guo, X. Feng, P. Wang, Facile fabrication of UV photodetector based on spatial network of tetrapod ZnO nanostructures. Nano-Micro Lett. 7(3), 200–203 (2012). doi:10.1049/mnl.2011.0721
- Y. Li, C. Cheng, X. Dong, J. Gao, H. Zhang, Facile fabrication of UV photodetectors based on ZnO nanorod networks across trenched electrodes. J. Semicond. 30(6), 38–41 (2009). doi:10.1088/1674-4926/30/6/063004
- S.E. Ahn, H.J. Ji, K. Kim, G.T. Kim, C.H. Bae, S.M. Park, Y.K. Kim, J.S. Ha, Origin of the slow photoresponse in an individual sol-gel synthesized ZnO nanowire. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(15), 153106 (2007). doi:10.1063/1.2721289
- J. Cheng, Y. Zhang, R. Guo, ZnO microtube ultraviolet detectors. J. Cryst. Growth 310(1), 57–61 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.08.034
- S.E. Ahn, J.S. Lee, H. Kim, S. Kim, B.H. Kang, K.H. Kim, G.T. Kim, Photoresponse of sol-gel-synthesized ZnO nanorods. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(24), 5022 (2004). doi:10.1063/1.1763633
- X. Zhang, X. Han, J. Su, Q. Zhang, Y. Gao, Well vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays with an ultra-fast recovery time for UV photodetector. Appl. Phys. A 107(2), 255–260 (2012). doi:10.1007/s00339-012-6886-6
- Y. Hu, J. Zhou, P.H. Yeh, Z. Li, T.Y. Wei, Z.L. Wang, Supersensitive, fast-response nanowire sensors by using Schottky contacts. Adv. Mater. 22(30), 3327–3332 (2010). doi:10.1002/adma.201000278
- Y. Yang, W. Guo, J. Qi, J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Self-powered ultraviolet photodetector based on a single Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(22), 223113 (2010). doi:10.1063/1.3524231
- J. Zhou, Y. Gu, Y. Hu, W. Mai, P.H. Yeh, G. Bao, A.K. Sood, D.L. Polla, Z.L. Wang, Gigantic enhancement in response and reset time of ZnO UV nanosensor by utilizing Schottky contact and surface functionalization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(19), 191103 (2009). doi:10.1063/1.3133358
- H.D. Cho, A.S. Zakirov, S.U. Yuldashev, C.W. Ahn, Y.K. Yeo, T.W. Kang, Photovoltaic device on a single ZnO nanowire p-n homojunction. Nanotechnology 23(11), 115401 (2012). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/11/115401
- Y.Q. Bie, Z.M. Liao, H.Z. Zhang, G.R. Li, Y. Ye et al., Self-powered, ultrafast, visible-blind UV detection and optical logical operation based on ZnO/GaN nanoscale p-n junctions. Adv. Mater. 23(5), 649–653 (2011). doi:10.1002/adma.201003156
- Y.Q. Bie, Z.M. Liao, P.W. Wang, Y.B. Zhou, X.B. Han et al., Single ZnO nanowire/p-type GaN heterojunctions for photovoltaic devices and UV light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 22(38), 4284–4287 (2010). doi:10.1002/adma.201000985
- C.H. Park, S.B. Zhang, S.H. Wei, Origin of p-type doping difficulty in ZnO: the impurity perspective. Phys. Rev. B 66(7), 073202 (2002). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.66.073202
- G. Li, A. Sundararajan, A. Mouti, Y.J. Chang, A.R. Lupini, S.J. Pennycook, D.R. Strachan, B.S. Guiton, Synthesis and characterization of p-n homojunction-containing zinc oxide nanowires. Nanoscale 5(6), 2259–2263 (2013). doi:10.1039/c3nr31639d
- C.L. Hsu, Y.D. Gao, Y.S. Chen, T.J. Hsueh, Vertical p-type Cu-doped ZnO/n-type ZnO homojunction nanowire-based ultraviolet photodetector by the furnace system with hotwire assistance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(6), 4277–4285 (2014). doi:10.1021/am406030d
- M.T. Chen, M.P. Lu, Y.J. Wu, J. Song, C.Y. Lee et al., Near UV LEDs made with in situ doped p-n homojunction ZnO nanowire arrays. Nano Lett. 10(11), 4387–4393 (2010). doi:10.1021/nl101907h
- B. Chavillon, L. Cario, A. Renaud, F. Tessier, F. Chevire et al., P-type nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoparticles stable under ambient conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(1), 464–470 (2012). doi:10.1021/ja208044k
- J.Y. Zhang, P.J. Li, H. Sun, X. Shen, T.S. Deng, K.T. Zhu, Q.F. Zhang, J.L. Wu, Ultraviolet electroluminescence from controlled arsenic-doped ZnO nanowire homojunctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(2), 021116 (2008). doi:10.1063/1.2958230
- X. Ren, X. Zhang, N. Liu, L. Wen, L. Ding et al., White light-emitting diode from Sb-doped p-ZnO nanowire Arrays/n-GaN film. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(14), 2182–2188 (2015). doi:10.1002/adfm.201404316
- Y. Yang, K.C. Pradel, Q.S. Jing, J.M. Wu, F. Zhang, Y.S. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Z.L. Wang, Thermoelectric nanogenerators based on single Sb-doped ZnO micro/nanobelts. ACS Nano 6(8), 6984–6989 (2012). doi:10.1021/Nn302481p
- W. Chen, J. Wu, J. Lin, S. Lo, H. Lin, D. Hang, M. Shih, C. Liang, Y. Chang, Room temperature violet luminescence and ultraviolet photodetection of Sb-doped ZnO/Al-doped ZnO homojunction array. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8(1), 313 (2013). doi:10.1186/1556-276X-8-313
- L. Shi, F. Wang, B. Li, X. Chen, B. Yao, D. Zhao, D. Shena, A highly efficient UV photodetector based on a ZnO microwire p–n homojunction. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 5005–5010 (2014). doi:10.1039/c3tc32547d
- Y. Yang, J.J. Qi, Q.L. Liao, Y. Zhang, L.D. Tang, Z. Qin, Synthesis and characterization of Sb-Doped ZnO nanobelts with single-side Zigzag boundaries. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(46), 17916–17919 (2008). doi:10.1021/jp8064213
- J.H. He, J.J. Ke, P.H. Chang, K.T. Tsai, P.C. Yang, I.M. Chan, Development of Ohmic nanocontacts via surface modification for nanowire-based electronic and optoelectronic devices: ZnO nanowires as an example. Nanoscale 4(11), 3399–3404 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2nr30688c
- J. Qi, X. Hu, Z. Wang, X. Li, W. Liu, Y. Zhang, A self-powered ultraviolet detector based on a single ZnO microwire/p-Si film with double heterojunctions. Nanoscale 6(11), 6025–6029 (2014). doi:10.1039/c3nr06356a
- Y. Li, A. Paulsen, I. Yamada, Y. Koide, J.J. Delaunay, Bascule nanobridges self-assembled with ZnO nanowires as double Schottky barrier UV switches. Nanotechnology 21(29), 295502 (2010). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/29/295502
- G. Cheng, X. Wu, B. Liu, B. Li, X. Zhang, Z. Du, ZnO nanowire Schottky barrier ultraviolet photodetector with high sensitivity and fast recovery speed. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(20), 203105 (2011). doi:10.1063/1.3660580
- X. Fu, Z. Liao, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, Y. Bie, J. Xu, D. Yu, Graphene/ZnO nanowire/graphene vertical structure based fast-response ultraviolet photodetector. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(22), 223114 (2012). doi:10.1063/1.4724208
References
H. Kind, H.Q. Yan, B. Messer, M. Law, P.D. Yang, Nanowire ultraviolet photodetectors and optical switches. Adv. Mater. 14(2), 158–160 (2002). doi:10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<158:Aid-Adma158>3.0.Co;2-W
C. Soci, A. Zhang, B. Xiang, S.A. Dayeh, D.P. Aplin, J. Park, X.Y. Bao, Y.H. Lo, D. Wang, ZnO nanowire UV photodetectors with high internal gain. Nano Lett. 7(4), 1003–1009 (2007). doi:10.1021/nl070111x
Z. Zhang, Q. Liao, Y. Yu, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, Enhanced photoresponse of ZnO nanorods-based self-powered photodetector by piezotronic interface engineering. Nano Energy 9, 237–244 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.07.019
Y. Liu, X. Zhang, J. Su, H. Li, Q. Zhang, Y. Gao, Ag nanoparticles@ZnO nanowire composite arrays: an absorption enhanced UV photodetector. Opt. Express 22(24), 30148–30155 (2014). doi:10.1364/OE.22.030148
Y. Hao, J. Zhao, L. Qin, Q. Guo, X. Feng, P. Wang, Facile fabrication of UV photodetector based on spatial network of tetrapod ZnO nanostructures. Nano-Micro Lett. 7(3), 200–203 (2012). doi:10.1049/mnl.2011.0721
Y. Li, C. Cheng, X. Dong, J. Gao, H. Zhang, Facile fabrication of UV photodetectors based on ZnO nanorod networks across trenched electrodes. J. Semicond. 30(6), 38–41 (2009). doi:10.1088/1674-4926/30/6/063004
S.E. Ahn, H.J. Ji, K. Kim, G.T. Kim, C.H. Bae, S.M. Park, Y.K. Kim, J.S. Ha, Origin of the slow photoresponse in an individual sol-gel synthesized ZnO nanowire. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(15), 153106 (2007). doi:10.1063/1.2721289
J. Cheng, Y. Zhang, R. Guo, ZnO microtube ultraviolet detectors. J. Cryst. Growth 310(1), 57–61 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.08.034
S.E. Ahn, J.S. Lee, H. Kim, S. Kim, B.H. Kang, K.H. Kim, G.T. Kim, Photoresponse of sol-gel-synthesized ZnO nanorods. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(24), 5022 (2004). doi:10.1063/1.1763633
X. Zhang, X. Han, J. Su, Q. Zhang, Y. Gao, Well vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays with an ultra-fast recovery time for UV photodetector. Appl. Phys. A 107(2), 255–260 (2012). doi:10.1007/s00339-012-6886-6
Y. Hu, J. Zhou, P.H. Yeh, Z. Li, T.Y. Wei, Z.L. Wang, Supersensitive, fast-response nanowire sensors by using Schottky contacts. Adv. Mater. 22(30), 3327–3332 (2010). doi:10.1002/adma.201000278
Y. Yang, W. Guo, J. Qi, J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Self-powered ultraviolet photodetector based on a single Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(22), 223113 (2010). doi:10.1063/1.3524231
J. Zhou, Y. Gu, Y. Hu, W. Mai, P.H. Yeh, G. Bao, A.K. Sood, D.L. Polla, Z.L. Wang, Gigantic enhancement in response and reset time of ZnO UV nanosensor by utilizing Schottky contact and surface functionalization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(19), 191103 (2009). doi:10.1063/1.3133358
H.D. Cho, A.S. Zakirov, S.U. Yuldashev, C.W. Ahn, Y.K. Yeo, T.W. Kang, Photovoltaic device on a single ZnO nanowire p-n homojunction. Nanotechnology 23(11), 115401 (2012). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/11/115401
Y.Q. Bie, Z.M. Liao, H.Z. Zhang, G.R. Li, Y. Ye et al., Self-powered, ultrafast, visible-blind UV detection and optical logical operation based on ZnO/GaN nanoscale p-n junctions. Adv. Mater. 23(5), 649–653 (2011). doi:10.1002/adma.201003156
Y.Q. Bie, Z.M. Liao, P.W. Wang, Y.B. Zhou, X.B. Han et al., Single ZnO nanowire/p-type GaN heterojunctions for photovoltaic devices and UV light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 22(38), 4284–4287 (2010). doi:10.1002/adma.201000985
C.H. Park, S.B. Zhang, S.H. Wei, Origin of p-type doping difficulty in ZnO: the impurity perspective. Phys. Rev. B 66(7), 073202 (2002). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.66.073202
G. Li, A. Sundararajan, A. Mouti, Y.J. Chang, A.R. Lupini, S.J. Pennycook, D.R. Strachan, B.S. Guiton, Synthesis and characterization of p-n homojunction-containing zinc oxide nanowires. Nanoscale 5(6), 2259–2263 (2013). doi:10.1039/c3nr31639d
C.L. Hsu, Y.D. Gao, Y.S. Chen, T.J. Hsueh, Vertical p-type Cu-doped ZnO/n-type ZnO homojunction nanowire-based ultraviolet photodetector by the furnace system with hotwire assistance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(6), 4277–4285 (2014). doi:10.1021/am406030d
M.T. Chen, M.P. Lu, Y.J. Wu, J. Song, C.Y. Lee et al., Near UV LEDs made with in situ doped p-n homojunction ZnO nanowire arrays. Nano Lett. 10(11), 4387–4393 (2010). doi:10.1021/nl101907h
B. Chavillon, L. Cario, A. Renaud, F. Tessier, F. Chevire et al., P-type nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoparticles stable under ambient conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(1), 464–470 (2012). doi:10.1021/ja208044k
J.Y. Zhang, P.J. Li, H. Sun, X. Shen, T.S. Deng, K.T. Zhu, Q.F. Zhang, J.L. Wu, Ultraviolet electroluminescence from controlled arsenic-doped ZnO nanowire homojunctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(2), 021116 (2008). doi:10.1063/1.2958230
X. Ren, X. Zhang, N. Liu, L. Wen, L. Ding et al., White light-emitting diode from Sb-doped p-ZnO nanowire Arrays/n-GaN film. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(14), 2182–2188 (2015). doi:10.1002/adfm.201404316
Y. Yang, K.C. Pradel, Q.S. Jing, J.M. Wu, F. Zhang, Y.S. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Z.L. Wang, Thermoelectric nanogenerators based on single Sb-doped ZnO micro/nanobelts. ACS Nano 6(8), 6984–6989 (2012). doi:10.1021/Nn302481p
W. Chen, J. Wu, J. Lin, S. Lo, H. Lin, D. Hang, M. Shih, C. Liang, Y. Chang, Room temperature violet luminescence and ultraviolet photodetection of Sb-doped ZnO/Al-doped ZnO homojunction array. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8(1), 313 (2013). doi:10.1186/1556-276X-8-313
L. Shi, F. Wang, B. Li, X. Chen, B. Yao, D. Zhao, D. Shena, A highly efficient UV photodetector based on a ZnO microwire p–n homojunction. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 5005–5010 (2014). doi:10.1039/c3tc32547d
Y. Yang, J.J. Qi, Q.L. Liao, Y. Zhang, L.D. Tang, Z. Qin, Synthesis and characterization of Sb-Doped ZnO nanobelts with single-side Zigzag boundaries. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(46), 17916–17919 (2008). doi:10.1021/jp8064213
J.H. He, J.J. Ke, P.H. Chang, K.T. Tsai, P.C. Yang, I.M. Chan, Development of Ohmic nanocontacts via surface modification for nanowire-based electronic and optoelectronic devices: ZnO nanowires as an example. Nanoscale 4(11), 3399–3404 (2012). doi:10.1039/c2nr30688c
J. Qi, X. Hu, Z. Wang, X. Li, W. Liu, Y. Zhang, A self-powered ultraviolet detector based on a single ZnO microwire/p-Si film with double heterojunctions. Nanoscale 6(11), 6025–6029 (2014). doi:10.1039/c3nr06356a
Y. Li, A. Paulsen, I. Yamada, Y. Koide, J.J. Delaunay, Bascule nanobridges self-assembled with ZnO nanowires as double Schottky barrier UV switches. Nanotechnology 21(29), 295502 (2010). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/29/295502
G. Cheng, X. Wu, B. Liu, B. Li, X. Zhang, Z. Du, ZnO nanowire Schottky barrier ultraviolet photodetector with high sensitivity and fast recovery speed. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(20), 203105 (2011). doi:10.1063/1.3660580
X. Fu, Z. Liao, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, Y. Bie, J. Xu, D. Yu, Graphene/ZnO nanowire/graphene vertical structure based fast-response ultraviolet photodetector. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(22), 223114 (2012). doi:10.1063/1.4724208